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Bi php thoi 1: Lm th no tu tp nim hi th t n An ch nh
Bi php thoi 2: Hnh gi tu tp an ch nh trn cc mc Thin khc nh th no
Bi php thoi 3: Tu tp bn Phm Tr v bn Thin Bo H
Bi php thoi 4: Lm th no phn bit Sc
Bi php thoi 5: Phn bit Danh
Bi php thoi 6: Lm th no thy nhng mc xch ca Duyn Khi
Bi php thoi 7: Tu tp cc Tu Minh St nh th no thy Nit-bn
Bi php thoi 8: Nhng c nguyn ca c Pht cho cc hng t v gio php
ca Ngi
Bi php thoi 9: Loi cng dng cao thng nht
-ooOoo-
GII THIU
Gio php ca c Pht
Mt ln n, c Th Tn ang tr gia nhng ngi dn x Vajji (Bt-K), ti Kotigma. ,
c Th Tn ni vi cc v T khu nh sau[1]:
Ny cc T khu chnh do khng liu ng (ananubodh), khng th nhp (appativedh) bn
Thnh m cc ngi v Ta lang thang, lu chuyn lu i trong vng lun hi ny.
Th no l bn?
1. Ny cc T khu, do khng liu ng, khng th nhp Thnh v Kh (Dukkhassa
Ariyasaccassa) m cc ngi v Ta phi lu chuyn lu i trong lun hi.
2. Ny cc T khu, do khng liu ng, khng th nhp Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh
(Dukkhasamudayassa ariyasaccassa) m cc ngi v Ta phi lu chuyn lu i trong lun hi.
3. Ny cc T khu, do khng liu ng, khng th nhp Thnh v s Dit Kh
(Dukkanirodhassa ariyasaccassa) m cc ngi v Ta phi lu chuyn lu i trong lun hi.
4. Ny cc T khu, do khng liu ng, khng th nhp Thnh v Con ng a n s
Dit kh m cc ngi v ta phi lu chuyn lu i trong lun hi.
Nh vy Bn Thnh l nhng nn tng cho Li dy ca c Pht, cho Gio php ca Ngi.
Ri Ngi gii thch:
1.- Ny cc T khu, Thnh v Kh c liu ng, c th nhp.
2.- Ny cc T khu, Thnh v Ngun gc ca kh c liu ng, c th nhp.
3.- Ny cc T khu, Thnh v s Dit Kh c liu ng, c th nhp.
4.- Ny cc T khu, Thnh v Con ng a n s Dit Kh c liu ng, c
th nhp.
Kht i i vi hin hu (hu i) c ct t; khuynh hng thin v hin hu (Bhava netti) c on tn; nay khng cn ti sanh na.
Ci g cn phi c chng c?
c Pht dy Bn Thnh ny cho chng ta c chng Nit-bn, Thnh Th Ba, chm
dt hon ton ti sanh v do cng chm dt lun Kh. Nhng iu s khng th xy ra nu
khng c nhng iu kin chnh ng. Trong "Kgra Sutta" (Ngi nh c nc nhn), trc
tin c Pht gii thch nhng iu kin cn thit lm cho vic on tn kh c th xy ra[2]:
Thc vy, ny cc T khu, nu ai ni nh sau: "Khng xy dng phn di ca ngi nh nc
nhn, Ta s dng ln mt mi che"; s vic ny khng th xy ra.
Khi c Pht dy v Kh thnh ; Ngi ni n nm un; Ngi mun cho chng ta bit v thy
nm un. Th gii loi ngi ca chng ta l s hin hu ca nm un[5] (paca vokra bhava)
v tr phi chng ta bit v thy c nm un ny, bng khng chng ta khng th hiu r li
dy ca c Pht. iu ny c c Pht gii thch trong "Puppha Sutta" (Kinh Hoa: Flower
Sutta)[6] nh sau:
"V, th no l thc ti ti hu ca th gian (Loke lokadhammo: th gian ca cc hnh)[7] m
Nh Lai chng ng vi ton din tr?
1. Sc (rpa)
2. Th (vedan)
3. Tng (sa)
4. Hnh (sakhr)
5. Thc (via)
y thc ti ti hu ca th gian (the ultimate reality of the world) m Nh Lai chng ng vi
ton din tr.
Sau khi chng ng, Nh Lai gii thch, ging dy, tuyn thuyt, chng minh, khai m, lm sng
t thc ti ti hu y.
Khi nhng thc ti y c Nh Lai gii thch, ging dy, tuyn thuyt, chng minh, khai
m, lm cho sng t nh vy, nu c ai vn khng bit v khng thy, thi Nh Lai cn c th
lm c iu g vi con ngi ngu si, phm phu, m la, khng thy ng, khng bit v
khng thy y?"
Nhng thc ti ca th gian m c Pht gii thch y chnh l nm un, tc Thnh v
Kh v Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh. Trong kinh i Nim X (Mah Satipahna) Ngi
gii thch:
"Tm li, ny cc T khu, nm th un (Pacupdanakkhandh) l kh nh th no?
1. Sc th un (rpapdnakkhandho);
2. Th th un (vedanpdnakkhandho);
3. Tng th un (sanupdnakkhandho);
4. Hnh th un (sakhrupdnakkhandho);
5. Thc th un (viupdnakhhhandho).
Chng hn, trong "Khandha Sutta" (Un Kinh)[8] c Pht gii thch v phn tch nm th un
thm na thnh ra mi mt loi:
"V, th no ny cc T khu, l nm th un? Bt c sc no, hoc
1. Cc cnh sc (rprammaa)
2. Cc cnh thinh (saddrammaa)
3. Cc cnh hng (gandhrammaa)
4. Cc cnh v (rasrammmaa)
5. Cc cnh xc (phohabbrammaa)
6. Cc cnh php (dhammrammaa)
Cnh php l tt c nhng i tng hay cnh ngoi nm loi cnh thuc vt cht ni trc,
ni chung l tt c nhng cnh khc trong th gian. Gm su loi:
1. Nm loi tnh sc th (pasda rpa) tc nm cn mn
2. 16 loi sc t (sukhuma rpa)
3. 6 loi thc gii (vina dhtu)
4. 52 tm s (cetasika)
5. Nit-bn gii, v vi gii (asakhata dhtu)
6. Cc khi nim hay ch nh (paatti)
( l khi nim v hi th, i tng Kasia, v tn gi cc thc ti tuyt i (php chn ),
khng c nhng tn gi ny chng ta khng th truyn t c.)
Nh c Pht gii thch, khi mt trong su cn mn tng giao vi i tng thch hp ca
n, thc s khi ln. Nh vy chng ta c su loi thc:
1. Nhn thc (cakkhu-via)
2. Nh thc (sota-via)
3. T thc (ghna-via)
4. Thit thc (jivh-via)
5. Thn thc (kya-via)
6. thc (mano-via)
Trong bi kinh trn, c Pht cng gii thch cho v B-la-mn Ubha bit rng, khi mt i
tng p vo mt trong nm cn mn, n cng p vo mn. Khi hnh gi pht trin c
nh tm mnh m, hnh gi s thy rng i tng c phn chiu trong mn nh trong mt
tm gng.
Lc hnh gi cng s thy ra rng thc khi ln ni mt trong nhng cn mn (vt cht) ny
rt yu. Chng ch "n ly" i tng (abhiniptamatt = pick up). Vic bit i tng thc s
c thc hin bi mt chui cc thc tm (mano-via) khi ln sau [13].
T d nh, khi mt i tng vt cht nh mu sc p vo nhn mn, v ng thi cng p
vo mn (abhavaga = hu phn), th mt tm thc (mano-via) khi ln theo sau bi
mt nhn thc tm, nhn thc ny khng "bit" i tng; tc l chng khng bit rng l
mu sc. i tng ch c bit bng thc tm khi ln sau m thi.
Nh vy, chng ta c th hiu rng bit danh-sc chng ta cn phi bit mi loi danh, mi
loi sc, v cch chng tc ng vi nhau ra sao. Tc l chng ta cn phi bit:
1. Sc ca cn mn.
2. Sc ca i tng.
3. Danh khi ln ni mn vt cht (ng mn) v ni mn. Ni chung, chng ta cn phi bit v
thy nhn mn, i tng ca nhn mn (mu sc), thc v nhn thc khi ln khi mu sc
p vo nhn mn. Chng ta cng cn phi bit v thy rng khng c sc (vt cht) ca nhn
mn, th khng c nhn thc khi ln, khng c sc ca cn (sc tri tim) th cng khng c
thc khi ln, v khng c sc ca i tng (mu sc), th nhn thc hay thc cng khng
khi ln. i vi tai, mi, li v thn, chng ta cng bit v thy nh vy. Chng ta cng cn
phi bit v thy rng c nhng i tng ch do thc bit m thi, thc ny khi ln nng
theo sc vt (tm c).
Tuy nhin nhng thc ti ny khng ch bit theo khi nim (ch nh), v ci bit y ch l
bit v thy s vt nh chng c v l, m iu ny c ngha chng ta vn l hng phm phu ngu
si, m la khng mt, hng ngi khng bit v thy, nh c Pht gi thi.
Mun bit v thy cc php nh chng thc s l chng ta cn th nhp vo thc ti cng tt
(hay chn - paramattha sacca); ngha l chng ta cn phi bit v thy danh-sc chn
(paramattha nma rpa).
Bit v thy Th Nht
Chng ta cn bit v thy mi v mi loi danh cng nh cn phi thy rng nm cn khi ln
mt trong hai loi thc, cn gi ng song thc (dve paca via):
1. Thc qu thin (kusala vipka via)
2. Thc qu bt thin (akusala vipka via)
Nh vy tng cng c mi loi thc. V trong cn (heart base) khi ln tt c cc loi thc
hay tm khc:
- 12 loi tm bt thin (akusala citta)
- 8 loi tm v nhn (ahetuka citta) (cng loi nh mi loi "tm ng song thc")
- 24 tm tnh ho dc gii (kma sobhana citta)
- 15 loi tm sc gii (rpvacara citta)
- 12 loi tm v sc gii (arpvacara citta)
- 8 loi tm siu th (lokuttar citta)
Tng cng c 89 loi tm. V bt lun khi no ta khi ln mt trong nhng loi tm ny, th mt
s cc tm s tng ng cng khi ln, trong s c thy nm mi hai tm s[14].
bit v thy c kh thnh ng nh thc, chng ta cn phi bit trc tip v thy trc
tip tt c cc loi tm v tm s tng ng vi n nh vy. Nhng, nh c Pht gii thch,
trong th gian nm un ca chng ta ny, danh khi ln nng vo sc, do mt tm (thc)
Nh vy r rng rng bit v thy danh, trc ht chng ta cn phi bit v thy sc, v mun
bit v thy c nhng tin trnh nhn thc ny, trc tin chng ta cn phi bit v thy cc
mn v i tng tng ng ca chng. iu ny c hnh gi thc hin khi phn bit sc[35].
Khi phn bit danh, trc ht hnh gi phn bit cc loi tin trnh nhn thc khc nhau, tc l
hnh gi phn bit xem c bao nhiu st-na tm (cittakkhaa) trong mi tin trnh nhn thc (l
tm), v phn bit cc loi st-na tm khc nhau y. Nhng vn cha phi l danh chn
(paramattha nma). Cng nh i vi sc, hnh gi phi ph b ci o tng v nguyn khi,
l tng hp sc (rpa kalpa) nh th no, th y cng vy, hnh gi cn phi ph b o tng
v nguyn khi, tc l tin trnh nhn thc,[36] nh th .
Mi tin trnh nhn thc bao gm nhiu st-na tm (cittakkhaa), v mi st-na tm l thi gian
cn cho mt tm (citta) v cc tm s ca n (cetasika) sanh ln, tr li v dit. Tm khng
sanh ln n c, n lun lun sanh cng vi cc tm s tng ng. Cng vy, cc tm s khng
sanh ln mt mnh c, m chng phi lun lun sanh cng vi mt tm no . V vy, tm v
cc tm s ca n sanh ln nh mt nhm kt li (compact group). Mun ph b ci khi ny,
hnh gi cn phi phn tch mi loi st-na tm ri bit v thy tm ring v cc tm s tng
ng ca n ring. l bit v thy danh chn (paramattha nma). iu ny cn vi t hn
vic bit v thy cc i chng ca sc, tuy nhin hnh gi c th lm c nh nh sng mnh
m ca nh m hnh gi pht trin, v nh sc mnh ca s phn bit m hnh gi tu tp
khi phn bit sc.
Nh ni, danh bao gm 89 loi tm v 52 loi tm s phi hp. Nhng tm trong s tm mi
chn tm y l cc tm siu th (lokuttara citta: 4 o v 4 Qu), v ch khi ln khi hnh gi
hnh Minh St (vipassan) trn mt trong tm mi mt loi tm (hip th) cn li, v cc tm
s phi hp ca n. Ni cch khc, cc i tng ca Minh St (vipassan), ch l 81 tm hip
th v cc tm s phi hp ca chng, trong khi nhng kt qu ca Minh St y l tm tm siu
th vy...
Hn na, trong 81 loi tm hip th cn c cc tm thin (jhna). Nhng nu hnh gi khng c
thin th khng th phn bit cc tm thin y. V th, nu hnh gi l mt thun qun hnh gi
(ngi ch tu qun minh st m khng tu nh), th vic phn bit cc tm thin nh b ra.
Nh vy nhng g hnh gi by gi c th phn bit, c c Pht gii thch trong Kinh i
Nim X (Mahsatipahna sutta) nh sau:
"Li na, ny cc T khu, v T khu sng qun tm trong tm nh th no? y, ny cc T
khu,
(1) vi tm c tham (sarga citta), tu tri (pajnati) "tm c tham"[37];
(2) vi tm khng tham (varga citta), tu tri "tm khng tham";
(3) vi tm c sn (sadosa citta), tu tri: "tm c sn";
(4) vi tm khng sn (vtadosa), tu tri "tm khng sn";
(5) vi tm c si (samoha citta) tu tri "tm c si";
(6) vi tm khng si (vtamoha citta), tu tri "tm khng si";
(7) vi tm co rt[38] (sakhitta citta), tu tri "tm co rt";
(cn) v su ngoi x (trn)] v y cng l mt t c Ngi dng khi gii thch l Duyn
Khi. Xuyn sut gio php ca Ngi, ta thy Pht gii thch cc php theo khuynh hng v s
hiu bit ca ngi nghe. V th, Ngi gii thch Danh-sc bng nhiu cch khc nhau, mc d,
v phng din cng tt, chng lin quan ti cng s vic.
[10] y, khi c Pht ni v mi tm gii ca th gian th cc php (dhammas) cp n
ang ni n trong kinh ny dng "nm cn" trong cu hi dn khi ca ng (xem kinh B-lamn Ubha S.V. 217)
[12] Ngi Pa-Auk Tawya Sayadaw lin h li v d trong Ahaslini (The Expositor B114/PTS
96) nh sau: Khi nh sng mt tri p vo con chim ang u trn cnh, th ng thi mt chic
bng (ca chim) cng ri xung trn t. Cng vy, khi i tng p vo cn mn ca n, th
ng thi n cng p vo mn.
[13] Xem bng 6, di, v phn trch dn
[14] Khi qun danh (nma kammahna) hnh gi bit v thy trc tip cc php ny (xem li
[15] Kalpas: thng dch l on, bn hay nhm. y chng ti dch ch Kalpa theo ngha
khi sanh nng vo mi trong su cn y. (Chng hn hnh gi phn bit nhn cn - tc nhn
tnh sc hay tinh cht ca mt - , ri n nhn thc (1) v cc tm s tng ng (7) sanh ln
nng ni nhn cn). Cn khi phn bit qua su mn, hnh gi phn bit cc loi tm khc nhau
trong tin trnh nhn thc ca mi mn. Chng hn, tm v cc tm s tng ng ca nhn mn
l trnh tm.
[30] VS. XVIII (Nmarpa pariggaha kath) B664.
[31] VS. T1. V mi cn trong nm cn ch c mt loi tm nh vy khi ln, song i vi cn
(heart base), cc loi tm khc u khi . Tr phi hnh gi quen vi li gii thch ca Vi
Diu Php v cc loi tm khc nhau trong cc loi tin trnh nhn thc khc nhau, bng khng
iu ny c th rt d ln ln i vi hnh gi s c.
[32] Xem li trn bit thm li gii thch v "cc cnh php".
[33] Xem li kinh "Ubha Brahmin Sutta) SV. 217
[34] Chi tit, xem biu 5 v 6
[35] Xem bi ging 4 "Lm th no phn bit sc".
[36] Chi tit lin quan n o tng v nguyn khi xem cu tr li 1.3 trang...
[37] Theo ngn ng thng thng th ni "tm c tham". Tuy nhin, chnh xc hn phi ni l
mt tm (citta) m tnh cht tham ca n c quyt nh bi s hu tham (cetasika) phi hp.
[38] Tm co rt l tm hn trm, thy min, khng thch th vi i tng; tm tn lon l tro
l kt qu ca nghip (hnh thnh trong bt c cnh gii no - dc, sc v v sc); 2. Sanh hu.
[45] Chng hn nh c Pht cng phi kh v au lng.
[46] S. II. 129
[47] S.III. 13
Th kh).
[51] VS.XVII "Bhavacakka kath" B659. DII. 2.
[52] Vsm. XIX ("paccayapaggaha kath" B679)
[53] V s phn bit duyn khi, s dit v danh-sc qu kh, v lai, xem bi ging s 6.
[54] Cc php (dhammas) xem ghi ch s 2
[55] S.III.V.II.1.7
[56] Ch gii Kinh Gio Gii Channa - Channa vada - Sutta gii thch rng: "Ci ny khng phi
ca ti" l suy xt v v thng; "ci ny khng phi l ti" l suy xt v kh; "ci ny khng
phi t ng ca ti" l suy xt v v ng.
[57] Sn. V. 15 "Mogharjamavapucch"
[58] Mun bit thm tng khng, xem di.
[59] V tnh gic xem trang sau.
[60] Xem bi 7 sau.
BI PHP THOI 1
Lm th no tu tp nim hi th t n An ch nh
Li m u
Ti cm thy rt vui khi c n Taiwan (i Loan) theo li mi ca qu s v tu n hnh
thin ti Thin vin Pa-Auk[1], gn Mawlamyine, Min in. Trong thi gian lu li y ti
mun chia s vi qu v mt iu g v h thng thin c ging dy ti thin ng PaAuk. H thng thin ny c da trn nhng ch dn m chng ta c th tm thy trong Kinh
Pht bng ting Pli v trong b Lun Visuddhi-magga[2] (Thanh Tnh o). Chng ti tin chc
rng thin dy trong Kinh Pht bng ting Pi hon ton khng c g khc vi thin m chnh
c Pht hnh, v dy li cho cc hng t ca mnh trong cuc i ca Ngi.
Ti sao phi Thin?
Trc ht chng ta nn t hi "Ti sao c Pht li dy Thin?" hay "Mc ch ca thin l g?"
Mc ch ca Thin Pht gio l nhm t n Nit-bn. Nit-bn l s dit ca danh (nma), v
sc (rpa). Do , mun t n Np-bn chng ta phi tn dit c nhng tm hnh thin, bt
ngun t v tham, v sn v v si ln nhng tm hnh bt thin, bn r trong tham, sn v si, v
tt c nhng th u dn n sanh, gi, bnh, cht mi. Nu chng ta hy dit chng hon
ton bng Thnh o (ariyamagga), chng ta s chng c Nit-bn. Ni cch khc, Nit-bn l
s t do v gii thot khi ni kh ca vng lun hi (sasra), v l s dit ca ti sanh, ca
gi, au, bnh v cht. Mi ngi chng ta u phi chu ci kh ca sanh, lo, bnh, t ny, v
v vy t gii thot mnh ra khi nhng hnh thc ca kh au chng ta cn phi hnh thin.
Tu chung li, v chng ta c nguyn mun thot khi mi kh au, nn chng ta phi hc cch
hnh thin nh th no t n Nit-bn vy.
Thin l g?
