Sustainable living

in a compact city
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Sustainable
Contents

Foreword 2

living in a Living in a compact city 5

compact city Essential transitions

• Sustainable energy
• Sustainable mobility
9
10
12
City of Amsterdam • Sustainable Economy 14
Sustainability Report • Sustainable living 16
2008 - 2009
Public edition
The city government itself 20

Conclusion 23

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 F
Foreword
Sustainability is about more than just the environment. It is about
quality of life, now and in the future. About a city you can live, work
and play in. A city of entertainment and of sport. A healthy and safe
city where, whoever you are, you feel at home because the differences
between people are accepted and everyone can play their full part in
the community.
Sustainability is Amsterdam’s genes. To take just one example, it has
always been the cycling capital of the world. Today it is one of the ten most
sustainable cities on earth, and in Europe one of the top four. This report
has been compiled to provide the people of Amsterdam, local businesses
and other interested parties with an insight into what the city government
2 3
is doing across the broad field of sustainable development. Specifically, it
describes how the city, the urban districts and their individual departments
and services are helping to improve the quality of life in the Dutch capital.
How are they trying to strike the right balance between the “three Ps”
of sustainability: people, planet and profit? In other words, how does the
city keep economic, environmental and human interests in equilibrium?
It is the task of the city government to create the right conditions for
progress in all these domains. But good co-operation is also essential.
True sustainability can only be achieved if everyone plays their part: the
local authority, the residents of Amsterdam, its business community, its
knowledge sector and a whole range of social organisations. Within the
municipal apparatus, too, an integrated approach is vital. Many themes
and developments are closely interwoven: the environment, the economy,
public space, social integration, public health, community participation,
international co-operation... Although numerous and complex, the links
between these topics form the basis for the joint policy vision Amsterdam:
Outspokenly Sustainable, which envisages the city evolving into the beating
heart of a sustainable metropolitan region by the year 2040. The annual
Sustainability Report summarised here reflects the perspectives outlined
in that vision.
Sustainability is a dynamic concept that can be put into practice in many
different ways. However, at the heart of it lies the necessity to improve
the quality of life in our city and, if possible, in the rest of the world.
Lodewijk Asscher acting Mayor of Amsterdam
 L
“Situated in a wetland,
Amsterdam is actually
Living in a
compact city

Amsterdam is a compact city. Every square metre

of land is used. This has the great advantage that
large sections of the city are easy to reach on foot or
by bicycle. In recent years, moreover, Amsterdam has
a marsh city. It has far become even more compact – which makes it more
important than ever to be inventive with the space
more hidden nature available. By safeguarding valuable landscapes and
green areas, for example, by cutting down noise
than you would think pollution, by concentrating car parking and energy
storage underground, by conserving water and by
at first sight. Just constructing sustainable buildings. All this is helping
to make Amsterdam a dynamic and sustainable city
take a look at aerial for its current residents and for future generations.

photographs.” Each year, more and more people in Amsterdam say

that they appreciate their environment. In the latest
 illem Ferwerda, International Union for the
W survey, 94 per cent state that they enjoy living here.
Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Which is not to say that there are no criticisms. One of

4 5
 “Innovation always
proceeds faster
than you think. Five
years ago, buildings
of this kind were a
the greatest bugbears is noise pollution: about one
resident in three finds traffic noise (from cars and
scooters, for instance) a problem, whilst almost a
quarter are disturbed by construction and demolition
noise. To tackle this issue, the city government is laying
more low-noise asphalt on roads, insulating homes
and encouraging the use of electric vehicles. Even
more measures are proposed in the city’s 2009 Noise
Action Plan.

pipe dream. Now The City of Amsterdam plans to make tens of

they are being built.
It just goes to show
that sustainability,
architectural quality
thousands of existing homes, hundreds of thousands
of square metres of office space, about a thousand
schools and all its own buildings climate-neutral. From
2015 all new structures in the city must also meet this
criterion. What that means is that all the energy used
to heat, cool, power and supply water to the building
must be generated inside or close to it, without
consuming fossil fuels. The investment required to

and land at a normal achieve this is easily recouped from savings on

energy bills. When approving construction projects,

price really can go sustainability is now an important selection criterion.