Nh vy, Thin l g? Thin gm c Thin Ch (samadha) v Thin Qun (vipassan), c hai
u phi c da trn gii hnh ca thn v khu. Ni khc hn, Thin l s pht trin v hon
thin ca Bt Thnh o (ariya ahagika magga). Bt Thnh o gm:
1. Chnh kin - (Sammdihi)
2. Chnh t duy - (Samm sakappa)
3. Chnh ng - (Samm vc)
4. Chnh nghip - (Smm kammant)
5. Chnh mng - (Samm jva)
6. Chnh tinh tn - (Samm vyma)
7. Chnh nim - (Samm sati)
8. Chnh nh - (Samm samdhi)
Chnh Kin c Pht gi l Chnh Kin Thin Tu (Vipassan sammdihi) v Chnh Kin
Thnh o (magga samm dihi). Chnh Kin v Chnh T Duy gp li gi l Tu hc
(pa).
Chnh Ng, Chnh Nghip v Chnh Mng gp li gi l Gii hc (sla).
Chnh Tinh Tn, Chnh Nim v Chnh nh gp li gi l nh hc (smadhi), tc tu tp
Thin Ch (samatha bhvan).
Bt Thnh o
By gi, chng ta hy nhn su mt cht na vo tng chi phn ca Bt Thnh o ny.
Chi th nht l Chnh Kin. Th no l Chnh Kin? Chnh Kin gm bn loi tr;
1. Minh st tr v Kh Thnh , y l nm th un.
2. Minh st tr v Kh Tp Thnh , tc phn bit cc nhn sanh ra nm th un; ni khc hn,
l minh st tr v duyn khi tnh.
3. S chng ng v tr bit v Kh dit, tc Nit-bn, hay s dit ca nm th un.
4. Tr bit v o Thnh a n s Dit Kh, tc con ng thc hnh dn n s chng
ng Nit-bn, y l Bt Thnh o.
Chi th hai ca Bt Thnh o l Chnh T Duy (samm sakappa). Chnh T Duy cng c
bn loi:
1. Tm n i tng ca Kh Thnh , tc nm th un (Applied though = tm, ng ngha
vi t duy).
2. Tm n i tng ca Kh Tp Thnh , tc tm cc nhn sanh ra nm th un.
3. Tm n i tng ca Kh Dit Thnh , tc Nit-bn.
4. Tm n i tng ca Kh Dit o Thnh - Con ng a n s Dit Kh tc Bt
Thnh o.
Nh vy, Chnh T Duy dn tm vo i tng ca Kh , tc nm th un, cn Chnh Kin
tu tri nm th un y nh n thc s l. Hai chi phn ny hp tc vi nhau dn tm vo mi
trong T Thnh , v Tu tri chng. V l chng lm vic vi nhau theo cch ny, nn c
gi l Tu hc (pasikkh).
Chi phn th ba ca Bt Thnh o l Chnh Ng (sammvc). Chnh Ng l trnh ni di,
ni chia r, ni li th c, v ni chuyn v ch.
Chi phn th t ca Bt Thnh o l Chnh Nghip (samm kammant). Chnh Nghip l
trnh st sanh, trm cp v t dm.
Chi phn th nm ca Bt Thnh o l Chnh Mng (samm jva). Chnh Mng l trnh nui
sng bng t ng hay t nghip, chng hn nh st sanh, trm cp, hoc ni lo. i vi ngi
ti gia, Chnh Mng l trnh nm loi ngh bt chnh: bun bn kh gii, bun bn ngi, bun
bn sc vt git tht, bun bn cc cht say (ru), bun bn c dc.
Ba chi phn Chnh Ng, Chnh Nghip v Chnh Mng c gi l Gii hc (sla sikkh).
Chi phn th su ca Bt Thnh o l Chnh Tinh Tn (samm vyma). Chnh Tinh Tn cng
c bn loi:
1. Tinh tn ngn nga s khi sanh ca nhng tm bt thin cha sanh.
2. Tinh tn on tr nhng tm bt thin sanh.
3. Tinh tn khi dy nhng tm thin cha sanh.
4. Tinh tn tng cng nhng tm thin sanh.
tu tp c bn loi Chnh Tinh Tn ny, chng ta phi thc hnh v tu tp tam hc gii,
nh, tu.
Chi phn th by ca Bt Thnh o l Chnh Nim (samm sati). Chnh nim cng c bn
loi:
1. Nim thn
2. Nim th
3. Nim tm
4. Nim php (dhammas)
y, Php (dhamma) l nm mi mt tm s tr th, hoc nm th un, hoc mui hai ni,
ngoi x (6 cn + 6 trn), hoc mi tm gii, hoc tht gic chi, hoc T Thnh v.v...
Nhng thc s, bn loi nim ny c th rt li ch cn hai, l nim sc v nim danh.
Chi phn th tm ca Bt Thnh o l Chnh nh (samm samdhi). Chnh nh l s thin
(jhna), nh thin, tam thin v t thin. Bn thin ny c gi l Chnh nh theo Kinh i
Nim X (Mah satipahna sutta)[3]. Trong Thanh Tnh o (VisuddhiMagga), Chnh nh
c gii thch thm l bn thin t sc (rpa jhna), bn thin v sc (arpa jhna) v cn nh
(upacr samadhi).
Trong i ny, mt s ngi tch ly nhiu cng c ba-la-mt (pram), v c th c Nitbn do nghe mt thi php c ging tm tt hay chi tit. Tuy nhin, phn ng mi ngi
khng c c cc ba-la-mt nh vy, nn phi thc hnh Bt Thnh o theo tun t. Nhng
ngi ny c gi l ngi "ng Dn" (neyya puggala), tc cn phi c dn dt, v phi tu
tp Bt Thnh o tng bc mt theo trnh t gii, nh v tu. Sau khi thanh tnh gii xong,
h phi tu tp nh, v sau khi thanh tnh tm nh hnh thin nh xong, h phi tu tp tu.
Hnh gi tu tp nh nh th no?
Hnh gi phi tu tp nh nh th no?
C bn mi mc Thin Ch (samatha), v mi ngi c th tu tp bt c mt trong 40
mc ny c nh.
i vi nhng ngi khng th quyt nh c mc no nn chn tu tp, nn khi u
vi mc nim hi th (npnasati). Phn ln mi ngi u thnh cng trong thin nh
dng hoc mc nim hi th, hoc phn tch t i. Do , by gi chng ta s nhn mt cch
khi qut vo vn lm th no hnh nim hi th.
Tu tp Nim Hi Th nh th no?
Tu tp Nim hi th c c Pht dy trong Kinh i Nim X (Mahsatipahna)[4] nh
sau:
"Ny cc T khu, trong gio php ny, v T khu sau khi i vo khu rng, hoc n mt
gc cy, hay cn nh trng, ngi kit gi, gi lng tht thng v thit lp nim trn i tng
thin (t nim vo mc). Chnh nim v y th vo, chnh nim v y th ra.
1. Th vo mt hi th di, v y bit "Ta ang th vo mt hi th di"; hoc th ra mt hi th
di, v y bit "Ta ang th ra mt hi th di."
2. Th vo mt hi th ngn, v y bit "Ta ang th vo mt hi th ngn", hoc th ra mt hi
th ngn, v y bit "Ta ang th ra mt hi th ngn".
3. "Cm gic ton thn hi th, ta s th vo", v y tp nh vy; v "cm gic ton thn hi th
ta s th ra", v y tp nh vy.
4. "An tnh thn hi th, ta s th vo", v y tp nh vy, v "an tnh thn hi th, ta s th ra",
v y tp nh vy.
Bt u hnh thin, ngi trong mt t th thoi mi v c gng thc r hi th khi n i vo v
i ra khi thn qua l mi. Hnh gi c th cm nhn c hi th ny ngay di mi hoc
mt ch no quanh l mi. Khng nn theo di hi th i vo trong thn hoc i ra khi thn,
v lm vy hnh gi s khng th hon thin c nh ca mnh. Ch cn thc r v hi th
ch n chm vo hay tip xc d nhn ra nht, hoc mi trn hoc quanh l mi. Nh vy hnh
gi mi c th tu tp v hon thin c nh ca mnh.
Khng nn ch n nhng c tnh ring (sabhva lakkhana) c tnh chung (sammaa
lakkhana) hoc mu sc ca nimitta (tng ca nh - sign of concentration). Cc c tnh ring
l nhng c tnh ca t i trong hi th nh cng, th, lu chuyn, nhit, h tr, y v.v... Cc
c tnh chung l v thng, kh v v ng ca hi th. iu ny c ngha l hnh gi khng nn
ghi nhn "v-ra - v thng", hoc "v-ra - kh", hoc "v-ra - v ng", m ch cn thc hay
bit r hi th v-ra nh mt khi nim
Hnh gi cn phi pht trin v qun bnh c by gic chi ny. Nu tinh tn khng y tm s
ri khi i tng thin, y l t tng. Khi trng hp ny xy ra, hnh gi khng nn tu tp
tnh, nh v x, m phi tu tp trch php, tinh tn v h. Nh vy tm c nng ln (i
tng) tr li.
Tuy nhin khi c qu nhiu tinh tn, tm s tr nn dao ng v phn tn. Lc hnh gi nn
lm ngc li, tc khng tu tp trch php, tinh tn v h na, m thay vo tu tp tnh, nh
v x. Theo cch ny tm dao ng v phn tn s c ch ng v an tnh li.
y l cch lm th no qun bnh ng cn v tht gic chi.
Lm th no c Thin (jhna)?
Khi ng cn tn, tn, nim, nh v tu c tu tp y , nh s vt qua cn nh nhp
vo thin (Jhna) hay an ch nh. Khi hnh gi t n thin, tm hnh gi s bit t tng
khng gin on. S kin ny c th lin tc trong vi gi, thm ch c m hay c khi sut
ngy.
Khi tm duy tr nh trn t tng lin tc trong mt hoc hai gi, hnh gi nn c gng phn
bit (nhn thc r) vng trong tri tim ni y tm hu phn (bhavaga) tr, l sc tri tim
hay sc vt. Tm hu phn vn sng trong, v c cc nh ch gii gii thch rng chnh l
mn (manodvra). Nu hnh gi c gng nhiu ln, tc l lm i lm li nhiu ln, th cui
cng hnh gi s phn bit c c hai. mn (bhavaga) v t tng khi n xut hin . K
tip hnh gi phn bit nm thin chi, mi ln mt chi. Vi vic thc hnh lin tc, c th hnh
gi s phn bit c c nm thin chi mt ln. Trong trng hp ca nim hi th (npnasati)
c 5 thin chi l:
1. Tm (vitakka): hng v t tm trn t tng hi th (npna pahibhaga-nimitta)
2. T (vicra): duy tr tm trn t tng
3. H (pti): thch th i vi t tng
4. Lc (sukha): an vui vi t tng
5. Nht tm: S hp nht vi tm trn t tng.
Cc thin chi ny khi ng ring th gi l thin chi, song khi kt hp li th gi l bc thin. Lc
mi bt u hnh thin, hnh gi phi hnh nhp thin trong mt thi gian tng i, khng
nn dng qu nhiu thi gian vo vic phn bit cc thin chi. Hnh gi cng cn phi tu tp nm
php thun thc trong bc thin (vasbhva) y.
1. Nhp thin bt c lc no hnh gi mun
2. Quyt nh (adhihna) tr trong thin trong mt thi hn nh v thc hin quyt nh y.
3. Xut thin vo gi n nh.
4. Tc n cc thin chi.
5. Phn khn cc thin chi[11]
Trong Aguttara Nikya (Tng chi b kinh), bi kinh v d Con B Ci (Pabhateyyagv sutta),
c Pht ni hnh gi khng nn c gng chuyn sang nh thin khi cha thun thc s thin.
Ngi gii thch rng nu ngi no khng hon ton thun thc s thin, m c gng i ln cc
bc thin cao hn, h s mt s thin, cng nh khng th t n cc bc thin khc. Nh vy
ngi y s mt tt c cc bc thin.
Khi hnh gi thun thc s thin, hnh gi c th c gng tin ln nh thin. Mun c nh
thin hnh gi cn phi nhp vo s thin m lc ny rt quen thuc, xut khi thin y, suy
xt n nhng khuyt im ca n v nhng li ch ca nh thin. l, s thin cn gn vi
nm trin ci, v c cc thin chi th tm, t khin cho n km an tnh hn nh thin, khng tm
khng t. V th, lc ny khng mong mun cc thin chi na m ch mong mun h, lc,
nht tm, hnh gi s nh tm trn t tng tr li v t n s thin . Khi xut khi s thin,
duyt li cc thin chi vi chnh nim, tnh gic, hai thin chi tm, t, s c v th i vi hnh
gi, trong khi h, lc v nht tm c v an tnh hn. Do , t b hai thin chi th v c c
cc thin chi an tnh y, hnh gi tp trung vo t tng tr li.
Bng cch y hnh gi c th s t n nh thin ch c h, lc v nht tm. Sau hnh gi
cng tu tp nm loi thun thc ca nh thin.
Khi hnh gi thnh cng, v mun tu tp tam thin, th nn xut khi nh thin by gi
quen thuc y, suy xt n nhng khuyt im ca n, ri suy xt n nhng li ch ca tam
thin. l, nh thin ny cn gn vi s thin c cc thin chi th, tm, t. V nh thin, t thn
n c thin chi th l h[12], khin cho n km an tnh hn tam thin, mt bc thin khng c h.
V th, by gi khng c c mun i vi thin chi th , m ch c mun cc thin chi an
tnh, hnh gi s tp trung vo t tng tr li v c nh thin. Khi xut khi nh thin, v duyt
li cc thin chi, th thin chi h s c v th i vi hnh gi, trong khi lc v nht tm c v an
tnh hn. Do , t b thin chi th v c c cc yu t an tnh, hnh gi nh tm trn t
tng tr li. Theo cch ny, hnh gi c th s t n tam thin, ch c lc v nht tm. Sau
hnh gi cng tu tp nm loi thun thc i vi tam thin nh trc.
Khi thnh cng v hnh gi mun tu tp t thin, th cn phi xut khi tam thin quen
thuc , suy xt n cc khuyt im ca n, ri suy xt n nhng li ch ca t thin. l,
tam thin ny cn gn vi nh thin, c thin chi th l h. V tam thin t thn n c thin chi
th l lc, khin cho n km an tnh hn t thin, khng c lc. By gi vi c mun t n t
thin, hnh gi lp li nh trn t tng v c tam thin. Khi xut khi tam thin, duyt li cc
thin chi, hnh gi thy rng thin chi lc c v th, trong khi x v nht tm an tnh hn. V th,
t b yu t th v c c cc yu t an tnh, hnh gi li tp trung vo t tng. Theo cch
ny hnh gi c th s c t thin, ch c x v nht tm. V cng nh trc, hnh gi nn tu tp
nm loi thun thc i vi t thin.
Vi s chng c t thin, hi th dng li hon ton. S kin ny hon tt giai on th t
trong vic tu tp nim hi th.
(4) "An tnh thn hi th , ta s th vo" v y tp nh vy, v "An tnh thn hi th , ta s th
ra" v y tp nh vy.
Giai on ny bt u ngay trc khi nimitta (tng) xut hin, v khi nh c tu tp qua
bn bc thin, hi th cng lc cng tr nn an tnh hn, cho n khi n dng li hon ton t
thin.
Bn bc thin ny cng cn gi l bn thin sc gii (rpavacara jhna), v chng ch c th cho
qu ti sanh trong ci sc gii. Song y chng ti khng khuyn khch qu v hnh gi tu
thin c ti sanh vo ci sc gii, m ch dng chng lm nn tng pht trin thin Minh
st (Vipassan).
Khi hnh gi t n t thin bng cch dng nim hi th, v tu tp nm php thun thc,
nh sng ca nh s sng chi, rc r v ta chiu, v nu mun v y c th chuyn sang tu tp
thin Minh st. Ngc li, hnh gi cng c th tip tc tu tp tnh ch (samatha). s l ti
ca bi ging k, hnh gi tu tp thin ch trn ba mi hai phn ca thn (32 th trc), b
xng, mi kasia (bin x) vv... nh th no.
*
HI P 1
Hi 1.1: Trong bn giai on ca thin nim hi th (npnasati), lm sao chng ti xc
nh c khi no th chuyn t giai on ny sang giai on khc?
p 1.1: c Pht dy npnasati tun t tng bc mt: hi th di, hi th ngn, ton hi
th v hi th vi t, cho d hiu vy thi. Lc hnh thc th, c bn giai on c th xy ra cng
mt lc.
Nh vy, nu hnh gi c th tp trung vo ton hi th di, v ton hi th ngn trong khong
mt gi, lc y (khi nh ca hnh gi nng cao) hi th ca hnh gi t ng tr nn vi t, v
hnh gi c th chuyn s tp trung vo hi th vi t. Khi hi th vi t l di, hnh gi s c gng
bit ton hi th di v vi t y; khi hi th vi t l ngn, hnh gi c gng bit hi th l ngn
v vi t y.
Nu hi th t n khng tr thnh vi t, hnh gi s tp trung vo hi th (tc - mansikra)
vi quyt nh rng n phi l vi t[13]. Theo cch , hi th s tr nn vi t, nhng hnh gi
khng c c tnh lm cho hi th vi t, cng nh khng c lm cho n di ra hoc ngn li;
ch quyt nh rng n phi tr nn an tnh thi. Theo cch ny, hi th di, hi th ngn, ton
hi th v hi th vi t, c bn giai on, c gm trong mt giai on duy nht.
phn trc ca giai on th t , hi th ch tr nn rt vi t, ch cha dit hon ton. Hi th
dit hon ton ch c t thin. y l giai on vi t nht.
Hi 1.2: Trong thin c cn thit phi c mt nimitta (tng) khng?
p 1.2: Trong mt vi mc thin (kammahna) nh nim hi th, thin mc kasia
(bin x) v thin mc bt tnh (ashubha), mt nimitta rt cn thit. Nu hnh gi mun c
2. Nguyn khi tng v tp hp (samha ghana): mun ph b khi tng ny, hnh gi cn
phi phn bit thy ra mi tm v mi trong cc tm s ca n trong tng st-na tm sut tin
trnh nhn thc.
3. Nguyn khi tng v phn s (kicca ghana): mun ph b khi tng ny, hnh gi cn phi
phn bit c tnh, phn s , s th hin v nhn gn ca mi tm v mi tm s trong cc tm s
ca n.
4. Nguyn khi tng v i tng (rammaa ghana): mun ph b khi tng ny, hnh gi
cn phi phn bit tin trnh nhn thc thuc minh st tu (tr) phn bit tin trnh nhn thc
m hnh gi va kho st (tin trnh mn thuc cn nh) . iu ny c ngha rng tin trnh
nhn thc trc, t n cng cn phi c bit bng tin trnh nhn thc sau.
Nu hnh gi ph b c bn loi nguyn khi tng v danh theo cch ny, hnh gi s ch
thy s sanh v dit nhanh l ca tm v cc tm s ca n.
Vi tng v thng y, hnh gi khng th no cn ngh tm ca mnh l linh hn na, v khi
c tng v thng th tng v ng cng c mt. Nh c Pht dy trong Kinh
Meghiya[17].
Aniccasaino meghiya anattasa sathti (Ny Meghiya, i vi ai c minh st tr v v
thng mnh, thi minh st tr v v ng cng s hin l cho ngi y).
Hi 1.4: Tng hi th (npn nimitta) t u n? Ci g lm cho n xut hin?
p 1.4: Hu ht cc tm sanh ln da vo sc vt hay tm c to ra hi th. Do mt tng
hi th thc th phi xut pht t hi th. Tuy nhin khng phi mi tm u to ra mt nimitta.
Ch tm no c nh su lng mi to ra tng. V th, hi th do tm nh su lng to ra mi
lm cho tng hi th (npna-nimitta) xut hin. Nu tng xa l mi, khng phi l
tng thc. Mt tng c th xut hin do nh, nhng khng nht thit s l tng hi th
thc th. Nu nimitta do thin (jhna) to ra, chng ta c th gi l mt nimitta hi th thc
s. Cn nu n khng do thin to ra, n khng phi l tng hi th ch thc. Nu hnh gi
nh tm trn tng y, thin s khng sanh. Thng thng, nh khng tr nn mnh v c nng
lc nu hnh gi thin trn tng y, v th chng bao lu n s bin mt.
Hi 1.5: By giai on thanh tnh v mi su tu Minh st l g?
p 1.5: By giai on thanh tnh l:
1. Gii thanh tnh (Sla visuddhi)
2. Tm thanh tnh (Citta visuddhi)
3. Kin thanh tnh (Dihi visuddhi)
4. on nghi thanh tnh (Kakhvitarana visuddhi)
5. o phi o tri kin thanh tnh (Maggmagga adassana visuddhi)
6. o hnh tri kin thanh tnh (Paipada dassana visuddhi)
7. Tri kin thanh tnh (adassana visuddhi)
[1] Thin vin Pa-Auk = Pa-Auk Tawaya, ng ra phi dch l Rng Thin Pa-Auk (Pa-Auk
Forest).
[2] Visuddhi-magga - B Lun Thanh Tnh o c xem l cun cm nang gii thiu v Thin
ch gii.
[6] Thin dit l thin chng m tm, tm s v cc sc do tm to u dng li. Chi tit xem
trang...
[7] VS VIII "npnasati khath".
[8] VS. T I ibid
[9] Chi tit lin h n thin ny, xem trang...
[10] VS. X. "Nevasa nsayatana kath" B 287 (Neither Perception Nor Non-Perception
Base Explanation)
[11] Tc v phn khn xy ra trong cng tin trnh tm mn (manodvra vthi). Tc c
thc hin bng mn hng tm (manodvra vajjana), trong trng hp ny, n ly mt trong
nm thin chi lm i tng. N c theo sau bi bn, nm, su hoc by tc hnh tm
(javana) phn khn c cng mt i tng. Xem bi ging 5
[12] Ngi Pa-Auk Tawya Sayadaw gii thch rng thin chi h l mt yu t ph thm vo vic
BI PHP THOI 2
II
6. Tht
III
11. Tim
IV
16. Rut
2. Lng
7. Gn
12. Gan
3. Mng
8. Xng
4. Rng
9. Ty
14. Bao t
19. Phn
5.Da
10. Thn
15. Phi
20 c
Mi hai phn thuc thy i s c phn bit theo hai nhm sau:
I
1. Mt
II
7. Nc mt
2. m
8. M nc
3. M
9. Nc ming
4. Mu
10. Nc mi
5. M hi
6. M
12. Nc tiu
Hnh gi phn bit mi ln mt phn theo th t t ra. C gng thy mi phn r rt nh khi
hnh gi soi mt mnh trong tm gng sch vy.
Trng hp, khi ang lm nh vy m nh sng do nh sanh m i v thn phn ang c
phn bit khng cn r rng, hnh gi nn lp li t thin hi th, nh sng s bng sng mnh
tr li. Lc quay v vi vic phn bit cc thnh phn ca thn nh trc. Bt lun khi no
nh sng m i hnh gi ch vic lp li tin trnh nh vy.
Hnh nh th no hnh gi c th thy, t tc cho n nc tiu, hoc t nc tiu cho n
tc, mi thn phn thc s r rt vi tr th nhp; duy tr php hnh cho n khi hnh gi tr nn
thin xo.
K , li dng nh sng do nh sanh y, trong khi mt vn nhm, hnh gi s c gng phn bit
(32 th phn) ca ngi khc k bn hnh gi. Nu phn bit c mt ngi no pha
trc hnh gi l rt tt. Phn bit ba mi hai thnh phn ca thn trong ngi hay chng
sanh , t tc xung n nc tiu v t nc tiu ln n tc, lp i lp li nhiu ln theo
chiu xui, ngc nh vy. Khi thnh cng, hnh gi s phn bit ba mi hai th phn lc
bn trong, tc trong chnh thn hnh gi, v lc bn ngoi, tc ni thn ngi khc; cng lp i
lp li nh vy nhiu ln cho n khi thin xo.
Khi hnh gi phn bit c ba mi hai th phn bn trong v bn ngoi nh vy, nng lc
thin ca hnh gi s gia tng. Theo y hnh gi dn dn m rng lnh vc phn bit ca hnh
gi ra mi ln mt t, t gn cho ti xa. Khng nn ngh rng hnh gi s khng th phn bit
c nhng chng sanh qu xa. C s dng nh sng bng t ca t thin, hnh gi c th d
dng thy nhng chng sanh xa, khng phi vi mt thng, m vi tu nhn (a cakkhu).
Hnh gi c th m rng phm vi phn bit ca mnh trong c mi hng: trn, di, ng, ty,
nam, bc, ng bc, ng nam, ty bc v ty nam. Ly bt c ai phn bit cng c, c th
l ngi, th, hay nhng chng sanh khc trong mi hng y, v phn bit ba mi hai th
phn, lc bn trong, lc bn ngoi mi ln ch mt ngi hay mt chng sanh khc.
Khi hnh gi khng cn thy n ng, n ba, ch thin hay tru b v nhng sinh vt khc i
loi nh vy na, m ch thy cc nhm thuc ba mi hai th phn, bt lun khi no v bt lun
ch no hnh gi nhn n, d bn trong hay bn ngoi, lc y hnh gi c th c ni l
thnh cng, thin xo v nhun nhuyn trong vic phn bit ba mi hai th trc.
Ba ca vo Nit-bn
n y, chng ta s xem xt nhng g c gi l ba ca vo Nit-bn. Trong
"Mahsatipahna sutta"[1], (i Nim X Kinh), c Pht dy bn nim x l con ng duy
nht i vo Nit-bn. Ch gii gii thch thm rng c ba ca i n Nit-bn. Ba ca y l
nhng ti thin ch (samtha) thuc kasin.a mu (vaa kasia: bin x hay vng trn sn
mu), qun bt tnh (paikkhla manasikra) v khng tnh hay v ng (suata), vn l thin t
i.[2]
Do , khi mt ngi thnh tho trong vic phn bit ba mi hai thnh phn ca thn, c
trong ln ngoi, v y c th chn tu bt k mt ca no trong ba ca ny. Ca th nht chng ta
s bn n y l thin (qun) bt tnh.
Hnh gi tu tp Thin (Qun) B Xng nh th no
Mun tu tp thin (qun) bt tnh (paikkhla manasikra) hnh gi c th ly c ba mi hai th
trc hoc ch mt th phn no trong lm i tng. Chng ta s tm hiu cch qun b
xng, hay cc phn xng, l mt trong ba mi hai th phn trc.
u tin hnh gi phi lp li t thin hi th, cho n khi nh sng bng t v ta chiu. Ri
dng nh sng y phn bit ba mi hai thnh phn trong chnh thn hnh gi, ri trong thn
mt chng sanh khc k bn. Phn bit c bn trong ln bn ngoi nh vy mt hoc hai ln.
Tip n ly b xng bn trong (thn hnh gi), nh mt tng th, v phn bit b xng y vi
tr tu. Khi ton b xng hin hin r rng, ly tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng lm i tng,
tc l ly khi nim bt tnh v b xng y, v ghi nh i ghi nh li nhiu ln b xng l
"bt tnh, bt tnh"; hoc "b xng bt tnh - b xng bt tnh"; hoc "b xng, b xng".
Ghi nh bng bt c ngn ng no hnh gi thch. Quan trng l hnh gii phi c gng gi cho
tm an nh trn i tng bt tnh ca b xng trong mt hoc hai gi. Hy cn thn ghi nhn
mu sc, hnh dng, v tr v gii hn ca b xng, nh vy tnh cht bt tnh ca n c th pht
sanh.
Do sc mnh v ng lc thc y ca nh thuc t thin da trn nim hi th, hnh gi s
thy rng thin ny cng c an lp su xa v sung mn, ngha l hnh gi s c th to ra, duy
tr v pht trin c "tng" v "tr" v tnh cht bt tnh.
Mt khi nh ca hnh gi trn tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng c thit lp, hnh gi nn
bung tng "b xng" ra, v ch duy tr nim v tnh cht bt tnh thi.
Theo Thanh Tnh o (Visuddhi-magga), thy mu sc, hnh dng, v tr v gii hn ca mt th
phn l ang thy hc tng (uggaha-nimitta). Cn thy v phn bit tnh cht bt tnh ca phn
l thy t tng (patibhga nimitta)[3].
Nh nh tm trn t tng thuc tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng, hnh gi c th t n s
thin, vo lc nm thin chi s c mt. l:
1. Tm (Vitakka): hng v t tm trn t tng thuc tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng.
2. T (Vicra): duy tr tm trn t tng thuc tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng.
3. H (Pti): thch th vi t tng thuc tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng.
4. Lc (Sukkha): lc kt hp vi t tng thuc tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng.
5. Nht tm (Ekaggat): s hp nht ca tm trn t tng thuc tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng.
Theo cch tng t, hnh gi cng c th c s thin trn tnh bt tnh ca mt trong ba mi
hai th phn khc.
Mt cu hi c th t ra l "Lm th no h v lc li c th khi ln vi i tng l tnh cht
bt tnh ca b xng c?" Cu tr li y l, mc d hnh gi ang tp trung vo tnh cht
bt tnh ca b xng, v cm gic n nh bt tnh thc s, vn c h khi ln v hnh gi th
tr php mn thin ny, v v hnh gi hiu c nhng li ch ca n, ngha l hnh gi hiu
rng cui cng n s gip hnh gi t n s gii thot khi gi, au v cht. H v lc cng c
th khi ln v hnh gi loi tr cc cu u ca nm trin ci, lm cho tm nng ny v mt
mi.
Cng ging nh mt ngi i bi rc kim ph liu, chc chn s cm thy thch th khi
gp mt ng rc ln, v ngh rng "Ta s kim c nhiu tin nh ng rc ny". Hoc nh
mt ngi kh s v trng thc chc chn s vui mng v sung sng khi uc nh nhm nh
nn tho ra hay i tin c ra vy.
Ch gii Vi Diu Php (Abhidhamma Commentary) gii thch rng bt c ai t n s thin
trn tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng, cng phi tip tc tu tp nm loi thun thc ca s thin.
Sau , cng ti y, hnh gi ly mt chng sanh gn nht, tt hn ht l mt ngi ang ngi
pha trc, v vi nh sng ca nh hnh gi ly b xng ca ngi y lm i tng. Hnh
gi phi tp trung vo xem nh bt tnh, ng thi tu tp tng (bt tnh) ny cho n khi cc
thin chi tr nn ni bt. Mc d chng ni bt nh vy, theo ch gii, n cng khng phi l cn
nh (upcra samdhi) hay an ch nh (appan samdhi), v i tng cn ang sng[4]. Tuy
nhin nu hnh gi tp trung vo b xng bn ngoi (ca ngi khc) nh th n cht, theo
ph ch gii ca Vi Diu Php, b Mla tka, hnh gi c th t n cn nh[5].
Khi cc thin chi xut hin r rt, hnh gi s tp trung li vo b xng bn trong k nh bt
tnh. Hnh xen k, lc trong thn lc ngoi thn, v lp i lp li nhiu ln. Khi hnh gi thin
nh vy trn tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng, v vic tu tp tr nn thm su v sung mn,
hnh gi nn m rng phm vi phn bit ca mnh ra trong c mi hng. Mi ln ly mt
hng, ch m nh sng do nh sanh ca hnh gi chm ti, c tu tp nh vy i vi cc
hng khc. Hnh gi nn p dng tr th nhp ca mnh vo c gn ln xa, trong tt c cc
hng, lc bn trong, lc bn ngoi. Thc hnh cho n khi bt c ch no hnh gi nhn vo
trong mi hng, hnh gi cng ch thy cc b xng. Mt khi thnh cng hnh gi phi
sn sng tu tp thin trn kasia (mu) trng.
Tu tp 10 Kasia nh th no?
Cc Kasia mu
C bn mu c dng cho thin Kasia (bin x) l: xanh, vng, , trng. "Xanh" (nla) cng
c th dch l "en", hoc "nu". C 4 kasia u c th tu tp ln n t thin bng cch dng
cc mu sc ca nhng thn phn khc nhau lm i tng.
Theo ch gii Vi Diu Php, tc, lng v trng en con mt c th c dng thay cho kasin.a
mu xanh, nu, v en t n t thin; m v nc tiu c th c dng thay cho kasin.a
vng; mu v tht c th c dng thay cho kasia , v cc phn mu trng nh xng, rng,
v mng tay mng chn c th c dng thay cho kasia trng[6].
Hnh gi tu tp Kasia trng nh th no
Kinh in cho rng kasia trng c hiu qu tt nht trong s bn kasia mu, v n lm cho tm
trong sng r rng[7]. V l do chng ta s bn v cch tu tp kasia trng trc.
u tin hnh gi cng phi lp li t thn hi th, nh vy nh sng ca nh s chi sng v
ta chiu hn. Hnh gi dng nh sng ny phn bit ba mi hai th phn bn trong, ri bn
ngoi ni mt chng sanh k bn. K n phn bit ch mt mnh b xng. Nu hnh gi mun
phn bit b xng y l bt tnh th hnh gi s lm nh vy, bng khng, ch phn bit b
xng bn ngoi l .
Tip theo hnh gi chn, hoc l phn trng nht trong b xng , hoc, nu ton b xng l
trng, th ly c b xng, hoc ly phn sau ca xng s, v tp trung vo , xem nh "trng,
trng".
Hay, nu mun, nht l khi nh ca hnh gi thc s bn nhy, hoc thy b xng bn trong
k nh bt tnh v t n s thin, hnh gi c th ly b xng trng y, v dng nh i
tng s khi ca hnh gi.
Hnh gi cng c th phn bit tnh cht bt tnh trong mt b xng bn ngoi trc, v lm
cho tng (bt tnh) y bn chc v kin c, nh vy s khin cho mu trng ca b xng r rt
hn. K tip, hnh gi chuyn ci tng (bt tnh) v b xng sang tng "trng, trng", v tu
tp kasia trng th vo .
Vi mt trong nhng phn mu trng ni b xng bn ngoi lm i tng, hnh gi s thc
hnh sao duy tr tm an nh trong khong mt hoc hai gi.
Nh sc mnh v ng lc thc y ca nh thuc t thin da trn hi th (npnasati), hnh
gi s thy rng tm mnh nh an tr (an nh) trn mu trng y trong mt hoc hai gi, lc
b xng s bin mt v ch cn li mt vng trn trng.
Khi vng trn trng y trng nh bng gn th l hc tng (uggaha nimitta). Khi n bng
sng v r nt nh sao mai, th l t tng (paibhga nimitta). Trc khi hc tng pht sanh,
tng b xng t n sanh ra, c gi l chun b tng (parikamma nimitta).
Tip tc ghi nhn kasia y l "trng, trng" cho n khi n tr thnh t tng. Duy tr nh tm
trn t tng cho ti khi hnh gi nhp vo s thin. Tuy nhin, hnh gi s thy rng nh ny
khng bn v khng ko di lu. lm cho n bn v ko di lu, hnh gi cn phi m rng
tng (nimitta).
Mun m rng tng, hnh gi phi nh tm trn t tng trong khong mt hoc hai gi. Sau
quyt nh m rng vng trn trng y ra dn: mt, hai, ba, hoc bn inch (inch = 2,54cm),
ty theo hnh gi ngh mnh c th m rng n c bao nhiu th m. Xem th hnh gi
thnh cng hay cha, nhng cng ng c gng m rng tng m trc khng quyt nh
mt gii hn, tc l hnh gi phi chc chn quyt nh mt gii hn ( m rng tng ra)
nh mt, hai, ba hoc bn inch.
Trong khi ang m rng tng, c th hnh gi thy rng tng tr nn khng n nh. Gp
trng hp nh vy th nn tr li ghi nhn tng y l "trng, trng" lm cho n n nh. Ch
khi no nh ca hnh gi tng trng th tng (nimitta) mi tr nn n nh, vng vng.
Khi tng m rng ln u tin tr nn n nh, hnh gi nn lp li tin trnh, tc l, quyt
nh m rng n ra mt vi inch tr li. Theo cch ny hnh gi c th m rng tng trong tng
giai on, cho ti khi kch thc c mt mt, ri hai mt v.v... C lm nh th cho n khi
tng m rng trong c mi hng quanh hnh gi, khng gii hn, v sao cho bt lun ch
no hnh gi nhn n, hnh gi ch thy mu trng, ngay c mt vt tch ca sc (vt cht), d
bn trong hoc bn ngoi, hnh gi cng khng thy na.
Nu hnh gi tng tu tp kasia trng trong i trc, thi k gio php ca c Pht hin ti,
hay thi k gio php ca c Pht trc , tc l, nu hnh gi c ba-la-mt (pram) v
kasia trng, th hnh gi s khng cn phi m rng t tng, v khi hnh gi nh tm trn ,
n s t ng m ra trong c mi hng.
Trong trng hp no cng vy, nhim v ca hnh gi lc ny l phi gi cho tm an nh trn
kasia trng m rng ra , v khi n n nh, lc y cng ging nh treo mt ci nn trn
ci mc, hnh gi t tm mnh vo mt ch trn kasia trng y. Gi cho tm , v tip tc
ghi nhn "trng, trng".
Khi tm hnh gi an tnh v n nh, th kasia trng cng s c an tnh v n nh, ng thi
n cc k trng, sng v r rng. y cng l t tng (pibhga nimitta) do m rng t tng
kasia trng ban u to ra.
Hnh gi phi tip tc hnh thin, cho n khi c th nh tm trn t tng kasia trng y lin
tc trong mt hoc hai gi. Khi cc thin chi tr nn ni bt, r rng v mnh m trong tm
hnh gi, v hnh gi k nh t n s thin. Nm thin chi l:
1. Tm (vitakka): hng v t tm trn t tng kasia trng.
2. T (vicra): duy tr tm trn t tng kasia trng.
3. H (pti): thch th i vi t tng kasia trng.
4. Lc (sukha): cm gic sung sng i vi t tng.
5. Nht tm (ekaggat): s hp nht ca tm trn t tng kasia trng.
Cc thin chi hp li gi l thin (jhna). Sau khi c s thin xong, hnh gi tip tc tu tp nm
loi thun thc trong s thin, theo nh cch c m t trong bi ging v nim hi th, v
sau tu tp nh thin, tam thin, t thin cng nh cch lm ch cc bc thin y.
Lm th no tu tp cc Kasia mu cn li
Nu hnh gi tu tp thin kasia trng t n t thin bng cch dng mu trng ca mt b
xng bn ngoi ri th hnh gi cng c th tu tp kasia mu nu, xanh hoc en bng cch
dng tc bn ngoi, kasia vng bng cch dng mu m hoc nc tiu bn ngoi, v kasia
bng cch dng mu mu bn ngoi v.v... Hnh gi cng c th dng nhng th phn y trong
chnh thn mnh.
Khi thnh cng, hnh gi c th tu tp cc kasia mu bng cch dng mu ca nhng bng
hoa, hoc nhng i tng bn ngoi khc u c. Tt c nhng bng hoa mu xanh, nu
thm ang mi gi hnh gi tu tp kasia xanh. Tt c nhng bng hoa vng ang mi gi hnh
gi tu tp kasia vng. Tt c nhng bng hoa mu ang mi gi hnh gi tu tp kasia .
Tt c nhng bng hoa mu trng cng ang mi gi hnh gi tu tp kasia trng. Nh vy, mt
hnh gi thin xo c th dng bt c th g mnh thy tu tp nh v tu, c th l vt hu
tnh hay v tri, l bn trong hoc bn ngoi u c c.
Theo cc kinh in Pi, c Pht dy mi kasia. l bn kasia mu va cp, cng
thm su kasia t, nc, la, gi, h khng v nh sng.[8]
By gi, chng ta s bn n cch tu tp su kasia cn li.
Tu tp Kasia t
Mun tu tp kasia t, trc tin hnh gi phi tm mt mnh t bng, c mu nu ging
nh mu tri lc rng ng v khng ln vi cy que, , l trong . Ri dng mt ci cy hay
mt dng c no khc v mt vng trn ng knh khong ba tc (mt foot). l mc
thin ca hnh gi: mt kasia t. Hnh gi tp trung vo kasia y v ghi nhn n l "t, t".