For example, the designs chosen for development on
facilities for the people of Amsterdam. For many
residents, the amount of green space available nearby
Amsterdam’s parks now attract twice as many visitors
as they did a decade ago. Traditionally a place to meet

hand in hand.” the new Buiksloterham industrial estate in Amsterdam-

Noord stand out for their climate-neutral construction,
achieved through innovative techniques such as biofuel
Maarten van Poelgeest, alderman
heating, the use of plants to provide shade from the
sun, waste water recycling and the reuse of rainwater.
Quiet and green
Both in the city itself and its immediate vicinity,
Amsterdam boasts a wide variety of public green
space. Parks, sports grounds, allotments, public
gardens and even open countryside can all be
reached by bicycle from most parts of the city within
15 minutes. These areas play an important part in
maintaining air quality and controlling the local climate,
but above all they provide essential recreational
and what it is used for are key factors in choosing
where to make their home. That gives this provision
and relax, today they are increasingly being used as an
alternative workplace.
a significant economic value, too.
Keeping the city and the region green enhances the report Quiet Areas in the City, with a view to their
Amsterdam’s appeal as a place to live. These areas preservation and possible expansion. Meanwhile, a
also have a role to play in nature conservancy and in wealth of information about local opportunities for
environmental education and information, as well as a outdoor recreation can be found on the newly
social utility in terms of the contribution they make to upgraded website www.groeninamsterdam.nl.
public health, community participation, education in
general and the local economy. Despite being so
compact, Amsterdam and its environs still have many
quiet public areas. Since such oases of calm can
significantly enhance the quality of life for city dwellers,
those within walking distance of densely populated
residential districts have recently been surveyed for