Tp trung trn khong mt lt vi mt m, sau nhm mt li, v mng tng kasia t.
Nu khng th mng tng c tng (nimitta) bng cch ny, hnh gi nn ti lp li nh t
thin hi th, hoc t thin kasia trng. Ri dng nh sng ca nh nhn vo kasia t. Khi
thy tng ca t r nh lc hnh gi nhn vo vi mt m, nh vy l c hc tng
(uggaha nimitta), hnh gi c th ra i v tu tp tng kasia ny mt ch khc.
Hnh gi khng nn tp trung vo mu ca nimitta t (tng t), hoc vo nhng c tnh
cng, th v.v... ca yu t t (a i), m ch tp trung vo khi nim v t. C tip tc tu tp
hc tng (uggaha nimitta) ny cho n khi n tr nn trong sch, r rng, lc k nh
chuyn sang t tng (paibhga nimitta).
Sau , hnh gi nn m rng t tng ra dn mi ln mt t trong c mi phng, v tu tp
thin ny cho n t thin.
Tu tp Kasia Nc
Mun tu tp kasia nc, hnh gi phi dng mt ci t, hay x, hoc mt ging nc trong sch
r rng. Tp trung vo khi nim v nc nh "nc, nc; cho n khi hnh gi c c hc
tng (uggaha nimitta), sau pht trin hc tng y nh hnh gi lm vi kasia t.
Tu tp Kasia La
Mun tu tp kasia la, hnh gi nn dng mt ngn n cy, mt ng la hay bt k mt ngn
la no khc m hnh gi nh thy. Nu khng th mng tng ra c, hnh gi c th lm
mt bc mn hay tm chn khot mt l trn ng knh khong mt foot (3 tc) trn . t
bc mn pha trc ng la ci hay la rm y, sao hnh gi ch thy ngn la qua l thng.
Khng n khi, v ci hay rm ang chy, hnh gi ch tp trung vo khi nim v la
xem nh "la, la" cho n khi c c uggaha nimitta (hc tung) ri pht trin n theo cch
thng l.
Tu tp Kasia Gi
Kasia gi c tu tp qua xc gic, hoc th gic. Hnh gi phi tp trung vo gi ang thi qua
ca s hoc ca ra vo, xc chm trn thn th; hoc cnh nhng chic l hay cnh cy rung
chuyn trong gi. Tp trung vo khi nim v gi xem nh "gi, gi" cho n khi hnh gi c
c hc tng. Hnh gi c th phn bit tng ca gi bng cch lp li t thin vi mt i
tng kasia khc, v dng nh sng ca nh thy s chuyn ng ny bn ngoi. Hc
tng (uggaha nimitta) nh hi bc ln t cm sa nng, nhng t tng li l s bt ng (ca
hi y). Hy tu tp nimita (tng) theo cch thng l.
Tu tp Kasia nh Sng
Mun tu tp kasia nh sng, hnh gi phi nhn vo nhng tia sng khi chng chiu vo phng,
qua mt k nt trn tng chng hn, v ri trn sn nh, hoc khi nhng tia sng y chiu qua
nhng chic l ca mt cnh cy v ri trn t. Hnh gi cng c th nhn ln qua nhng cnh
cy, vo nh sng trn bu tri cao cng c. Nu khng th mng tng c theo cch ,
hnh gi c th t mt cy nn hay ngn n bn trong mt bnh t, ri t ci bnh y nh th
no nhng tia sng ht ra t ming bnh in ln trn tng. Tp trung vo vng nh sng trn
tng nh mt khi nim, k nh "nh sng, nh sng" cho n khi c c hc tng, ri tu tp
n theo cch thng l,
Tu tp Kasia H khng
Mun tu tp kasia h khng, hnh gi nn nhn vo khong khng trong cnh ca ra vo, ca
s, hay l kha. Nu khng th mng tng c h khng theo cch , hnh gi c th khot
mt l trn trn ming ba cng khong 2 tc cho n 3 tc, cm tm bng ln nhn, sao ch
thy bu tri qua l hng, khng c cy ci hoc nhng i tng khc. Tp trung vo khong
khng trong vng trn nh mt khi nim, xem nh "h khng, h khng", v tu tp tng
(nimitta) y theo cch thng l.
Bn Thin V Sc
Mt khi c bn thin sc gii vi tng kasia trong mi kasia, hnh gi c th tin hnh
tu tp bn thin v sc (arpa jhna):
- Khng v bin x (ksnacyatana)
- Thc v bin x (vcyatana)
- V s hu x (kicayatana)
- Phi tng, phi phi tng x (nevasa nsayatana)
Tu tp Khng V Bin X
Mun tu tp bn thin v sc, trc tin hnh gi phi suy xt n nhng bt li ca sc. Thn
ngi c to ra bi tinh cha, huyt m ny c gi l "nghip sanh thn" hay "thn do nghip
sanh" (karajakya). V c thn nghip sanh ny m hnh gi phi b tn cng bi cc loi v kh
nh ao kim, gio mc, sng n, v phi chu b hnh h nh p th. Thn nghip sanh
cng cn phi hng chu nhiu loi bnh, nh au mt, au tai, au tim chng hn. V th hnh
gi phi suy xt vi tr tu rng v c thn nghip sanh do sc cu thnh, hnh gi phi chu
mi loi kh au, v nu nh hnh gi c th thot khi sc ny, hnh gi cng c th thot khi
kh au y.
Mc d t thin t sc vt qua c sc thn vt l th, song n vn phi da vo . Nh vy
hnh gi cn phi vt qua sc kasia. Sau khi suy xt nh vy, v hin ti khng cn dc h
i vi sc kasia, hnh gi phi lp li t thin vi mt trong chn kasia[9], chng hn nh
kasia t, xut khi thin y v suy xt n nhng bt li ca n: thin ny da trn sc, ci m
hnh gi khng cn dc h, thin ny c h ca tam thin l k th gn; v n th hn cc thin
v sc. C iu y hnh gi khng cn suy xt n nhng bt li ca cc tm hnh (nm thin
chi) trong t thin, bi v chng l nh nhau trong cc thin v sc. Gi y khng cn dc h
i vi t thin t sc, nhng hnh gi cng phi suy xt n tnh cht an tnh hn ca cc thin
v sc.
Sau hnh gi m rng tng, y l kasia t, sao cho n tr thnh v bin, hoc bao
nhiu ty c mun ca hnh gi, v thay th sc kasia vi khong khng n chim gi, nh
tp trung trn khong khng y k nh "h khng, h khng" hay "khng v bin, khng v
bin". Nhng g cn li l khong khng v bin trc b chim gi bi kasia.
Nu khng th lm c nh vy, hnh gi nn phn bit v tp trung vo khong khng ca
mt ch no trn tng kasia t, ri m rng, khong khng y ra n v tr v bin. Kt
qu l ton b tng kasia t c thay th bng h khng v bin.
C tip tc tp trung vo tng (nimitta) khng v bin y cho n khi c thin, ri sau hnh
gi tu tp nm loi thun thc. y l thin chng v sc th nht, cng cn gi l khng v bin
x.
Tu tp Thc V Bin X
Thc V Bin X (viacyatana) hay thin v sc th hai, c i tng l tm khng v
bin x (ksnacyatana citta), m i tng ca n vn l h khng v bin.
Mun tu tp thc v bin x, hnh gi phi suy xt n nhng bt li ca khng v bin x,
l thin chng ny c t thin t sc k nh k th gn v bn thn n khng c an tnh nh
thc v bin x. Lc ny, khng cn dc h i vi khng v bin x, song hnh gi cng phi
suy xt n tnh cht an tnh hn ca thc v bin x. Ri tp trung vo tm c i tng l h
khng v bin y nhiu ln v ghi nhn n l "thc v bin, thc v bin" hoc ch "thc, thc".
C tip tc tp trung vo tng thc v bin cho n khi hnh gi t n thin (jhna), v sau
tu tp nm loi thun thc. Nh vy, y l thin chng v sc th hai, hay cn gi thc v
bin x thin.
Tu tp V S Hu X
Thin v sc th ba, cng cn gi l V s hu x thin (akicayatana), ly i tng l s
vng mt ca tm vn c khng v bin k nh i tng ca n, v tm ny cng chnh l i
tng ca thc v bin x.
Mun tu tp v s hu x, hnh gi phi suy xt n nhng bt li ca thc v bin x, nh
thin ny c khng v bin x l k th gn v bn thn n khng an tnh nh v s hu x. D
lc ny khng cn dc h i vi thc v bin x, hnh gi cng phi suy xt n tnh cht an
tnh hn ca V s hu x. Ri tp trung vo s vng mt (hay phi hu) ca thc vn ly khng
v bin lm i tng ca n. Trong trng hp ny c hai tm thin: mt l tm thuc khng
v bin x (ksnac yatana citta), v hai l tm thuc thc v bin x (viacyatana
citta). M hai tm khng th khi ln trong mt st-na tm (cittakkhaa). Khi tm thuc khng
v bin x c mt, th tm kia khng th c mt, v ngc li. V vy, hnh gi ly s vng mt
ca tm thuc khng v bin x lm i tung, v ghi nhn n l "khng c g, khng c g"
hoc "vng mt, vng mt".
C tip tc tp trung vo nimitta (tng) y, cho n khi c thin, ri hnh gi tu tp nm loi
thun thc (i vi v s hu x). Nh vy, y l thin v sc th ba, cng cn gi V s hu
x thin.
Tu tp Phi Tng, Phi Phi Tng X
Thin v sc th t cng cn gi l Phi tng, phi phi tng x (nevasasayatana). S
d gi vy l v tng trong thin ny l cc k vi t. Thc s, tt c cc tm hnh trong thin
ny cng u vi t cc k nh vy, nn cng c th ni phi th phi phi th, phi tm phi phi tm,
phi xc phi phi xc v.v... Tuy nhin v thin ny c gii thch di dng tng, v v n c i
tng l tm thuc v s hu x[10], nn c t tn l Phi tng phi phi tng x vy thi.
Mun tu tp phi tng phi phi tng x thin, hnh gi cng phi suy xt n nhng bt li ca
v s hu x, tc l thy n c thc v bin x l k th gn, v bn thn n khng an tnh nh
phi tng phi phi tng x. Hn na, tung, nh c Th Tn ni, l bnh hon, l cc bu, l
mi tn. Lc ny, d khng cn dc h i vi v s hu x, hnh gi cng phi suy xt n tnh
cht an tnh hn ca phi tng, phi phi tng x. Ri tp trung lin tc vo tm ca v s hu x
k nh "an tnh, an tnh". C tp trung vo tng (nimitta) "an tnh, an tnh" nh vy lin tc,
cho n khi c thin, ri sau hnh gi tu tp nm loi thun thc. y l thin v sc th t,
cng cn gi l phi tng phi phi tng x.
Hm nay chng ta bn v cch tu tp mi kasia, v tm thin chng: bn thin sc gii, v
bn thin v sc. Trong bi ging k, chng ta s bn v cch lm th no tu tp bn phm tr
(brahmavihra): T, bi, h v x; v bn thin bo h (caturrakkha bhvan): Tm t, nim n
c Pht, qun bt tnh v nim s cht.
*
HI P 2
Hi 2.1: Ngi mi bt u hnh thin phi qun bnh nh cn v tu cn nh th no? H phi
thc hnh tu trong nim hi th ra sao?
p 2.1: Ngay trong bi ging u, chng ti ni v vic qun bnh ng cn (indriya), tuy
nhin y chng ti c th tm tt li nhng g ni y. Thc s, i vi hnh gi s c, vic
qun bnh ng cn khng quan trng lm. L do l v h ch l nhng ngi mi bt u, v cc
cn ca h vn cha pht trin. Lc u hnh thin, tm thng hay dao ng. Do cc cn
vn cha mnh v c nng lc. Ch khi no chng pht trin mnh v c nng lc, lc y mi
cn phi qun bnh chng. Tuy th, nu hnh gi s c c th qun bnh c cc cn ngay giai
on u, th d nhin, cng l iu tt.
Chng hn, lc ny hnh gi ang hnh thin nim hi th - npsati. Bit hi th l tu
(pa). Ghi nh hi th l nim (sati). S hp nht ca tm trn hi th l nh (samdhi). S
n lc bit hi th cho r rng l tinh tn (viriya). Tin rng nim hi th c th a n chng
thin l tn (saddh).
Hnh gi s c phi c gng pht trin cc cn mnh m v y nng lc ny. Tc l, nim tin
ca hnh gi trong php nim hi th phi mnh. Tinh tn ca hnh gi bit hi th mt
cch r rng phi mnh. Nim hay s ghi nh hi th ca hnh gi phi mnh. nh ca
hnh gi trn hi th phi mnh. Hnh gi phi thy hi th mt cch r rng, phi c gng
pht trin ng cn cho mnh m v qun bnh chng. Nu mt cn no thi qu, cc cn khc
s khng th lm nhim v ca chng mt cch thch ng.
Chng hn, nu tn qu mnh, n s to ra s xc ng. iu ny c ngha l tn cn khng th
duy tr cc tm hnh ng sanh trn hi th; nim cn khng th an lp c trn hi th; nh
cn khng th tp trung su vo hi th; v tu cn khng th bit hi th mt cch r rng.
Cn khi tinh tn thi qua, n s lm cho tm bt an, v th cc cn khc cng tr nn yu t, v
khng th thc hin nhng nhim v ca chng mt cch thch ng. Khi nim yu, hnh gi
Mun bit sc chn , sc th un, hnh gi phi hnh thin t i cho ti khi thy c sc y
bao gm nhng phn t nh m chng ta gi l cc nhm hay tng hp sc (rpa kalapas), v
hnh gi cng cn phi thy c t i trong cc nhm sc nh y na[15]. Sau hnh gi cn
phn bit c hai: cn v i tng ca n cng vi nhau[16]. Khng phn bit sc theo cch ny,
hnh gi khng th no phn bit c danh, bn danh un chp th. l l do v sao chng ti
dy Vipassan theo tng giai on.
By gi, tr li cho cu hi th hai ca hnh gi. Theo truyn thng Pht gio Thng Ta B
(Theravda), c hai loi ti thin (kammahna) l: parihriya kammahna v sabbatthaka
kammahna. Prihriya kammahna - ng dng nghip x - l ti thin m c nhn mi
hnh gi qua tu tp nh dng lm nn tng cho Minh st (vipassan). Hnh gi phi lun
lun s dng ti thin ny nh nn tng ca mnh. Cn Sabbatthaka kammahna - Nht
thit x Nghip x - ngc li, l ti thin m tt c cc hnh gi u phi tu tp ging
nhau[17]. l bn thin bo h.
1. Thin tm T (mett bhvan)
2. Nim n c Pht (Buddhnussati)
3. Nim s cht (maranussati)
4. Qun bt tnh (asubha bhvan)
Nh vy, mc d mt hnh gi s dng nim hi th nh "ng dng nghip x" ca mnh, song
vn phi thc hnh bn thin bo h ny trc khi chuyn sang tu tp Minh st. y l cch tin
hnh theo ng truyn thng o Pht.
Mun tu tp thin tm t cho t n mt bc thin no , nu hnh gi tu tp thin kasia
mu trng t n t thin ri vn tt hn. Cu chuyn v nm trm v t khu m bi "Kinh T
Bi" (karayametta sutta) c c Pht dy cho h l mt in hnh. Cc v t khu ny rt
thng tho trong mi kasia ( mc bin x) v tm thin chng (sampatti), hnh Minh
st t n Sanh dit tu (udayabbaya a), v cng nhau i vo rng hnh thm. Nhng
cui cng h phi quay v vi c Pht v cc v ch Thin c ng trong khu rng y cm thy
kh chu trc s c mt ca cc v t khu v hin ra nhng tng qui d da dm cc v t
khu ny. Nhn c Pht dy h bi kinh "T Bi" va nh mt ti thin v va nh mt
bi kinh cu an (paritta). L mt ti thin, bi kinh ny dnh cho nhng v c thin tm t
(mett jhna) v ph b c cc ranh gii gia nhng loi ngi khc nhau[18]. Ni chung,
"Kinh T Bi" l mt php hnh v tm t c chuyn bit ha, trong hnh gi thc hnh
ln n tam thin bng cch m rng tm t n mi mt loi ngi vi ngh "Sukhino v
khemino hontu, sabbe satt bhavantu sukhitatt" (Cu mong tt c chng sanh c an n v
hnh phc v.v...). Kinh ni rng c Pht bit nm trm v t khu ny chc chn s hnh rt d,
v h thnh tho trong mi kasia. V thin tm t c hnh d dng hn nh thin kasia
nh th no?
Trong Tng Chi Kinh c Pht ni rng trong bn kasia mu (xanh, vng, , trng), kasia
trng l th thng nht[19]. Kasia trng lm cho tm hnh gi trong sng r rng. Mt ci tm
trong sch v tnh lng nh vy rt cao thng v y nng lc. Nu hnh gi hnh thin tm t
vi tm trong sng, khng c nhng phin no, th thng thng s c thin tm t trong mt
thi ngi thin. V vy nu hnh gi nhp t thin kasia trng, sau xut khi thin y, v
hnh thin tm t s rt d thnh cng.
t n t thin kasia trng, ngi hnh thin trc phi hnh thin b xng bn trong v
bn ngoi. V nh vy s lm cho thin kasia trng tr nn d hn. Do , sau t thin hi th
chng ti thng dy cc thin sinh hnh ba mi hai th trc, thin b xng v thin kasia
trng. Theo kinh nghim ca chng ti, phn ln cc hnh gi u ni rng t thin kasia trng
tt hn t thin hi th, v n to ra mt ci tm r rng hn, trong sng hn v tnh lng hn,
c xem l rt hu ch cho vic hnh cc ti thin khc. V th chng ti thng dy thin
kasia trng trc khi thin tm t.
Cng c mt vn chung i vi nhng ngi mi hnh thin. C th hnh gi thnh thin
tm t ri. Nhng, hnh gi t n thin (jhna) cha? Trong thc hnh, nu mt hnh gi
mun m rng tm t n mt ngi cng phi no , trc ht hnh gi phi ly khun mt
ti ci ca ngi y lm i tng, ri tu tp tm t hng v ngi y vi ngh: "Cu
mong con ngi tt p ny thot khi s kh tm v.v...". i vi hnh gi s c, khun mt
ti ci y chng bao lu s bin mt. Hnh gi khng th no tip tc thin tm t ca mnh
c, v khng c i tng, do m hnh gi khng th c thin tm t hoc mt thin no
khc.
Nu hnh gi dng t thin kasia trng, th li khc. Hnh gi xut khi thin ny, v khi tu tp
tm t, lc y nh c nh i trc nn khun mt ti ci (i tng) s khng bin mt.
Hnh gi c th tp trung su vo hnh nh , v c th c n tam thin tm t trong mt thi
ta thin. Nu hnh gi hnh c h thng v t n ch ph b c nhng ranh gii gia cc
hng ngi, th thm ch hnh gi c th hnh c mi mt cch ri tm t theo Kinh T Bi
(Karayamett sutta), v nm trm hai mi tm cch cp trong b "Lun V Ngi Gii
o" (Paisambhid Magga)[20]. Cng chnh v l do ny, chng ti thng thng dy thin
kasia trng trc thin tm t.
Hnh gi cng c th hnh php mn nim n c Pht (Buddhnussati). Song hnh gi
c cn nh cha? Khi ngi no thnh cng trong thin tm t ri thc hnh php mn ty
nim Pht, h c th t n cn nh trong mt thi ngi thin, y cng l do c nh i
trc vy. Qun bt tnh (asubha) cng s tr nn d dng. Nu hnh gi hnh thin (qun) bt
tnh t n s thin, ri sau nim s cht (maranussati), hnh gi c th thnh cng trong
mt thi ngi thin.
l l do ti sao chng ti dy thin kasia trng truc bn thin bo h. Tuy nhin, nu mt
hnh gi mun i thng vo Minh st (vipassan), khng hnh bn thin Bo h, h c th lm
vy, khng c vn g c.
Hi 2.3: V sao, sau khi phn bit danh v sc ri, thin sinh cn phi hnh cc php mn
th nht v th nm ca php Duyn khi (paiccasamuppda) na? Php mn th nht v th
nm y l g? [21]
Phng php ny ph bin trong Pht gio Nguyn Thy (hay Theravda), nhng li rt kh i
vi ai khng c kin thc v Vi Diu Php (Abhidhamma). Ngay c nhng hnh gi c kin thc
Vi Diu Php tng i cng vn c kh nng gp nhiu kh khn.
Phng php th nm do Ngi X Li Pht dy, v c ghi li trong Kinh Tng Pi, b V
Ngi Gii o, tng i d i vi hnh gi mi thc hnh minh st. Phng php ny nhm
vo vic phn bit nm nhn qu kh to ra nm qu hin ti, v nm nhn hin ti s to ra nm
qu v lai. y l nguyn tc chnh trong phng php th nm. Nu hnh gi mun bit n bng
kinh nghim trc tip, hnh gi phi hnh cho ti giai on ny.
Sau khi thc hnh theo ng h thng php mn th nm ny, hnh gi s khng gp nhiu kh
khn khi hnh phng php th nht na. V l do ny chng ti dy phng php th nm
trc phng php th nht. D nhin chng ti s dy c nm phng php cho nhng ai c
thi gian, v nht l mun hnh thm. Nhng, cho d c Pht dy duyn khi theo cn tnh
ngi nghe, mt phng php cng l c Nit-bn ri. Cng vy, v phng php th
nht c xem l ph bin trong o Pht Nguyn Thy, nn chng ti dy c hai phng php
th nht v th nm cho tin.
Mt ln n, tn gi nanda sau khi hnh php Duyn khi theo bn cch. Vo bui chiu,
ngi i n gp c Pht v by t: "Bch c Th Tn, mc d php duyn khi thm su l
vy, n cng d i vi con." c Pht tr li.
"Etassa cnanda, dhammassa ananubodh, appaivedh evamaya paj tankkulakajta,
kulgathikajta, mujapabbajabht apya duggati vinipta sasra ntivattati."
Ngha l khng hiu r php duyn khi xuyn qua Ty gic tr (anubodha a) v Thng t
tr (paivedha a), con ngi khng th thot khi vng lun lu sanh t (sasra), v bn c
o (apya). Ty gic tr y l tr phn tch Danh Sc (nma rpa pariccheda a), v tr
phn bit (nm bt) Nhn Duyn (pacya pariggaha aa). Cn Thng t tr (Paivedha a)
l tt c cc minh st tr (vipassan a). V vy, khng hiu r duyn khi vi ty gic tr v
thng t tr ny, ta khng th t n Nit-bn. T on kinh trn, ch gii ni rng khng hiu
r duyn khi, khng ai c th thot khi vng lun lu sanh t, d l trong gic m.[26]
-ooOoo-
D.II. 3.), Abhibhyatana sutta - A. viii. V. ii.5). Ca vo thuc qun bt tnh v khng tnh (v
ng) c cp trong "Mahasatipahna sutta - i Nim X Kinh. D.II.9. phn nim
Thn.
[3] Vs. VIII "Kyagatsati kath" B 214 (Mindfulness of the Body Explanation - Gii thch v
NimThn
[4] Vbh. A. vii. I "Suttantabhjanya kynupassan Niddesa".
[5] Vbh. Ti. ibid.
[6] Vbh, A. ibid
[7] A. X.I.iii.9. "Pahamakosala sutta" (First Kosala sutta")
[8] M. II. iii7 Mahsakuludy sutta (i kinh Sakuludya) v Das I (Ahkasia
[9] V l h khng khng phi l sc, do kasin.a h khng khng th c dng vt qua
ging s 6.
[22] Vs I. "Slappabhedakatha".
[23] Vs. VIII "npnasati Kath" B. 236
[24] Vbh. A. ii I. "Suttantabhjanya Vaan"
[25] Ps. I. i. 4. Dhammahitia Niddeso
[26] Chi tit hn, xem li "Gii thiu"
BI PHP THOI 3
Tu tp Bn Phm Tr v Bn Thin Bo H
Gii thiu
Hm nay chng ta s tm hiu v cch tu tp bn Phm tr (cattro brahma vihra), v bn thin
bo h (catura rakkha bhvan). Bn phm tr l nhng ti thin thuc v:
1. T (mett)
2. Bi (Karu)
3. H (mudit)
4. X (upekkh)
Bn thin bo h l nhng ti thin thuc v:
1. T (mett)
2. Nim n c Pht (Buddhnussati)
3. Thin (qun) bt tnh (asubha bhvan)
4. Nim s cht (Marasussati)
Tu tp Tm T
Mun tu tp tm T hay T v lng tm (mett), trc ht hnh gi cn phi bit rng thin ny
khng nn tu tp i vi mt ngi khc phi (lingavisabhga), hoc mt ngi cht
(klkatapuggala).
Khng nn dng mt ngi khc phi lm i tng ( ri tm t), v dc tham i vi ngi
(nam hay n) y c th s pht sinh. Tuy nhin, sau khi hnh gi c thin th c th tu tp
tm t n ngi khc phi theo nhm, chng hn nh "cu mong tt c n nhn u c an
lnh". Mt ngi cht li cng khng nn dng, v hnh gi khng th c thin tm t vi mt
ngi cht lm i tng.
Nhng ngi m hnh gi nn tu tp tm t n h l:
- Bn thn (atta)
- Ngi hnh gi knh mn (piya puggala)
- Ngi hnh gi khng thng khng ght (majjhatta puggala)
- Ngi hnh gi ght (ver puggala)
Mc d vy, lc ban u hnh gi ch nn tu tp tm t n hai hng ngi l bn thn v ngi
m hnh gi knh mn. iu ny c ngha l lc mi hnh thin tm t, hnh gi khng nn ri
tm t n nhng loi ngi sau:
- Ngi hnh gi khng thch (appiya puggala)
- Ngi rt thn vi hnh gi (atippiya sahyaka puggala)
Khi hnh gi thnh cng trong vic ri tm t n ngui mnh knh mn ri, hy lp li iu
vi mt ngi cng phi m hnh gi knh mn khc. C th lm nh vy vi khong mi
ngi thuc loi , cho n khi hnh gi c th t n tam thin ly bt c ai trong h lm
mc cng c. n giai on ny hnh gi c th tin hnh mt cch an ton ti nhng ngi
rt thn vi hnh gi (atippiyasahyaka), song vn phi cng phi. Ly khong mi ngi
thuc loi v tu tp tm t n h tng ngi mt, theo cch ni, cho ti khi t n tam
thin.
Lc ny hnh gi k nh thun thc thin tm t n mc c th tu tp n i vi khong
mi ngi cng phi m hnh gi ght, theo cch nh trn. Nu hnh gi thuc hng i nhn
ging nh c B tt khi Ngi lm kh cha Mahkapi, khng bao gi on ght ngi lm hi
mnh, v hnh gi thc s khng sn hn hay on ght mt ngi no, th khng cn phi tm
mt ngi (loi sn hn) dng lm mc thin y. Ch nhng ai c ngi mnh on ght
hay c cm mi c th tu tp tm t i vi loi ngi .
C thc hnh thin tm t theo cch ny, tc l theo cch tu tp nh cho n tam thin trn mi
loi ngi, tin dn t ngi ny n ngi k, t d nht n kh nht, lm cho tm hnh gi
cng lc cng tr nn du dng, nhn i v nhu nhuyn, n cui cng, khi hnh gi c th c
thin trn bt k loi ngi no trong bn loi: ngi hnh gi knh mn, ngi rt thn vi hnh
gi, ngi hnh gi khng thng khng ght vngi hnh gi on ght.
Lm th no ph b ranh gii (Smsambheda)
Khi hnh gi tu tp tm t lin tc nh vy, hnh gi s thy rng tm t ca mnh i vi nhng
ngi mnh knh mn, v nhng ngi thn thit tr nn bng nhau, v hnh gi c th xem h
nh mt, tc nh ch l ngi mnh thch. Lc hnh gi s ch cn bn loi ngi ny:
1. Bn thn.
2. Ngi hnh gi thch.
3. Ngi hnh gi khng a khng ght.
4. Ngi hnh gi on ght.
Hnh gi cn tu tp tm t lin tc i vi bn loi ngi ny, cho ti khi tm t i vi h tr
nn qun bnh, khng c s phn bit. Mc d hnh gi khng th c thin tm t vi chnh bn
thn mnh lm i tng, song vn cn phi k chung vo y qun bnh bn loi.
Mun lm iu ny, hnh gi cn lp li t thin hi th hoc kasia trng. Vi nh sng mnh
m v chi sng ca nh, hnh gi m rng tm t i vi bn thn mnh trong khong mt pht
hoc vi giy; ri hng v ngi hnh gi thch, k n mt ngi hnh gi khng a khng
ght, v ri n mt ngi hnh gi on ght, vi mi ngi nh vy phi t cho n tam thin.
Ri li ri tm t n bn thn mt cch ngn gn, tuy nhin, i vi ba loi kia, lc ny mi loi
phi l mt ngi khc. Hy nh tu tp chng vi tng cch nh ni: "Cu mong con ngi
hin thin ny thot khi him nguy", ri "Cu mong con ngi hin thin ny thot khi kh
tm", v.v... vi mi i tng, cho n tam thin.
Nh vy mi ln hnh gi phi thay i ngi mi trong ba loi: ngi hnh gi thch, ngi
khng a khng ght v ngi hnh gi on ght. C lm i lm li nh vy nhiu ln vi cc
nhm bn khc nhau, sao cho tm hnh gi pht trin lng t lin tc khng gin on, v khng
c nhng s phn bit. Khi c th tu tp thin tm t i vi bt k loi ngi no trong bn
loi ny khng c s phn bit, hnh gi k nh thnh tu nhng g c gi l "s ph b
ranh gii" (simsambheda). Khi ranh gii gia nhng ngi c ph b, hnh gi c th tu
tp thm thin tm t ny, bng cch th tr php mn m Tn gi X Li Pht dy v c ghi
li trong b Paisambhidmagga - V Ngi Gii o.[2]
Hai Mi Hai Phm Tr M Rng Tm T
Php mn cp trong V Ngi Gii o bao gm hai mi hai phm tr qua hnh gi m
rng tm t ca mnh: nm phm tr m rng tm t khng nu r (anodhiso phara), by
phm tr m rng tm t c nu r (odhiso phara), v mi phm tr m rng tm t theo
phng hng (dis phara)
Nm phm tr khng nu r gm:
1. Tt c chng sinh (sabbe satt)
2. Tt c loi c hi th (sabbe p)
3. Tt c sinh vt (sabbe bht)
4. Tt c mi ngi (sabbe puggal)
5. Tt c cc c th (sbbe attabhva pariyapann)
By phm tr c nu r gm:
1. Tt c n nhn (sabb itthyo)
2. Tt c nam nhn (sabbe puris)
3. Tt c thnh nhn (sabbe ariy)
4. Tt c phm nhn (sabbe anriya)
5. Tt c ch thin (sabbe dev)
6. Tt c nhn loi (sabbe munuss)
7. Tt c chng sanh trong cc cnh gii thp (sabbe viniptik)
Mi phm tr theo phng hng gm:
1. Hng ng (puratthimya disya)
2. Hng Ty (pacchimya disya)
3. Hng Bc (uttarya disya)
4. Hng Nam (dakkiya disya)
5. Hng ng Nam (puratthimya anudhisya)
6. Hng Ty Bc (pacchimya anudisya)
7. Hng ng Bc (uttarya anudisya)
8. Hng Ty Nam (dakkhinya anudisya)
9. Hng di (hehimya disya)
10. Hng trn (uparimya disya).
Tu tp Nm Phm Tr Khng Nu R nh th no
Mun tu tp php mn thin tm t ny, hnh gi cng phi lp li t thin hi th hoc kasia
trng nh trc, ri tu tp tm t i vi bn thn, mt ngi hnh gi knh mn hoc thn thit,
mt ngi khng thng khng ght, v mt ngi hnh gi on ght, cho n khi khng cn
nhng ranh gii gia h v hnh gi.
K dng nh sng sng chi, rc r ca nh thy tt c chng sanh trong mt vng rng
ln quanh hnh gi, quanh nh hay tu vin. Khi cc chng sanh y c thy r rng ri, hnh
gi c th tu tp tm t n h theo nm phm tr khng nu r, v by phm tr c nu r, tng
cng l mi hai. mi phm tr hnh gi nn ri tm t theo bn cch:
1. Cu mong h thot khi him nguy
2. Cu mong h thot khi kh tm
3. Cu mong h thot khi kh thn
4. Cu mong h c an vui, hnh phc...
"H" y l mt trong mi hai phm tr k, nh tt c chng sanh, tt c ch thin v...
Nh vy hnh gi s ri tm t tng cng bn mi tm cch [(7+5)4)=48].
Nhng chng sanh trong mi phm tr phi c thy r rng trong nh sng ca nh v s
hiu bit. Chng hn nh, khi hnh gi m rng tm t n tt c n nhn, th hnh gi phi thc
s thy nhng n nhn trong vng xc nh vi nh sng ca nh. i vi cc phm tr khc
cng phi thy thc s nh vy. Hnh gi phi tu tp mi phm tr cho n tam thin trc khi
chuyn sang phm tr k tip, v phi hnh theo cch ny cho ti khi tr nn thnh tho trong
vic ri tm t theo tt c bn mi tm cch.
Mt khi thnh tho, hnh gi nn m rng vng n nh y ra ton cha, ton lng, ton
tnh, ton bang, ton nc, ton th gii, ton thi dng h, ton gii ngn h, v ton v tr v
bin. Mi trong nhng vng m rng ny, hnh gi tu tp theo bn mi tm cch ni cho
n tam thin.
Khi thnh tho ri hnh gi c th tin hnh sang phm tr mi hng.
Tu tp Phm Tr Theo Mi Hng
Cc phm tr ri tm t theo mi hng bao gm bn mi tm phm tr bn n trc
mi trong mi hng.
Hnh gi phi thy tt c chng sanh trong ton th v tr v bin theo hng ng ca hnh
gi, v m rng tm t n h theo bn mi tm cch. Ri cng lm y vy i vi hng Ty
ca hnh gi v cc hng khc.
iu ny a tng s ln bn trm tm mi cch m rng tm t (10x48=480). Nu thm bn
mi tm phm tr bin mn tm t ban u vo, chng ta c nm trm hai mi tm cch m
rng tm t (480+48=528).
Khi hnh gi thun thc nm trm hai mi tm cch ri tm t ny, hnh gi s kinh nghim
mi mt li ch ca vic hnh tm t m c Pht dy trong Kinh Tng Chi (Anguttara
Nikya)[3]:
"Ny cc T khu, khi t tm gii thot c trau di, c tu tp, c thc hnh, c lm
thnh c xe, c lm thnh nn tng, c an tr, c cng c, v th tr ng cch, thi mi
mt li ch c th trng i. Th no l mi mt? (1) Ngi y ng an lc; (2) thc an lc; (3)
khng c mng; (4) c loi ngi thn i (5); cc hng phi nhn thn i; (6) ch thin bo h;
(7) khng b la, thuc c, binh kh xc chm; (8) tm d c nh; (9) sc mt trong sng; (10)
lc cht khng ri lon; v (11) nu khng c cao hn, ngi y s ti sanh Phm Thin gii."
Tu tp Tm Bi
Mt khi hnh gi tu tp tm t nh va m t trn c ri th vic tu tp phm tr Bi v
lng s khng kh. tu tp tm bi, trc ht hnh gi phi chn mt ngi cng phi vi
mnh ang chu au kh. Hnh gi phi lm khi dy lng bi mn i vi h bng cch suy xt
n ni kh au m h ang gnh chu.
K lp li t thin vi kasia mu trng, nh vy nh sng s trong sng hn, v dng nh
sng thy ngi y, ri tu tp tm t cho n tam thin. Xut khi tam thin, hnh gi tu
tp tm bi i vi ngi ang au kh vi ngh "Cu mong con ngi hin thin ny thot
khi kh au" (aya sappuriso dukkh muccatu). Lm vy nhiu ln, lp i lp li cho ti khi
hnh gi c s thin, ri nh thin, v tam thin cng vi nm php thun thc cho mi bc
thin chng. Sau , hnh gi s tu tp tm bi nh lm vi tm t, l, tu tp cho bn thn,
cho mt ngi hnh gi thch, mt ngi hnh gi khng thch cng khng ght, v mt ngi
hnh gi on ght, cho n tam thin, ti khi cc ranh gii c ph b.
Mun tu tp tm bi i vi nhng chng sanh khng c phng din au kh no r rng c,
hnh gi phi suy t trn s kin rng mi chng sanh cha gic ng u phi cm th nhng kt
qu ca iu c m h lm trong qu trnh lang thang qua vng t sanh lun hi, v vy c lc
phi ti sanh trong bn c o (a ngc, ng qu, sc sanh v atula). Hn na, mi chng sanh
u ng thng tm, v h chc chn khng thot khi ci kh ca gi, au v cht.
Sau khi suy xt nh vy, hnh gi cng tu tp tm bi nh tu tp tm t, tc l tu tp tm bi i
vi chnh bn thn mnh v hai loi ngi thng thng cho n tam thin, ti khi cc ranh gii
c ph b.
Sau hnh gi cn phi tu tp tm bi theo cng mt trm ba mi hai cch m hnh gi tu
tp tm t, l: nm phm tr khng nu r, by phm tr c nu r, v mt trm hai mi
phm tr theo phng hng [5+7+(10x12)=132].
Tu tp Tm H
Mun tu tp tm H v lng hay H phm tr (mudit), hnh gi phi chn mt ngi cng
phi vi mnh v ang hnh phc, ngi m hnh nh ca h lm cho hnh gi sung sng, v
ngi m hnh gi rt thch c thn thin vi h.
K tip hnh gi lp li t thin trn kasia trng, nh vy nh sng sng t r rng hn, ri
dng nh sng y thy ngi , v tu tp tam thin trn mc tm t. Xut khi tam thin
v tu tp tam thin tm bi. Xut khi tam thin tm bi v tu tp tm h n ngi ang hnh
phc y vi ngh: "Cu mong con ngi hin thin ny khng phi xa la nhng thnh cng y
t c" (aya sappuriso yathladdhasampattito mvigacchatu). Lp i lp li nh vy
nhiu ln cho n hnh gi t n s thin, nh thin, v tam thin, cng vi nm loi thun thc
cho mi thin chng.
K tip hnh gi tu tp thin tm h cho chnh bn thn mnh v ba loi ngi thng thng ln
n tam thin, cho ti khi cc ranh gii c ph b. Cui cng hnh gi tu tp tm h i vi
tt c chng sanh trong v tr v bin theo mt trm ba mi hai cch.
Tu tp Tm X
Mun tu tp tm X v lng hay X phm tr (upekkh), trc ht hnh gi phi thit lp li t
thin trn kasia trng. Sau chn mt ngi cng phi vi hnh gi v cn sng, i vi
ngi ny hnh gi khng thng cng khng ght (c thi dng dng), v tu tp tm t, bi
v h n h cho n tam thin. Ri xut khi tam thin v suy xt n nhng bt li ca ba
phm tr (t, bi, h) , ngha l thy chng gn vi lng thng yu, vi a v ght, vi hnh
din v mng vui. Sau suy xt n t thin y c trn x l an tnh hn. Ri hnh gi tu tp tm
x i vi ngi mnh khng a khng ght y vi ngh: "Con ngi hin thin ny l k tha
t ca nghip ring ca y (aya sappuriso kammassako)". Lp i lp li iu ny nhiu ln cho
ti khi hnh gi t n t thin v nm loi thun thc ca n. Vi s h tr ca tam thin thuc
t, bi v h, khng bao lu hnh gi s pht trin c t thin thuc x ny.
Sau tu tp x n mt ngi hnh gi knh mn hoc thn i vi hnh gi, n mt ngi rt
thn, v n mt ngi hnh gi th ght. Ri li n chnh bn thn hnh gi, n mt ngi
knh mn hoc thn i, mt ngi khng thng khng ght, v mt ngi hnh gi th ght,
cho ti khi ph b c ranh gii gia hnh gi (v mi ngi).