6 7
 Waterways
The waterways in and around Amsterdam are also
being used more intensively than ever before.
Approximately 15,000 pleasure craft are now based
here, compared with some 7,000 ten years ago. Then
there are the 150 sightseeing boats which cruise the
canals, giving 2 million visitors a year the chance to
discover the city from the water. Although all these
vessels collectively account for only 1 per cent of all
atmospheric emissions in Amsterdam, at certain points
– especially around canal junctions in the city centre –
they are responsible for a significant amount of air
pollution. To tackle this problem, in 2009 the city
government decided to impose stricter emission limits
for boats with effect from 2015. Commercial operators
will qualify for grants if they replace their old engines
with new, less polluting ones. And waterside charging
points are to be installed for electric pleasure craft.
8 9
Amsterdam’s parks now attract twice as many visitors as
they did a decade ago. Traditionally a place to meet and
relax, today they are increasingly being used as an
E
“Sustainable doesn’t
mean less, but it does
Essential
transitions
Amsterdam has laid the foundations for its own
sustainable future development, but the process will
be a long one. And the longer it lasts, the greater the
uncertainties surrounding it will be. Because of that,
alternative workplace. mean different. And to some extent the city’s sustainability policy is a quest.
A quest guided by knowledge and by a sense of
often better. It’s not responsibility for “later and elsewhere”. One thing
which is certain is that it will require transitions:
simply about consuming fundamental long-term changes. Changes in how
we source and use energy, how we move about, how
in a different way – we consume natural resources and materials, how we
organise our economy... In fact, changes in our entire
it’s about adopting a thinking and way of life. Fortunately, Amsterdam has
the people, the know-how, the creativity and the
truly different attitude economic strength needed to achieve that.
to life”
Aart van Veller, ‘Wij zijn koel’ consultancy for a
sustainable economy
 S
The transition to a truly clean and
sustainable energy supply will take
time. A lot of time. To reach our
target of reducing carbon dioxide
Sustainable
emissions by 75 per cent in 2040,
we need to start acting now. Roughly
energy
a third of that reduction can be
achieved in housing, a third in the
commercial sector and a third in
transport. And about 5 per cent can
come from the city government itself.
Due to population growth and an increase in
economic activity, Amsterdam’s carbon dioxide
emissions were higher in 2007 and 2008 than they
were in 2006. In 2008 they were almost 15 per cent
up on the 1990 figure. In this respect, the city was
not alone; nationally, too, emissions rose despite
measures designed to counter them. Reversing this
situation will require greater efforts to cut down
overall consumption, but also the generation of a lot
more sustainable energy at the local level – from the
sun, the wind, biomass and hydrogen, for example
– and the more efficient use of fossil fuels. As well as
reducing costs, of course, such moves should also
create jobs and encourage new economic activity.
At present, 5.8 per cent of the energy consumed
in Amsterdam is derived from sustainable sources.
That is 3 per cent more the national average. This
relatively high figure is accounted for by the wind
farm in the western port district and by the heat and
More and more “green” power is being used in Amster-
dam. All the city’s trams and metro trains now run on it, however, the first low-energy, low-emissions model
as do the street lighting, two-thirds of council services home was completed.
and enterprises and City Hall.
10
power generated by the Amsterdam Waste and Energy
Company (AEB). In 2009 the AEB transformed 1.3
million tonnes of combustible waste into 780,000 MWh
of electricity. It also supplies district heating to some
6500 households and businesses in the Westpoort,
Nieuw-West and Noord areas of the city, plus another
40,000 homes scattered throughout the rest of
Amsterdam. There are still plenty of opportunities
available to increase the production of sustainable
energy throughout the city.
The urban district of Amsterdam-Noord has awarded
a start-up grant to a group of local residents who have
founded a co-operative under the name “Our Energy”.
Their wind-power project hopes to meet the electricity
needs of some 8000 families, 20 per cent of house­
holds in Amsterdam-Noord. Residents pay €50 to join
the co-operative, which is supplying them with “green”
power and gas at a competitive tariff until its wind
turbines are up and running.
With 70 per cent of all energy consumed in
Amsterdam going to heat and power buildings,
achieving savings in homes remains a stumbling
block. For this reason, making existing buildings
more sustainable is now a major policy priority. The
city government has taken the lead in this respect,
but success requires much wider co-operation: from
housing corporations, homeowners and, indeed,
everybody living in Amsterdam. Although the local
authority has been in talks on this issue with the
housing corporations – by far the biggest owners of
residential property in the city – for some years now,
actual savings have proven difficult to achieve. The
main problem is that the investment costs are borne
by the corporations themselves, whilst in the first
instance it is their tenants who benefit. In 2009,
In 2008 and 2009, the energy advice project Step­­­-
2Save cut the carbon-dioxide emissions of participating
households by an average of 200 kg each, as well as
reducing their annual energy bill by €70. Across eleven
urban districts, some 8000 homes in the social rented
sector were visited by previously unemployed young
people who had been retrained as energy consultants.
As well as giving tips on how to make savings, they
handed out a so-called “energy box” containing low-
energy bulbs and low-flow attachments for taps and
showers. Also in 2009, residents of the urban district
of Oud-Zuid could borrow a “Wattcher”. Designed by
Marcel Wanders, this trendy-looking device can identify
opportunities to save energy.
Founded in 2008, the Amsterdam Climate Bureau
has been charged with encouraging people to seize
opportunities of this kind, whilst at the same time sharply
reducing carbon-dioxide emissions in the capital.
Operating under the banner “New Amsterdam Climate”,
for the past couple of years it has been working with local
residents, companies and institutions to achieve the
ambitious targets the city has set itself in its Amsterdam
Climate Programme. The bureau is supported in its work
by the Amsterdam Climate Council, a group of nineteen
so-called climate ambassadors drawn from the city’s
business community, academic institutions and social
organisations.
“Step2Save helps poor
families, is good for the
environment and provides
the young unemployed
with jobs.”
Freek Ossel, alderman.
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 S
Sustainable
mobility
The second essential transition
required in Amsterdam is a shift to
sustainable forms of mobility, such
as the bicycle and public transport,
coupled with a reduction in vehicle
emissions.
World bicycle city
The people of Amsterdam do not sit still. On
an average day, 350,000 local residents use their
bicycles. That makes cycling the most common
mode of transport in the city, accounting for 38
per cent of all journeys in the capital as a whole and
no fewer than 57 per cent of those in the city centre.
By contrast, the number of car journeys actually fell
during the period covered by this report.
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In fact, Amsterdam is the most bicycle-friendly city
in the world. It has 400 kilometres of dedicated cycle
paths, whilst about 90 per cent of the road network is
deemed safe and suitable for cycling. Three times a
year, 400 residents are asked to rate local policy and
facilities for cyclists. In 2009, as in the two previous
years, they gave the city an overall score of 7.2 out
of ten on these points.
Healthier air
To gain a good overall impression of outdoor air
quality here, the Amsterdam Public Health Service
(GGD) has twelve permanent monitoring stations
scattered throughout the city. Road traffic is by far
the biggest source of both particulate matter (PM10)
and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution. At present, the
city complies with the European standards for PM10
but not with those for NO2.
To overcome this shortcoming, implementation of the
measures described in the 2006 Air Quality Action Plan
remains crucial. A number of steps have been taken in
recent years.
• The establishment of an environmental protection