Cui cng tu tp tm x v lng ny ti tt c chng sanh trong v tr v bin theo mt trm ba
mi hai cch ni trn.
n y hon tt vic tu tp Bn phm tr hay T V Lng Tm.
Tu tp Bn Thin Bo H
Bn ti thin tm T, nim n c Pht, qun Bt tnh v nim S Cht c gi l "Bn
thin Bo H". S d gi l "Bn Thin Bo H" v chng bo v cho ngi hnh thin (hnh
gi) khi cc loi him nguy. Chnh v l do ny m vic hc v tu tp chng trc khi tin hnh
tu tp thin Minh St (vipassan) l iu ng phi lm. trn chng ta tho lun v cch
lm th no tu tp tm t ri, v vy by gi chng ta s ch bn v vic tu tp ba loi thin
bo h khc cn li. Chng ta hy bt u vi nim n c Pht.
Tu tp Nim n c Pht
Ty nim Pht hay nim n c Pht (buddhnussati) c th c tu tp bng cch nhn vo
chn n c ca c Pht, dng cng thc m Ngi (c Pht) thng xuyn a ra trong cc
bn kinh[4]:
Itipiso Bhagav (c Th Tn l nh vy):
1. Araha
2. Samm Sambuddho
3. Vijj caraa sampanno
4. Sugato
5. Lokavid
6. Anuttaro Purisadamma Srathi
7. Satth Deva Manusna
8. Buddho
9. Bhagav'ti
Nhng n c ny c th c gii thch tm tt nh sau:
1. c Th Tn ny, sau khi dit tn mi phin no, l bc ng cng dng: Araha (ng
cng).
2. Ngi t mnh t n s gic ng vin mn: Sammsambuddho (Chnh bin tri).
3. Ngi ton ho c minh ln hnh: Vijjcarana sampanno (Minh hnh tc).
4. Ngi ch ni nhng g em li li ch v chn chnh: Sugato (Thin th).
5. Ngi bit r cc th gian: Lokavid (Th gian gii).
6. Ngi l bc iu phc nhng ngi ng c iu phc khng ai bng c: Anuttaro
Purisadamma Srathi (V thng s iu ng trng phu).
7. Ngi l Thy ca ch Thin v nhn loi: Satth Deva Manussna (Thin nhn s).
8. Ngi l bc gic ng: Buddho (Pht).
Tu tp Qun bt tnh
Thin bo h th hai l qun bt tnh (asubha bhvan) trn mt t thi. Mun tu tp thin ny
hnh gi cng phi thit lp li t thin hi th hoc kasia trng, nh vy nh sng sng t r
rng hn. Ri dng nh sng y mng tng mt xc cht khng khip nht, cng phi (vi
hnh gi), m hnh gi nh tng thy. Dng nh sng thy xc cht chnh xc nh khi
hnh gi thc s thy n trong qu kh. Khi thy n r ri, hy lm cho n xut hin thc
gh tm n mc c th c. Tp trung vo v ghi nhn "bt tnh, bt tnh" (patikkla,
patikkla)[5]. Tp trung trn i tng bt tnh ca t thi cho n khi hc tng (uggaha-nimitta)
tr thnh t tng (patibhga-nimitta). Hc tng l hnh nh ca t thi ging nh khi hnh gi
thc s thy trong qu kh, v l mt cnh tng kinh d, ng s v gm ghic, nhng t tng
li ging nh mt ngi tay chn to ln ang nm y sau khi n ung y bng. Tip tc tp
trung vo t tng (nimitta) y cho ti khi hnh gi t n s thin, v ri tu tp nm loi thun
thc (ca s thin).
Tu tp Nim s cht
Thin bo h th ba l nim s cht (maran nussati). Theo kinh i Nim X
(Mahsatipatthna) v b Thanh tnh o, nim s cht cng c th c tu tp bng cch dng
mt t thi m hnh gi nh thy. Do , hnh gi nn lp li s thin vi tnh cht bt tnh ca
mt t thi, v vi t thi bn ngoi y k nh i tng, suy xt: "Thn ny ca ta y cng c
cng bn cht phi cht nh vy. Qu thc, n s cht ging nh t thi ny. Khng th no trnh
khi tr thnh nh th ny." Bng cch gi cho tm tp trung trn (t thi y) v nim tng ci
cht ca chnh hnh gi, hnh gi s thy rng ngha kinh cm (savega)[6] c nh thc
dy (hay pht trin). Vi tr (kinh cm) ny, c th hnh gi s thy thn ca mnh nh mt xc
cht bt tnh nh vy. Tng tri rng mng cn (life-faculty) trong t thi y b ct t, hnh
gi tp trung vo s vng mt ca mng cn (tui th) vi mt trong nhng tng sau y:
1. Ci cht ca ta l chc chn, cn mng sng l khng chc (maraa me dhuva, jvita me
adhu va)
2. Chc chn ta s cht ... (marana me bhavissati)
3. Mng sng ca ta s chm dt trong ci cht. (maraapariyosna me jvita)
4. Cht ... cht (maraa maraa)
Hy chn mt trong bn cu trn v nim tng bng bt k ngn ng no cng c. Tip tc
tp trung vo hnh nh vng mt mng cn (th mng) trong chnh xc cht ca hnh gi, cho ti
khi cc thin chi khi ln, mc d vi mc thin ny hnh gi ch c th t n cn nh.
Tm tt
Nh trn cp, bn mc thin: tm t, nim n c Pht, qun bt tnh v nim s cht
c gi l Bn thin Bo h, bi v chng bo v ngi hnh thin khi nhng him nguy.
Trong "Kinh Meghiya" mt bi kinh thuc Tiu b (Khuddaka Nikya) c ni:
Tuy nhin nu ngi y thy "y l n ng, n b, con trai, con gi, cha, m, ch thin, phm
thin, th vt v.v.."; hoc "y l vng, bc, tin v.v..." Khi y tc ca hnh gi l phi l tc .
Ni chung, chng ta c th ni rng do nh l tc cc thin php khi ln, v do phi l tc
cc bt thin php khi ln. Nu, trong khi hnh gi ang hnh thin, phi l tc khi ln, th
cc trin ci v phin no chc chn s theo sau; chng l nhng bt thin php. Cc bt thin
php y lm gim nh, hoc khin cho nh thi chuyn v ri xung.
Nu hnh gi nhn vo i tng thin ca mnh vi nh l tc thng xuyn, cc php thin
s sanh v tng trng. Chng hn nh y cc php thin thuc bc thin nm trong s cc
thin php y. V vy, nu hnh gi tp trung vo tng (nimitta), nh t tng hi th chng
hn, l nh l tc . Nu hnh gi pht trin nh l tc ny n sc mnh y ca n, th
t cn nh hnh gi s t n an ch nh.
Hi 3.6: Khi mt ngi cht, mt nghip tng (kamma nimitta) c th khi ln do nghip thin
hoc bt thin qu kh. Hin tng ny c ging nh hin tng xy ra trong lc ang thin,
khi hnh nh ca nhng s kin qu kh m hnh gi qun, xut hin khng?
p 3.6: C th c mt s ging nhau no , nhng ch trong vi trng hp thi. Tc l n c
th tng t nh s khi ln ca mt nghip tng ni nhng ngi m ci cht ca h xy ra
nhanh chng.
Hi 3.7: Trong lc hnh thin, nhng hnh nh thuc cc s kin t hn 30 nm li, m hnh
gi qun, xut hin. y c phi l do thiu nht nim cho tm ri xa i tng khng?
p 3.7: C th l vy, nhng n cng c th l do tc (mansikara). Nhiu hnh gi khng
bit v tc ny. Ch khi no h hnh thin trn "danh" ri h mi hiu c n. Tin trnh
nhn thc xy ra rt nhanh, v th h khng hiu rng nhng hnh nh ny xut hin l do tc .
Tuy nhin khng c "hnh"no khi ln mt mnh m khng c nhn c. iu ny l do tt c
cc hnh l hu vi (tc do duyn to thnh).
Hi 3.8: Trng hp mt ngi sp cht, nu c chnh nim mnh m, h c th ngn mt
nghip tng (kamma nimitta) thuc bt thin nghip hay thin nghip trc khng cho khi
ln c khng?
p 3.8: Nim mnh v vng chc c th ngn cc nimitta (tng) nh vy khng cho khi ln;
nhng nim mnh v vng chc l nh th no? Nu mt hnh gi nhp thin (jhna), v duy tr
thin y hon ton vng chc cho n thi im cht, hnh gi c th ni rng nim thuc thin
y l mnh v vng chc. Loi nim c th ngn mt tng bt thin hoc mt tng thuc
thin dc gii khng cho khi ln. N ch bt ly i tng thin, nh t tng hi th hoc t
tng kasia trng chng hn.
Mt loi nim mnh v vng chc khc l nim kt hp vi Minh St Tu. Nu Minh St Tu
ca hnh gi l Hnh X Tu (sankhrupekkhaa), v nu hnh gi hnh Minh st (vipassan)
cho n st-na cn t, th tc hnh tm cn t ca hnh gi l minh st tu kt hp vi nim
mnh v vng chc. Loi nim cng c th ngn cc tng bt thin khng cho xut hin,
cng nh ngn cc tng thin khc xen vo thay th tng Minh st ca hnh gi. Tng Minh
Hi 3.9: Khi phn bit mi hai c tnh trong thin t i c nht thit phi khi u vi c
tnh cng, th, v nng theo trnh t khng? Hay hnh gi c th chn bt c mt c tnh no
lm im khi u cng c?
p 3.9: Lc u chng ta c th khi s vi mt c tnh no c xem l d phn bit nht.
Nhng mt khi chng ta c th phn bit tt c cc c tnh tht d dng v r nt, chng ta
phi theo ng trnh t c Pht a ra nh t (pathvi-dhtu), nc (po-dhtu), la (tejo
dhtu), v gi (vyo dhtu). iu ny l v trnh t to ra s nh tm mnh m, chc chn
hn. Khi chng ta thy cc rpa kalpas - tng hp sc, v c th d dng phn bit bn i ny
trong mi tng hp sc y ri th trnh t khng quan trng na, m iu rt quan trng lc y l
lm sao phn bit c chng cng mt lc.
Ti sao? Tui th ca mt tng hp sc (rpa-klapa) rt ngn. C th cha y mt phn t
giy. Khi phn bit bn i trong mt tng hp sc khng c th gi u m c "t, nc, la,
gi" v th chng ta phi phn bit chng cng mt lc vy.
Hi 3.10: Hnh thin t i c th cho hnh gi kh nng qun bnh bn i trong thn. Con
ngi ta thnh thong b bnh l do t i bt ho. Khi b bnh nh vy, liu hnh gi hnh thin
t i vi nim mnh c th cha c bnh khng?
p 3.10: C nhiu loi bnh (kh). Mt s do tin nghip sanh, nh bnh au lng ca c
Pht. Mt s do cc i bt ha sanh. Nhng bnh do tin nghip sanh th khng th cha bng
vic qun bnh t i c. Tuy nhin mt s cc bnh khi ln do t i bt ha c th bin mt
khi v hnh gi c gng qun bnh chng.
Cng c nhng th bnh khi ln do thc n, thi tit (utu) hoc do tm (citta). Nu mt loi
bnh kh pht sanh do tm, v chng ta c th cha tm th bnh c th bin mt; nu bnh pht
sanh do thi tit, y l ha i hay yu t la, chng hn nh ung th, st rt vv... ch c th
cha khi bng cch ung thuc, ch khng qun bnh cc i c. i vi nhng bnh do
thc n khng thch hp sanh cng vy.
Hi 3.11: Trc khi chng ta t n t thin[15] on tr "v minh" (avijj), nhiu t duy bt
thin vn khi ln do nhng thi quen xu. Chng hn, trong i sng hng ngy ca chng ta
(ngoi kho thin) chng ta bit rng tham hoc sn khi ln, chng ta c th dng thin bt
tnh (asubha), hoc thin tm t (mett bhvan) loi chng c khng? Hay chng ta nn
pht l chng v ch tp trung vo ti thin ca mnh, c cho chng t ng bin mt?
p 3.11: i vi cc nghip bt thin, v minh (avijj) k nh mt nhn tim n, v phi nh l
tc l nhn gn. Do phi l tc rt c hi. Nu hnh gi c th thay th phi l tc ny bng
nh l tc , th tham v sn s bin mt trong thi gian y hoc c th mi mi, nu nh l tc
vng mnh. Trong cu hi trc chng ta bn v nh l tc v phi l tc ri.
Hnh gi c th dng qun bt tnh hoc thin tm t loi b tham v sn. Nhng thin ny
cng l nh l tc . Song vipassan (minh st) c xem l v kh tt nht tiu dit cc
phin no. Nh vy n l loi nh l tc th thng nht.
Hi 3.13: Th no l s khc nhau gia thin hip th (lokiya jhna) v thin siu th (lokuttara
jhna)?
p 3.13: Cc thin (jhna) hip th l bn thin sc gii v bn thin v sc, thng gi chung
l tm thin chng (sampatti). Cn thin siu th l cc thin chi kt hp vi cc o-Qu Tu.
Chng hn, khi hnh gi phn bit cc tm hnh ca s thin sc gii hip th k nh v thng,
kh hoc v ng v nu hnh gi thy Nit-bn th o Tu ca hnh gi thuc v s thin. y
l mt bc thin siu th.
Ti sao? Trong s thin sc gii hip th, thin ny tr thnh i tng ca Minh st
(vipassan), c nm thin chi tm, t, h, lc v nht tm. Trong s thin thuc siu th cng c
nm thin chi nh vy. y l cch lm th no o v qu c th l o thuc s thin v qu
thuc s thin. i vi cc bc thin khc cng c th tr thnh thin siu th theo cch nh vy.
-ooOoo-
vng.
[14] D.A.11.8. ch gii Trng B, Bi kinh " Thch s vn".
[15] T thin thc ra khng on c v minh, m ch nn v minh m thi. Xem thm chi
(Myanmar).
-ooOoo-
BI PHP THOI 4
Lm th no phn bit Sc
Hm nay chng ta s bn v thin t i[1] (catudhtu vavatthna), tc thin phn bit hay xc
nh t i hoc cc tnh cht ca sc (rpa). Sc l un u tin trong nm th un, bn un cn
li (th, tng, hnh, thc) c th gi chung l Danh (nma). Trong th gian ca nm un
(pacavokra), danh nng vo sc, tc l cc thc khi ln da vo sc cn tng ng ca
chng. i vi nhn, nh, t, thit v thn sc, cn v mn l mt. Nh vy, mt nhn thc khi
sanh nng vo sc c gi l nhn mn; mt nh thc khi sanh nng vo sc gi l nh
mn... vv... Nhng mn, nng vo thc khi sanh, li l danh (tc bhvaga: hu phn),
cn sc n da vo l tm cn, sc cht nm trong mu ni tri tim; v vy sc trn mn
nng vo cng cn gi l tm c (cn)[2].
thy c iu ny, hnh gi cn thy ra cc yu t ring bit l thnh phn ca sc, ngha l
hnh gi trc ht cn phi khm ph ra cc phn t cc nh gi l cc tng hp sc (rpakalpas). Hnh gi phi thy c rng sc khng l g khc ngoi tr cc tng hp sc ny.
Nhng y vn cha phi l thc ti cng tt (sc chn )[3]. Mun th nhp vo thc ti cng
tt, hnh gi cn phi thy rng mi loi tng hp sc c th bao gm cc gii (dhtu)[4] ring
bit. Ch khi y hnh gi mi c th thy c sc thc s l g, v mi c th thy n lin quan
n danh (nma) nh th no. y chnh l mc ch ca thin t i.
Tuy nhin, trc khi gii thch thin ny, chng ta cng cn bn tho mt cch ngn gn cc loi
tng hp sc khc nhau v cc gii ca chng. K gii thch v tp khi (ngun gc) ca sc,
nh vy hnh gi mi c th d dng hiu c loi thin su sc gi l thin t i ny.
Ba loi tng hp sc (Rpa-kalpa)
Nh cp trn, sc khng l g khc ngoi tr cc tng hp sc[5] (rpa-kalpa), v v cn
bn c ba loi tng hp sc.
1 - Cc tng hp tm (sc) - ahaka (tm sc cn bn)
2 - Cc tng hp chn (sc) - navaka (tm sc cn bn cng vi sc th chn)
3 - Cc tng hp mi (sc) - dasaka (chn sc cng vi sc th mi)
Ni chung sc thn ca chng ta bao gm ba loi tng hp sc ny trn ln vi nhau theo nhng
cch khc nhau vy thi.
Cc sc cht trong ba loi Tng hp sc
Loi tng hp u tin - cc tng hp tm sc - bao gm bn i (catu dhtu), cn gi bn "i
chng" (mahbhta) v bn s to sc hay sc y i sinh (upd rpa)[6] tng cng c tm:
1. t (pathvi)
2. Nc (po)
3. La (tejo)
4. Gi (vyo)
5. Mu (vaa)
6. Mi (gandha)
7. V (rasa)
8. Dng cht (oj)
Do c tm yu t nn loi tng hp sc ny c gi l Tng hp tm sc (ahaka kalpa), v
v dng cht l yu t th tm, nn n cng cn c gi l Tng hp sc c dng cht l yu
t th tm (ojahamaka kalpa). Tng hp tm sc ny c tm thy khp ton thn. L
nhng sc khng trong sut hay phi tnh sc (napasda rpa), v v tri, khng c s sng[7].
Loi tng hp sc th hai bao gm 8 sc cn bn ny v sc mng cn jivintindrya k nh yu t
th chn. V c chn yu t, nn loi tng hp sc ny c gi l Tng hp chn sc
(Navakakalpa), v v n c mng cn l yu t th chn, nn cng cn c gi l mt tng hp
c mng cn l yu t th chn (jvita navaka kalpa). Chng c tm thy khp ton thn v
cng l phi tnh sc (sc m). Do c mng cn, nn chng sinh ng, c s sng.
Loi tng hp sc th ba bao gm 8 sc cn bn, sc mng cn k nh th chn v thm yu t
th mi. V c mi sc, nn loi ny c gi l tng hp mi sc (dasaka kalpa). C ba
loi tng hp mi sc.
1.- Cc tng hp mi sc thuc nhn (hay on nhn), cc tng hp mi sc thuc nh (on
nh), cc tng hp mi sc thuc t (on t), cc tng hp mi sc thuc thit (on thit), v
cc tng hp mi sc thuc thn (on thn) - gi theo Pi (cakhu- , sota- , ghna- , jivh- ,
kya dasaka kalpas )
Cc yu t th mi ca chng l nhn tnh sc, nh tnh sc, t tnh sc, thit tnh sc, v thn
tnh sc (pasad rpa).
2.- Cc tng hp mi sc thuc tm (tri tim) hadya dasaka kalpa, trong tng hp ny yu t
th mi ca chng l sc tri tim hay sc tm (hadya-rpa), sc ny l phi tnh sc
(napasda).
3. - Tng hp mi sc thuc tnh (bhva dasaka kalpas) yu t th mi ca chng l sc
tnh (bhva-rpa), cng l sc m hay phi tnh sc.
Cc tng hp mi sc thuc nhn hay on nhn, on nh, on t, on thit, on thn c
tm thy trong c quan (gic quan) tng ng. Yu t th mi ca chng, tc sc tnh sc
(pasda rpa), l cn mn tng ng. Nm cn x vt cht cng gi l nm cn mn vt cht; c
ngha l nm x cn (vatthu: vt) nhn, nh, t, thit v thn x cng l nm cn mn (dvra)[8] nhn mn, nh mn, t mn, thit mn v thn mn vy.
V d khc l s chuyn ng ca thn nh di ng t chi v thn ti, lui, ln, xung. Chng hn,
khi chng ta i, tm c hng vo chn. nh i to ra sc tm sanh trong cng chn v bn
chn, cng nh khp c thn, n c phong i thnh. Cng nh gi mang theo cc vt, y
phong i cng th, mang theo t chi v thn. S chuyn ng l c mt chui di ca cc tng
hp sc do tm sanh khc nhau c to ra trong cc v tr khc nhau. Cc tng hp sc do tm
sanh xut hin lc nng chn ln khc nhau vi cc tng hp sc do tm sanh lc h chn xung.