zone, covering the entire area within the A10 ring
road. Commercial vehicles entering the zone must
meet strict environmental standards. Some 95 per
cent of those checked now do so.
• A local supplementary car scrappage scheme, now
ended. This offered an additional bonus, over and
above that available under the national scheme,
for disposing of “dirty” vehicles.
• The creation of an additional 126 car-sharing
locations in 2009, plus a large increase in the
number of “park and ride” places in the city
suburbs.
• The introduction of shore-based power feeds to
ships docked in the Port of Amsterdam, as an
alternative to highly polluting onboard generators.
• The introduction of special commuter bus services
to improve public transport connections to business
parks, as well the launch of bus route 60 connecting
Sloterdijk railway station with the Westerpark
district.
• A free three-month public transport season ticket or
car sharing membership for drivers who surrender
their resident’s parking permit.
Implementation of the action plan is coordinated
by the Air Quality Programme Bureau. The bulk of
measures taken are designed to encourage sustainable
mobility: the use of bicycles, public transport and
electric vehicles.
Amsterdam is investing €10 million in electric
transport. Initiatives include rolling out a network
of on-street charging points at which the owners of
electric cars and scooters can park and top up their
batteries free of charge. Grants are available to
businesses to buy electric vehicles and, of course,
more and more of the council’s own fleet is electrically
powered. The people of Amsterdam have responded
positively to the plans. It is expected that some 10,000
electric vehicles will make 5 per cent of all mileage
covered in the city in 2015 completely emissions-free.
By 2040 that figure should be nearing 100 per cent.
Smart cycles
The AEB incinerates slurry produced by Waternet’s
sewage treatment plant, using the biogas released
by that process to generate sustainable electricity
that then powers the sewage plant: a closed cycle.
New uses have been found for demolition waste
from Amsterdam, too: concrete has gone to the A2
motorway, the new town centre in Almere and the
fifth runway at Schiphol Airport; aluminium window
frames are sent to Africa; wood is recycled; paving
stones and domestic refuse containers are reused;
and old masonry is incorporated into the foundations
of roads. Following the recent demolition of obsolete
housing blocks in Amsterdam-Zuidoost, almost 95
per cent of the waste material was reused.
13
 S
The transition to a sustainable city “This voluntary partnership
is both a cue to innovation and the
driving force behind it. Amsterdam
between the local authority
already plays host to a wide variety and local businesses
Sustainable of sustainable business activities
rooted in the strengths of the local
epitomises the city’s
economy: energy, ICT, trade, approach to the climate
economy logistics, finance and tourism.
For a rapidly growing number of
issue. It proves that, with
companies, sustainability is the main the right incentives from
force fuelling their innovation.
government, companies
Amsterdam has a diverse economy and a varied,
relatively young workforce – perfect nutrients for
are prepared to take the
the sectors of the future. Despite the global
economic crisis, the Dutch capital remains an
plunge into a sustainable
attractive place to do business, especially for
companies active in creative and knowledge-
future.”
“A real change of intensive industries. It is because of this that Kees Verhoeven, Director of MKB Amsterdam, the A trial with so-called “smart air curtains” and automatic
Amsterdam has now succeeded in returning to shop doors achieved a saving 43 per cent on energy costs
direction is needed: the top five European business locations, with 310
association of small and medium-sized enterprises in the city.
and reduced levels of noise and exhaust fumes inside the
international companies opening new operations in stores, without adversely affecting customer numbers.
a new industrial the region between 2007 and 2010. local Climate Fund for financial support to implement
energy-saving measures.
revolution. A market Developments such as the increasing need for a
healthy indoor climate and for affordable energy
transition to a have created new business opportunities in such Sustainable tourism
areas as research into ways to save energy. Since the Amsterdam Sustainable Hotels Covenant mark must have cut its energy and water consumption
circular economy. A Meanwhile, even established companies have been was agreed towards the end of 2008, the city has been by 10-20 per cent and has to provide its management,
rolling out new, more sustainable activities. To well on the way to having Europe’s most sustainable staff and guests with clear information about how they
sustainable business support such initiatives, the Port of Amsterdam has visitor accommodation sector. Twenty hotels signed can make an active contribution to greater ustainability.
set up a Sustainability and Innovation Fund. Over the covenant, by which they undertook to obtain the Currently, 47 hotels in Amsterdam either hold Green
model is the only a four-year period, it is distributing grants worth international Green Key quality mark. This requires Key certification or are in the process of obtaining it.
2 million annually. And from mid-2010, qualifying compliance with a number of environmental standards, They account for more than 35 per cent
business model” small and medium-sized enterprises – some 80 per covering such matters as gas, water and energy savings of the city’s beds.
cent of businesses in the city – can apply to the and the separation of waste flows. A hotel awarded the
André Venema, Director of Corporate
Social Responsibility at paint and chemicals
manufacturer Akzo Nobel.
14 15
 S
Sustainable
living
As of 1 October 2009, Amsterdam
had 767,333 residents. They are people
who love their city and are proud of it.
Even those who have lived here for
only a short time remain attached to
Amsterdam forever. Highly diverse and
supranational as it is, this is a city that
provides identity. Ask random passers-
by what the “Amsterdam feeling”
means to them and, amongst the great
variety of answers, you will find that
they have one key sentiment in
common: a passionate desire to look
after their city. A sentiment that
16
provides a firm basis for sustainable
development. In Amsterdam, people
make their city. But the city also makes
its people.
The residents of Amsterdam are reasonably healthy,
and surveys in recent years show that they are generally
satisfied with their living environment. Not only did
public safety improve between 2005 and April 2009
when measured objectively, but people here also feel
safer. None the less, Amsterdam remains rather less
safe than the other major Dutch cities. At the end of
2009, 50 per cent of the local population had an
immigrant background, in the sense that at least one
of their parents was born outside the Netherlands.
However, three-quarters of city residents say that they
rarely or never feel discriminated against due to their
ethnic origin. Overall, people in Amsterdam have
developed a more positive attitude towards members
of other ethnic communities over the past two years.
So-called “child ribbons” have been established at
various points throughout the city. These are safe
routes that children can use to reach local facilities
such as playgrounds and schools, protected from traffic
and with good social control. The ribbons are fun to
use, cleaner than going by car and good for social
cohesion.
Better marks
Amsterdam has about 200 primary schools and 28
special schools attended by a total of approximately
60,000 pupils. But it is estimated that 160 of these
facilities do not meet the recommended standards for
a healthy indoor climate. To tackle this problem, in
January 2008 a pilot project was launched to improve
both their energy consumption and the air quality
inside them. As part of the project, three schools were
given an overhaul during the 2009 holidays, with new
ventilation systems installed to bring fresh air in the
classrooms, low-emissivity glazing and low-energy
lighting fitted and the heating settings adjusted.
The results have already become apparent:
• Less pupil and teacher illness.
• Improved pupil performance.
• Carbon dioxide emissions reduced by
30-40 per cent.
• A permanent reduction in energy costs.
• Better quality school buildings.
A healthy climate in schools cuts pupil and teacher sickness
rates and improves pupil performance.
17
 In a joint effort by the national government, the
local authority and governing bodies, work on
the rest of the 160 schools requiring improvement
began in 2010.