Mi tng hp sc xut hin v dit mt cng mt ch, v cc tng hp sc mi sanh ln ln
ch khc cng dit .
V d th ba l cc tm tnh ch (samatha), Minh St (Vipassan), o (Magga) v Qu (Phala).
Cc tm ny rt thanh tnh, mnh m v cao thng, v khng c cc ty phin no
(upakkilesa: cu u ca tm). iu c ngha rng nhng tm ny to ra rt nhiu th h sc do
tm thanh tnh v cao thng sanh, trong a i, phong i, ha i rt nh nhng v vi t.
Khi cc tng hp sc nh nhng v vi t y xc chm thn mn (yu t th mi trong cc tng
hp mi sc thuc thn) hnh gi cm nghim s thoi mi v thn rt ln, khng c s nng
n (a i). V l ho i ca cc tng hp sc, nh cp trn, to ra cc tng hp sc do
thi tit sanh, nn ha i trong cc tng hp sc do tm cao thng y sanh cng to ra rt
nhiu nhng tng hp sc do thi tit sanh bn trong cng nh bn ngoi thn vy.
S sng chi, rc r v ti sng sanh ln vi nhng tm cao thng y c to ra bi s sng
chi ca sc mu thuc sc do tm sanh v sc do thi tit sanh[14]. iu ny cng gii thch v
sao nc da v cc cn ca v hnh gi pht trin c cc tm cao thng ny li trong sng
v rng r[15]. Chng hn, sc c to ra bi cc tm thin nhn ca tn gi Anuruddha ta
khp mt ngn th gii sa b: cc th gii y c thp sng bi sc do tm cao thng sanh v
tr nn r rt i vi ngi. Chng ta cng vy, nu chng ta pht trin c tm nh v thanh
tnh y , c th chng ta s thy c cc cnh gii khc vv...[16]
Sc do Thi Tit sanh
Sc do thi tit sanh (utuja rpa) bao gm cc tng hp tm sc. Do l nhng tng hp tm sc
(khng c yu t th chn l mng cn) nn t thn chng khng linh hot[17]. Dng cht ca
chng l do thi tit sanh (utuj oj), thi tit ny xut pht t ha i (tejo-dhtu), yu t th ba
ca cc tng hp sc[18]. Ho i ca cc tng hp sc to ra cc tng hp sc do thi tit sanh,
ri t thn cc tng hp sc do thi tit sanh ny c ha i li to ra cc tng hp sc do thi
tit sanh v t thn chng li c ha i vv...[19]
y l cch lm th no ha i, theo nng lc ca n, to ra sc qua mt s cc th h.
Tt c sc khng linh hot u c to ra v duy tr bi thi tit. Mt th d kh r l cc loi
thc vt. Sc ca chng l sc do thi tit sanh v c to ra bi ha i ban u nm trong ht
ging. S tng trng ca chng khng l g khc ngoi s to tc lin tc ca sc do thi tit
sanh qua nhiu nhng th h. iu ny xy ra vi s tr gip ca ha i t ni t, mt tri
(nng), v nc (lnh).
Ha i trong cc loi , kim loi, khong vt v g cng c xem l rt mnh v to ra rt
nhiu th h sc. l l do ti sao sc ca chng c th ko di lu. Tuy nhin ha i trong
thu trit ci o tng v nguyn khi (khi tng) thy ra cc yu t ring bit ca mt tng
hp sc, tc l thy sc ti hu hay sc chn , ri hnh gi cn phi phn tch sc: thy cc
yu t khc nhau, tp khi ca chng, v nhim v ca chng l nh th no. c th lm c
iu , hnh gi phi khi i vi thin t i, tc l phi bit l thy bn i chng
(mahbhut): a i, thy i, ha i v phong i.
im khi u ca Minh st (Vipassan)
Mc d giai on ny hnh gi khng phi ang hnh Vipassan ch xc, song chng ta c th
ni rng y l im khi u ca Vipassan, bi v vo lc hon tt thin t i, hnh gi s
pht trin c kh nng phn bit sc chn , iu c xem l cn thit cho thin Minh
St. Nh vy c th ni lc ny hnh gi ang thu thp d liu cn thit thc hin cng vic
Minh St.
l l do v sao tu tp thin t i l iu cn thit i vi mi hnh gi. D cho con ng i
n Minh st ca mt ngi l u tin tu tp mt ti Thin Ch (samatha), chng hn nh
nim hi th cho n mt bc thin no , hoc con ng ca h bt u vi thin t i (ch
dn n cn nh), h cng cn phi hon tt thin t i trc khi c th i vo Minh St. C hai
con ng u c dy ti cc Thin Vin Pa-Auk Myanmar. Nu mt ngi trc tu tp
mt ti Thin Ch, h nn nhp t thin vo mi thi ta thin v sau khi xut khi thin y,
bt u hnh thin t i.
Hnh gi tu tp Thin T i nh th no
Theo Kinh in Pi, c hai cch tu tp thin t i: tm tt v chi tit. Cch tm tt dnh cho
hnh gi c tu nhy bn, v chi tit cho nhng hnh gi gp kh khn vi cch tm tt. c
Pht dy phng php tm tt trong Kinh i Nim X[21] (Mahsatipatthna).
V t khu qun st ngay thn ny, d n c t trong v tr no hay c sp xp nh th no,
cng ch c cc i (gii), nh vy, "thn ny ch c:
1. a i (pathavdhtu)
2. Thy i (ap-dhtu)
3. Ha i (tejo-dhtu)
4. Phong i (vyo-dhtu)"
Visudhi Magga (Thanh Tnh o) gii thch thm[22]: V th trc ht, hnh gi c tu nhy bn
(li cn) mun tu tp thin ny nn i vo c c. Ri hnh gi nn tc n ton th thn vt
cht ca mnh, v phn bit cc i theo cch tm tt nh vy: "Trong thn ny,
1) Ci g cng hay th l a i.
2) Ci g chy hay kt dnh l thy i
3) Ci g lm cho chn hay nng l ha i ;
4) Ci g y hoc h tr l phong i."[23]
2. Khi cm thy hi lng rng mnh c th thy c c tnh y ri, hnh gi chuyn sang
tm c tnh cng. Bt u bng cch phn bit tnh cng ni rng. Cn 2 hm rng li v cm
nhn xem chng cng nh th no. Ri nh ra v cm nhn tnh cng ca chng. Khi hnh gi c
th cm nhn c iu ny, hy c gng phn bit c tnh cng khp ton thn theo cch c
h thng t u n chn, cng theo cch lm phn bit c tnh y vy. Khng nn c
lm cho thn cng thng.
Khi hnh gi c th phn bit c c tnh cng khp thn xong, th tr li tm c tnh y
khp ton thn nh trc. C xen k phn bit gia hai c tnh ny, tc l gia y v cng, lp
i lp li nhiu ln, t u n chn cho n khi cm thy tho mn rng mnh c th lm c
cng vic ri.
3. K tip tm c tnh "th". Hnh gi ly li ch qua ch li mp rng, hay lt tay qua y o,
hoc trn da cnh tay ca hnh gi cm gic tnh cht th nhm ny. Sau c gng phn bit
c tnh th nhm khp ton thn theo h thng nh trc. Nu khng th cm gic c tnh
cht th nhm theo cch , hy c gng nhn vo c tnh y v cng li v hnh gi c th
phn bit tnh cht th nhm cng vi hai c tnh ny.
Khi c th phn bit c tnh th nhm ri, hnh gi tr li phn bit ba c tnh: y, cng,
th, mi ln mt c tnh khp ton thn v lm i lm li nhiu ln cho n khi cm thy hi
lng.
4. K tm c tnh "nng". t bn tay ny ln bn tay kia trn lng hnh gi, v cm gic
tnh cht nng ca bn tay trn, hoc cm gic tnh cht nng ca u bng cch ci v trc.
Thc hnh theo h thng cho n khi hnh gi phn bit c c tnh nng khp ton thn.
Khi c th phn bit r c tnh nng ri, hnh gi ln lt tm li bn c tnh y, cng, th
v nng khp ton thn nh trc, cho n khi cm thy hi lng.
5. K tip tm c tnh h tr. Bung li lng, cho thn hnh gi khum v trc. Ri ngay
thn ln v gi thng li. Lc gi cho thn thng y l c tnh h tr. Thc hnh theo h thng
cho n khi hnh gi phn bit c c tnh h tr khp ton thn. Nu khng r, c gng
phn bit n cng vi c tnh cng, nh vy c th lm cho n d thy hn.
Sau khi c th phn bit c tnh h tr d dng ri, hy tm li nm c tnh y, cng, th,
nng v h tr khp ton thn nh trc.
6. K n tm c tnh mm bng cch p st li vo pha trong ca mi di cm nhn tnh
cht mm ca n. Ri th gin thn, v thc hnh theo h thng (t u xung chn) cho ti khi
hnh gi c th phn bit c tnh mm tht d dng trn khp ton thn.
Sau tm li su c tnh: y, cng, th, nng, h tr v mm khp ton thn.
7. K tip tm c tnh trn mn bng cch thm t i mi v dng li ch trn t mp bn
ny qua mp bn kia.Thc hnh cho n khi hnh gi c th phn bit c c tnh trn mn
khp ton thn.
nhiu hn vo tnh cht ngc li (nh cng th tp trung vo mm chng hn), v tip tc tu tp
nh theo cch .
Chng hn, nu c tnh chy thi qu th tp trung nhiu hn vo c tnh kt dnh, hoc nu
c tnh h tr thi qu th tp trung nhiu hn vo c tnh y. Nhng cp i nghch l: cngmm, th-trn mn, nng-nh, chy-kt dnh, nng-lnh v h tr-y.
Chnh v li ch qun bnh cc i m mi hai c tnh ny mi c u tin dy trc. Khi
qun bnh cc i c ri, th vic c nh s d dng hn thi.
n y hnh gi tr nn thin xo cng vic phn bit mi hai c tnh trong ton thn. Vi
mi hai c tnh hin hin r rng, hnh gi lc ny s phn bit su c tnh u trong mt
ci nhn, nh l a i ; hai c tnh k trong mt ci nhn, nh l thy i; hai c tnh k trong
mt ci nhn, nh l ha i; v hai c tnh cui cng, trong mt ci nhn, nh l phong i.
Hnh gi nn lin tc phn bit t, nc, la, gi, nh vy an tnh tm v c nh. C th
lm i lm li iu ny hng trm, hng ngn, hoc hng triu ln cng tt.
Mt phng php hiu qu nhm gi cho tm an nh l khng di chuyn ci bit (s thc) ca
hnh gi t phn thn ny n phn thn khc nh trc na. Thay vo , ly mt ci bit khi
qut v thn. Tt nht, thng l lm mt ci bit khi qut nh th hnh gi ang ngoi u
nhn li vy. Cng c th thc hin iu ny nh th hnh gi ang nhn t trn u ca mnh
xung, mc d cch lm ny c th a n s cng thng v khng qun bnh ca t i.
Mi cch pht trin nh
Ph ch gii b Thanh Tnh o ni ti lc ny hnh gi nn pht trin nh theo mi cch[24].
Hnh gi phn bit bn i:
1. Theo trnh t (anupubbato) t, nc, la v gi, theo trnh t c Pht a ra.
2. Khng qu nhanh (ntisghato). Nu hnh gi phn bit t i qu nhanh, th s khng thy r.
3. Khng qu chm (ntisaikato). Nu hnh gi phn bit t i qu chm, th s khng i n
on cui.
4. Ngn tm tn lon. (Vikkhepapaibhanato) Hnh gi phi gi tm ch vo i tng thin,
y l bn i, v khng n phng i ni khc.
5. Vt qua khi nim (paattisamatikkamanato) Hnh gi khng ch tm nim, "t, nc,
la, gi" m cn bit r nhng thc ti m khi nim y biu hin: cng, th, nng, mm, mn,
nh, chy, dnh, nng, lnh, h tr v y.
6. Loi b nhng g khng r (anupahnamucanato): Khi hnh gi c th phn bit c c
mi hai c tnh ri, tm thi hnh gi c th b ra nhng c tnh no khng r rng, nhng
nu (lm vy) m n em n au nhc hay cng thng th thi, v c mt s mt qun bnh
trong cc i. Khi loi b nhng c tnh khng r ra, hnh gi cng cn phi gi li t nht mt
c tnh no cho mi i trong t i . Ngha l hnh gi khng th tin hnh ch vi ba, hai
hoc mt i c. V hn ht vn l khng loi b c tnh no c, nu mi hai c tnh u
r.
7. Phn bit cc c tnh (lakkhanato). Khi hnh gi mi bt u thin, cc c tnh ca mi i
vn cha r lm, nn hnh gi cng c th tp trung vo nhim v v s th hin ca cc i[25].
Tuy nhin khi nh ca hnh gi tr nn kh hn, hnh gi ch nn tp trung vo nhng c tnh
t nhin (sabhvalakkhana): cng v th ca a i, chy v dnh ca thy i, nng v lnh
ca ha i, v h tr ca phong i.
im ny hnh gi s thy l ch c cc i, ch khng thy chng nh mt ngi hay mt t
ng na.
8. 9. 10. Ph ch gii ngh thm l hnh gi nn pht trin nh ca mnh theo ba bi Kinh: (8)
"Adhicitta Sutta" ("Tng Thng Tm Kinh")[26] , (9) "Stibhva Sutta" ("Tr Nn Lnh Kinh"),
(10) "Bojjhanga Sutta" ("Tht Gic Chi Kinh")[27] .
Trong ba bn kinh ny c Pht khuyn nn qun bnh ng cn (indriya): tn, tn, nim, nh v
tu; v qun bnh Tht gic chi (Bojjhanga): nim, trch php, tinh tn, h, tnh, nh v x.
Nhng iu ny c bn n trong bi ging u tin.
Lm th no thy Sc chn
Thy thn tnh sc nh mt khi.
Khi hnh gi tip tc tu tp nh trn bn i v n gn cn nh (upacra samdhi) hnh gi s
thy cc loi nh sng khc nhau. i vi mt s hnh gi nh sng y c mu xm nh khi.
Nu tip tc tp trung vo bn i trong nh sng xm , n s tr nn cng lc cng trng hn,
t nh bng gn, v ri s trng sng nh my, lc y ton thn hnh gi s xut hin nh mt
hnh th trng tot. Nu hnh gi tip tc tp trung vo bn i trong hnh th trng tot y cui
cng n s tr thnh trong sut ging nh mt khi nc hay thy tinh vy.
Sc trong sut ny l nm sc thn kinh (pasda), hay cn gi nm "tnh sc": Thn tnh sc,
nhn tnh sc, nh tnh sc, t tnh sc v thit tnh sc[28]. Thn kinh thn hay thn tnh sc c
thy khp ton thn, trong tt c su cn, l l do ti sao ton thn hnh gi li xut hin
trong sut nh vy. Hnh gi thy cc tnh sc ny nh mt hnh th hoc mt khi trong sut,
bi v hnh gi vn cha hiu r ba loi khi tng (ghana), l khi tng v tnh tng tc,
khi tng v tng hp hay nhm v khi tng v nhim v. (xem li cu tr li 1.3 trn).
Lm th no thy cc Tng hp sc (Rpa-kalapas)
Nu hnh gi tip tc phn bit t i trong hnh th (hay khi) trong sut (tnh sc) y, n s lp
lnh v pht ra nh sng. Khi hnh gi tp trung vo t i trong hnh th (hoc khi) ny mt
cch lin tc trong t nht na gi, th hnh gi t n cn nh. Vi nh sng y, hnh gi
phn bit h khng gii trong hnh th trong sut, bng cch tm nhng khong khng nh .
Lc ny hnh gi s thy rng hnh th trong sut phn tn thnh cc phn t nh gi l cc tng
hp sc (rpa-kalpa) rpa (sc) + kalpa (nhm/tng hp). Sau khi t n giai on ny,
tc giai on tm thanh tnh (citta-visudhi), hnh gi c th tin hnh tu tp kin thanh tnh
(dihi-visuddhi), bng cch phn tch cc tng hp sc. y l giai on khi u ca thin
Minh st (vipassan).
(Nhng li ch ca nh)
Trc khi gii thch cch lm th no tu tp Minh st, chng ta hy nhn vo mt li ch thc
tin c c t c hai -- cn nh m mt hnh gi thun qun y t n, v an ch nh
(nh ca bc thin) ca v hnh gi theo c xe Tnh ch (samtha).
Trong thin Minh st, do cn phi phn bit nhiu, nn mt mi thng pht sinh. Khi iu ny
xy ra, mt s an ngh tm thi s rt li ch. Trong ch gii "Kinh Song Tm" (Dvedhvitakka
Sutta), mt bi kinh thuc Trung B I, c gii thch cch lm th no mt hnh gi c th an ngh
trong thin (jhna). Ch gii lin h t d: trong sut mt trn chin, i khi nhng binh lnh
cm thy mt mi. Th lc ca i phng c th hng mnh hn, v tn bay ti tp. V th binh
lnh phi rt vo thnh ly ca h. Bn trong thnh ly h c an ton do trnh khi nhng mi
tn ca i phng v c an ngh. Ri, khi h cm thy kho v c sc tr li, h ri khi
thnh tr li chin trn. Bc thin (jhna) y cng ging nh thnh ly, c th c dng
nh mt ni an ngh trong sut thi gian Minh st. Cc hnh gi Thin Qun, khng c mt bc
thin, v khi s trc tip vi thin T i, c th dng cn nh ca h nh mt thnh ly
an ngh. Trong c hai trng hp, hnh gi u c th tr li chin trng Minh st vi thn tm
ti tnh, v trong sng r rng. Nh vy, c mt ni an ngh s em li li ch rt ln trong
Thin Minh st.
Cc Tng hp Sc Trong sut v cc Tng hp Sc M
Cc tng hp sc (rpa-kalpa) chia thnh hai nhm: cc tng hp sc trong sut v cc tng
hp sc m. Cc tng hp sc no cha mt trong nm tnh sc (nhn-nh-t-thit v thn tnh
sc) l nhng tng hp sc trong sut. Cn tt c tng hp sc khc l m.
Phn tch cc tng hp sc
Lm th no thy Bn i
Trc tin hnh gi nn phn bit bn i, t, nc, la v gi ca cc tng hp sc trong sut
v cc tng hp sc m. Hnh gi s thy rng cc tng hp sc sanh v dit cc k nhanh,
khng th no phn tch c chng, v hnh gi vn thy chng nh nhng phn t c nh. Do
cha thu trit ba loi khi tng (ghana), nn hnh gi vn cn nm trong lnh vc khi nim
(paatti) ch cha n c lnh vc chn hay thc ti cng tt (paramatha)[29].
Chnh do hnh gi cha thu sut nhng khi nim v tng hp v hnh dng m cc phn t,
cc khi nh vn tn ti. Nu hnh gi khng phn tch thm na, m c gng hnh Minh st
bng cch qun s sanh v dit ca cc khi nh y, tc cc tng hp sc (rpa-kalpas), th
hnh gi vn ch ang c gng hnh Minh st trn cc khi nim m thi. V vy hnh gi phi
phn tch cc tng hp sc thm na, cho n khi c th thy cc i trong cc tng hp sc
ring l, t n thc ti cng tt - chn .
Nu, do cc tng hp sc sanh v dit cc k nhanh, hnh gi khng th phn bit bn i trong
cc tng hp sc ring l, th hy b qua s sanh - dit ca chng, t nh khi gp mt ngi no
m mnh khng mun gp, hnh gi s lm b khng thy hoc ti y vy. y cng th,
hnh gi s khng ch n s sanh dit ca cc tng hp sc m ch tp trung vo bn i
trong cc tng hp sc y m thi.
Nu vn khng thnh cng, hnh gi nn tp trung vo a i lc trong ton thn v lc th trong
mt tng hp sc ring l xen nhau. i vi thy i, ha i, v phong i cng lm nh vy.