Proeftuin Amsterdam
Primary schoolchildren are able to grow vegetables
and flowers in school gardens under supervision.
Thirteen of these gardens are spread all over the
city. There are also twenty children’s farms to intro­­-
duce children to sheep, goats, chickens and rabbits.
Just outside the city, farms provide nature and
environmental education for children.
The project Proeftuin Amsterdam stimulates
farmers around Amsterdam to produce sustainable
food and sell their products in the city. Several
regional markets were organized in different districts
of the city, a number of schools visited farms, and
the city started a program for healthy lunches at
primary schools. This gives the area a more direct
economic significance, the city has access to healthy
local products, and number of transport movements
are reduced..
“It’s about awareness:
sustainable is exciting,
sexy and innovative.”
Diane Potters, proprietor of 21Sustainable and
co-initiator of Ecofabs.

18 19
 T The city
government
itself
Co-operation between Amsterdam’s
city government and its many stakehol-
ders has intensified considerably in the
past two years. As well as working with
a range of partners on “big” themes
like the climate and air quality, the city
has also been strengthening relevant
national and international ties. In 2009
we organised the third climate-neutral
Sustainable Amsterdam event, a show-
case for ourselves, the business com-
munity, the education sector, housing
corporations and utility companies to
present the latest developments in
20
sustainability. This trendy, innovative
and forward-looking festival attracted
5000 visitors, more than in 2008.
Moreover, increasing numbers of
partners are happy to attach their
names to the event.
Since introducing our Sustainable Procurement
Guidelines in 2007, as well as bottom-line price our
tendering procedures also consider such factors as the
use of materials, modes of transport and working
conditions. The guidelines have been applied to all
citywide contracts awarded in the past couple of years
– in 2009 they covered such products as electricity,
telephony and beverage vending machines – and are
also being adopted more frequently by individual
council services and the urban districts.
Many of the premises occupied by the City of
Amsterdam are amongst the most energy-efficient
buildings in the world. They include the new urban
district council offices of Zuideramstel and Oost-
Watergraafsmeer, both of which opened in 2009. The
Oost-Watergraafsmeer site also incorporates a “grand
café” employing people with learning difficulties.
Ten new electric vehicles were added to the council
fleet in 2009, as were numerous hybrid cars and electric
scooters. There were also a number of trials involving
electric vans and street-cleaning vehicles. A new
charging point installed at the district depot in Oost-
Watergraafsmeer draws its power directly from a wind
turbine on the roof of the building.
21
 The average annual electricity consumption of a city “Put your ideas into
employee is 3640 KWh. The computer servers at City
Hall are cooled using water from the River Amstel. practice. Don’t fly to the
Two-thirds of council services and enterprises now use
“green” power and a third have joined the city’s energy other side of the world –
monitoring programme. Most municipal buildings are
still heated by gas, however, average consumption of Skype instead.”
which is 278 m3 per city employee per year. Average
water consumption is some 10,000 litres, whilst the Frans Berkhout, Director of the Institute for
amount of waste generated is approximately 750 kg. Environmental Studies (IVM) at VU University
Unfortunately, though, the City of Amsterdam still Amsterdam.
consumes paper on an almost industrial scale. The
urban districts excluded, the organisation used 60

million A4 sheets alone in 2009: 200,000 packs, or the
equivalent of a pile 10 kilometres high. At only half of
council services is double-sided printing standard
practice, and only four have introduced e-readers as
Conclusion
an alternative. The entire organisation’s energy costs
are roughly estimated at €10.8 million, with its fuel bills
alone exceeding €4.5 million.

The transitions needed to make Amsterdam an even
more sustainable city have been set in motion. The
knowledge and techniques required are available to us.
The people of Amsterdam recognise the need to adopt
a different lifestyle. Co-operation between the local
authorities, residents and the business community has
become a permanent process. The market has begun
adopting sustainability initiatives, such as the voluntary
use of electric vehicles by businesses. To an increasing
extent, best practices are being extended or
expanded. And the citywide vision of sustainability
provides a firm basis for an integrated approach.
But the ultimate objectives are ambitious. Huge
efforts are still required to make the city government
organisation entirely climate-neutral, to save more
energy in existing buildings, to make sustainable
construction and procurement standard practice and
to bring about a rapid transition to electric transport on
a large scale. We have to be realistic: to achieve all this
will require better collaboration and an even more
decisive approach.
In this endeavour, we can do worse than allow
ourselves to be guided by Amsterdam’s historic motto:
“Valiant, Determined, Compassionate”. Translated to
the challenges we have now set ourselves, that means
having the courage to move in new directions, showing
the determination to stick to our chosen path and
providing support to those who need it along the way.
And always looking to the future.

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 C
About this publication
The Amsterdam Sustainability Report 2009 and this
brochure have been produced by the City of Amsterdam
Environment and Building Department for the Mayor and
Aldermen. The full report – in Dutch only – can be found at
www.amsterdam.nl/duurzaam. Much of the information
provided here is based upon contributions from the urban
districts and from city government departments and
enterprises, or upon reports previously published by them.
24
Colophon
Project leaders Eveline Jonkhoff en Nic Frederiks
(City of Amsterdam Environment and Building Department)
Text Taaldokter.nl
Editor Barbara Verhallen
(City of Amsterdam Environment and Building Department)
Design dsgn.frm
Illustrations unless otherwise stated, the photographs in
this booklet come from the City of Amsterdam Image Bank
or were supplied by city departments, enterprises or urban
districts.
Translation UvA Talen
With gratitude to everybody who participated in this edition
25
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