Hnh gi cn phi phn bit c bn i trong mt tng hp sc "trong" ring l v trong mt
tng hp sc "m" ring l.
y l phng thc tin hnh m chng ti dy ti Thin vin Pa-Auk: hnh gi phn bit cc
i theo tun t tng i mt. Cc bn kinh gii thch rng hnh gi nn phn bit c bn i mt
ln, nhng cn phi hiu l cch ch dnh cho nhng hnh gi thin xo hay thuc hng li
cn. Bi v, phn bit cc i ca sc rt su xa, nng lc Minh st ca hnh gi s c thng
khng mnh v vng chc h c th thy tt c cc i mt ln. V th, chng ti dy h
phn bit cc i theo tun t tng i mt, t cn bn mt, t ci d nht n ci kh nht. Sau
, khi h tr nn rnh r trong php hnh ri, h c th thy c bn i (tm c tnh) trong
mt tng hp sc mt ln[30].
Khi hnh gi thy c bn i trong mt tng hp sc "trong" cng nh trong mt tng hp
sc "m" ring l l hnh gi hon tt giai on thc hnh Thin Ch (samatha) v hon tt
giai on Tm thanh tnh (citta visuddhi) v cng ang trong giai on khi u ca thc hnh
Minh st, tc Kin Thanh Tnh (dihi visudhi), v hnh gi ang phn bit danh sc chn
(nma-rpa pariggaha: nm bt c duyn khi ca danh sc) v phn tch Danh sc chn
(nma-rpa pariccheda: phn tch danh sc). l l do v sao thin T i li bao gm c Ch
ln Qun (samtha v vipassan)
Khi thnh cng, hnh gi phn bit bn i trong mt s cc tng hp sc trong v m ca cc
cn l nhn cn, nh cn, t cn, thit cn, thn cn v cn ln lt tng cn (x) mt.
Nh cp trn, cc tng hp sc trong v m, tt c u bao gm cng mt cn bn tm
sc. n y hnh gi phn bit c bn sc u (tc t, nc, la v gi), v s tip tc
phn bit bn sc cn li: mu, mi, v v dng cht.
Tuy nhin, trc khi tin hnh, trc ht chng ta cn phi bn n phng thc chung cho vic
phn bit bn sc ny.
B sch Xua o tng (The Dispeller of Delusion), ch gii b Phn tch ca Tng Diu Php,
ni[31]
Sabbopi panesa pabhedo manodvrikayavaneyeva labbhati (Mi hin tng u c bit bi
mt mnh tc hnh (javana)[32] mn m thi.[33])
Lm th no thy V
V (rasa), yu t th by cn phn bit, l i tng ca v gic hay thn kinh thit (rasmman:
sc cnh v), cng c tm thy trong tt c cc tng hp sc. Nh i vi mi (t), lc u
hnh gi s cn c t thc tr gip bit c v vi thc. V y cng vy, trc tin hnh
gi nn phn bit sc m hai loi thc ny nng. Sau khi lm c iu , hnh gi phn
bit v ca mt tng hp sc. Hnh gi c th ly mt tng hp sc t nc ming trn li ca
mnh.
Lm th no thy Dng cht
Dng cht (oj) l yu t th tm cn phn bit. N cng c thy trong mi tng hp sc, v
nh cp trc, gm bn loi[36]:
1- Dng cht do Nghip sanh (Kammaja oj)
2- Dng cht do Tm sanh [37] (Cittaja oj)
3- Dng cht do Thi tit sanh (Uttuja oj)
4- Dng cht do Vt thc sanh (hraja oj)
Kho st bt k tng hp sc no hnh gi cng s thy dng cht. T dng cht ny chng ta
thy cc rpa kalpas (tng hp sc) t tr i sinh si ny n lin tc.
Sau khi phn bit c tm yu t hay sc cn bn c mt trong mi tng hp sc ri, hnh
gi nn c gng phn bit ba sc cn bn cn li c tm thy trong cc tng hp sc c bit l: sc mng cn, sc tnh (nam-n) v sc tri tim[38].
Lm th no thy c Sc Mng Cn v Sc Tnh
Sc mng cn (Jitindriya) ch duy tr s sng ca sc do nghip sanh, nn cng c ngha l n
ch c tm thy (sc nghip) .
Nh ni trc[39], v l tt c cc tng hp sc trong sut u do Nghip sanh, nn cng rt
d dng cho hnh gi phn bit mng cn ny trc trong mt tng hp sc trong sut. Phn
bit mt tng hp sc c mt l yu t th mi (on nhn hay mt thp php), v thy rng
sc mng cn ch duy tr (s sng) cc sc ca tng hp sc ring n m thi, ch khng duy tr
sc ca cc tng hp khc.
K hnh gi cng cn phn bit sc mng cn trong mt tng hp sc m. Thn c ba loi
tng hp sc m c sc mng cn l:
1- Cc tng hp sc c tri tim l th mi (hadaya dasaka-kalpa) - ch trong tri tim[40].
2- Cc tng hp sc c tnh l th mi (bhva dasaka-kalpa) - khp ton thn[41].
3- Cc tng hp sc c mng cn l th chn (jvita navaka-kalpa)[42].
nhng tng hp ny, hnh gi cn phn tch cc tng hp sc trong sut trong nm gic quan, v
nhn dng loi tnh sc tng ng vi mi th (nhn tnh sc, nh tnh sc, t tnh sc, thit tnh
sc) cng nh thn tnh sc .
1) Nhn tnh sc hay thn kinh nhn (cakkhu pasda): Nhy cm i vi mu sc, trong khi thn
tnh sc (thn kinh thn) li nhy cm i vi s xc chm (cc i tng c th s m c).
S khc nhau ny cho php hnh gi bit c th no l th mnh ang tm. u tin, phn bit
t i trong con mt thy r mt tng hp sc trong sut, v phn bit sc tnh sc ca tng
hp sc . Ri nhn vo sc mu ca mt nhm cc tng hp sc cch con mt mt khong no
. Nu n tc ng trn tnh sc no th tnh sc y l mt nhn tnh sc (ca mt tng hp sc
c mt l th mi - on nhn). Ngc li, th l mt thn tnh sc (ca mt tng hp sc c
thn l th mi - on thn).
2) Thn tnh sc (kya pasda). l yu t nhy cm i vi s xc chm, hay i vi nhng
i tng c th s m c. Nhng i tng y l t, nc, la, gi (a i, thy i, ha
i, phong i). Hnh gi phn bit mt tnh sc ni con mt tr li. Ri nhn vo a i, ha
i, hay phong i ca mt nhm cc tng hp sc gn bn. Nu n tc ng trn tnh sc no,
tnh sc y l thn tnh sc (ca mt tng hp sc c thn l th mi, on thn).
3) Nh tnh sc (sota pasda). l yu t nhy cm i vi m thanh. Trc tin hnh gi phn
bit mt tnh sc ni tai. Ri lng nghe. Nu m thanh tc ng trn tnh sc, tnh sc y lnh
tnh sc - (hay thn kinh nh) - (ca mt tng hp sc c nh l th mi). Ri phn bit thn tnh
sc nh trc hnh gi lm ni con mt.
4) T tnh sc (ghna pasda). l yu t nhy cm i vi mi. Cng nh trc, hnh gi
phn bit mt tnh sc ni mi. Ri ngi mi ca mt nhm cc tng hp sc gn bn. Nu n
tc ng trn tnh sc, tnh sc y l mt t tnh sc (ca mt tng hp sc c t l th mi). Ri
phn bit tng hp sc c thn l th mi nh lm vi mt v tai.
5) Thit tnh sc (jivh pasda). l yu t nhy cm i vi v. Phn bit mt tnh sc trong
li (thit). Ri nm v ca mt nhm cc tng hp sc gn bn. Nu n tc ng trn tnh sc,
th tnh sc y l mt thit tnh sc (ca mt tng hp sc c thit l th mi). Sau phn bit
tng hp sc c thn l th mi nh lm vi mt, tai v mi.
Khi phn tch xong hai loi tnh sc ni mi trong nm gic quan, hnh gi cng cn thy rng
thn tnh sc (trong cc tng hp sc c thn l th mi) cng c tm thy trong tri tim, v
sc tnh m (ni cc tng hp sc c tnh l th mi - on sc tnh) cng c tm thy trong
tt c su gic quan.
Sau khi lm nh th, hnh gi s phi phn tch c nm loi tnh sc[45] , v hai trong su loi
sc m. By gi hnh gi cn phn tch cc sc m cn li ni mi trong su gic quan.
Nm mi bn sc trong con mt
T trc n y chng ta bn v ba loi tng hp sc cn bn.
1. Cc tng hp mi ca mi trong su gic quan (mt, tai, mi, li, thn v tm (tim)
2. Cc tng hp chn thuc mng cn
3. Cc tng hp tm
Mt, tai, mi, li, thn v tm (tim) bao gm, nh by gi chng ta bit, by loi tng hp
sc, tng cng c su mi ba sc[46]. Tuy nhin khi phn tch sc ca mt gic quan, cc kinh
Pi ni hnh gi ch nn nhn vo su loi tng hp sc (tr cc tng hp sc c mng cn l th
chn ra). Nh vy hnh gi s ch tp trung vo nm mi bn loi sc (63 - 9 = 54).[47]
Ring cc tng hp sc c mng cn l th chn, sau hnh gi s phn bit theo cch khc. V
v l mt trong su loi tng hp sc c thn l th mi, nn khi phn tch sc ca thn (ngoi
mt, tai, mi, li v tri tim), hnh gi ch c th phn tch nm loi tng hp sc, tng cng c
bn mi bn loi sc (54 - 10 = 44) m thi.
Nh vy chng ta s nhn vo nm mi bn loi sc ni ca con mt chng hn:
1- Tng hp sc c mt l th mi[48] (on nhn hay Mt thp php). l yu t nhy cm
i vi mu, trong sut v do nghip sanh.
2- Tng hp sc c thn l th mi[49] (on thn hay Thn thp php). l yu t nhy cm
i vi cc i tng c th s m c (xc trn - a i - ha i v phong i), trong sut do
nghip sanh.
3- Tng hp sc c tnh l th mi[50] (on tnh hay Tnh thp php). l sc m v do
nghip sanh.
V ri c thm ba loi tng hp sc na, mi loi c tm sc, tng cng l hai mi bn
(3x8=24). l ba loi tng hp sc c vt thc l th tm, c ba u l sc m.
4- Tng hp tm c dng cht do tm sanh (cittaja ojahumaka kalpa)
5- Tng hp tm c dng cht do thi tit sanh (uttuja ojahamaka kalpa)
6- Tng hp tm c dng cht do vt thc sanh (kraja ojahamaka kalpa)
Ba loi tng hp sc u (cc tng hp mi sc) u do nghip (kamma) sanh, trong khi ba loi
tng hp sc sau (cc tng hp 8 sc) th hoc do thi tit hoc do tm, hoc do vt thc sanh.
Nh ni phn u ca bi ging ny, c bn ngun gc ca sc[51]. n y th hnh gi
phn bit c cc tng hp sc do nghip sanh ri, v vy chng ta s bn n cch phn bit
loi tng hp c dng cht l th tm bit n thuc th no (trong ba th k trn: tm, thi
tit, vt thc).
Lm th no thy sc do tm sanh
Nh cp trong phn gii thiu, mi tm sanh ln nng vo sc tri tim (ngoi tr tm tc
sanh hay kit sanh thc) s to ra rt nhiu cc tng hp tm c dng cht do tm sanh (cittaja
ojahamakalpa). Cc tng hp ny l nhng sc m v tri khp ton thn.
l l do v sao, nu hnh gi tp trung vo hu phn (bhavaga), hnh gi s thy rt nhiu
tm nng ni sc tri tim ang to ra cc tng hp sc. Nu iu ny khng r, hy tp trung
vo hu phn tr li v vy vy 1 ngn tay. Lc hnh gi s thy 1 s ln cc tng hp sc
c to ra do tm mun vy vy ngn tay. ng thi hnh gi cng thy rng nhng tng hp
sc nh vy c th khi sanh bt c ch no trn thn.
Lm th no thy sc do thi tit sanh
Nh ni trong phn gii thiu, ha i (tejo) cng c gi l "thi tit" hay "nhit" (Utu) v
c thy trong 1 tng hp sc. Ha i ca cc tng hp sc to ra cc tng hp tm c dng
cht do thi tit sanh (utuja ojahamaka kalpa). T thn chng li cha ng ha i, vn to
ra thm cc tng hp tm c dng cht do thi tit sanh. Hnh gi cn thy rng tin trnh ny
xy ra trong tt c cc loi tng hp sc ni mi gic quan.
u tin, phn bit ha i trong mt tng hp sc c mt l th mi chng hn. Ri thy rng
n to ra cc tng hp tm c dng cht do thi tit sanh. y l th h th nht. K phn bit
ha i trong mt tng hp sc ca th h th nht thuc cc tng hp tm c dng cht do thi
tit sanh y, v thy rng n cng sanh si ny n tip: l th h th 2. Theo cch ny hnh
gi s thy rng thi tit trong tng hp c mt l th 10 (vn bn thn n l do nghip sanh)[52]
sinh si ny n qua 4 hoc 5 th h[53].
Hnh gi cn phi thy c rng tin trnh ny xy ra cho mi loi tng hp sc trong mi gic
quan, v cng cn phi t mnh thy c bao nhiu th h tng hp sc 8 c dng cht do thi
tit sanh m mi loi tng hp sc y to ra.
Lm th no thy sc do vt thc sanh
Nh cp trn, bn phn thuc thn, l vt thc cha tiu ho, vt thc tiu ha
(phn) m v nc tiu, ch l nhng tng hp tm c dng cht do thi tit sanh (utuja
ojahamaka kalpa). V sc nng tiu ho thc n trong thn (trong thc qun) chnh l ha
i thuc cc tng hp c mng cn l th chn (jvita navaka kalpa), vn l tng hp sc do
nghip sanh.
Khi dng cht ca cc tng hp tm c dng cht do thi tit sanh gp sc nng tiu ho thc
n, th sc c to ra thm, sc l cc tng hp tm c dng cht do vt thc sanh (hraja
ojahamaka kalpa). Bn thn chng c dng cht (dng cht ny do vt thc sanh hraja
oj) vn sinh si ny n theo cng cch qua nhiu th h. Vt thc n vo trong ngy s ti to
nh th ny cho n mt tun l, trong sut thi gian y n cng h tr dng cht trong cc
tng hp sc do nghip sanh, do tm sanh v do thi tit sanh, cng nh trong cc tng hp sc
do vt thc trc sanh[54]. Vt thc ca ch thin ti to cho n mt hoc hai thng.
Sau khi phn bit tt c cc loi tng hp c dng cht l th tm trong mt, bit chng sinh
si ny n nh th no, v cc yu t trong cc tng hp sc m chng to ra cng ti to ra
sao, hnh gi lc y phn bit c c thy nm mi bn loi sc ni mt. K , hnh gi
nn lm y nh vy i vi tt c cc loi sc trong nm gic quan cn li; l tai, mi, li,
thn, v tm.
TM TT
Hm nay chng ta lun bn kh tm tt v cch lm th no phn tch cc tng hp sc,
trong khi php hnh thc s i hi nhiu hn. Chng hn, phng php chi tit i hi phi
phn tch ci c gi l bn mi hai phn ca thn cp trong kinh Gii Phn Bit
(Phtuvibhanga Sutta) thuc Trung B Kinh, l: hai mi phn thuc a i, hai mi phn
thuc thy i, bn phng din ca ha i v su phng din ca phong i[56]. Nu hnh gi
mun bit cch lm th no tu tp theo phng php chi tit ny, hnh gi nn i n mt bc
thy thch hp. Nh thc hnh c h thng, dn dn hnh gi s tr nn thnh tho hn trong
vic phn bit cc tng hp sc, vn c to ra do bn nguyn nhn: nghip, tm, thi tit, v
vt thc.
Vi vic phn bit sc hon mn, hnh gi k nh hon tt phn u ca tu minh st th
nht, l Danh Sc Phn Tch Tr (Nma-rpa pariccheda nama).
n y chng ta s tm tt li vic phn bit sc (Rpa kammatthna)
thy cc tng hp sc (rpa kalpas), hnh gi phi tu tp nh cho n cn nh bng cch
tp trung vo bn i, t, nc, la v gi.
Khi hnh gi c th thy c cc tng hp sc, hnh gi phi phn tch chng thy tt c
nhng yu t (sc) c mt trong cc tng hp sc ring l, chng hn nh trong mt tng hp sc
c mt l th mi (on nhn hay mt thp php), hnh gi phi thy t, nc, la, gi, mu,
mi, v, dng cht, mng cn, v tnh nhn sc.
Vi phng php tm tt hnh gi phi phn bit nm mi bn sc trong mt gic quan, ri
cng phn bit y nh vy i vi nm gic quan cn li.
Vi phng php chi tit, hnh gi phi phn bit tt c cc loi sc trong c bn mi hai phn
thuc thn.
Khi hon tt vic phn bit sc (rpakammatthna), hnh gis c thin xo thy tt c
cc yu t (sc) ca c su gic quan vi mt ci nhn thong qua, v cng s thy c bn mi
hai phn thuc thn vi ci nhn thong qua nh vy. y l nhng g hnh gi ang nhm ti
khi kinh qua thin, i t sc ny n sc khc, t gic quan ny n gic quan khc; t d nht
n kh nht.
iu ny cng ging nh ang nhn vo mi ci tr cu thang. Chng ta c th nhn vo
chng tng ci mt, nh mt, hai, ba, bn v.v... cho n mi, v ri chng ta c th nhn c
mi ci mt ln, vi mt ci nhn thong qua. Khi hnh gi c th thy tt c cc loi sc vi
mt ci nhn thong qua, chng s tr thnh i tng cho vic hnh minh st ca hnh gi; hnh
gi s thy tt c sc l v thng, kh, v v ng [57]. Tuy nhin nu, ngay c sau khi hon
tt vic phn bit sc ri, m hnh gi vn khng th thy tt c sc vi mt ci nhn thong qua,
th nn thy tng sc mt, lm i lm li nhiu ln, v c gng thy tt c chng vi mt ci
nhn thong qua[58].
n y hon tt phn tho lun ca chng ta v vic phn bit Sc (Rpa-kammatthna). Trong
bi ging k tip chng ti s ni v cch lm th no phn bit Danh (Nma-kammatthna).
PH BN 1. HAI MI TM LOI SC
cui giai on phn bit sc, hnh gi s phi kho st mi tm loi sc thc v chn trong
mi loi sc khng thc.[59]
Mi tm loi sc thc gm:
Tng cng
Bn i Chng (Mah bhta)
1.
a i
(Pathav dhtu)
2.
Thy i
(po dhtu)
3.
Ha i
(Tejo dhtu)
4.
Phong i
4
(Vyo dhtu)
Nm loi tnh sc (pasda rpa:sc trong sut)
1.
Nhn tnh sc
(Cakkhu pasda)
2.
Nh tnh sc
(Sota pasda)
3.
T tnh sc
(ghna pasda)
4.
Thit tnh sc
(jivh pasda)
5.
Thn tnh sc
5
(kya pasda)
Bn loi Hnh Cnh Sc (gocara rpa: sense - field materiality)
1. Mu (sc)
(vanna)
2. Thanh
(saddha)
3. Hng (kh)
(gandha)
4. V
4
(rasa)
1
Dng cht
(oj)
1
Mng cn
(jitindriya)
1
Sc tri tim
(hadaya rpa)
(tm c hay sc vt)
Hai loi sc tnh
(bhva rpa)
1. Sc tnh nam
(purisabhva rpa)
2. Sc tnh n
2
(itthi bhva rpa)
18
Mi loi sc khng thc gm:
1. Sc h khng
(ksa dhtu)
2. Thn biu tri
(kyavinnatti)
3. Khu biu tri
(vacnnatti)
4. Sc khinh
(lahut)
5. Sc nhu
(mudut)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(kammannat)
(upacaya)
(santati)
(jarat)
(aniccata)
PH BN 2. CC SC CN BN CA MT [61]
[3 loi tng hp mi (3x10 =30) + cc tng hp Chn (9) + 3 loi tng hp tm (3x8=24) = 63
sc]
Loi
Tng hp Mi Mt [62]
Tnh cht
Trong sut
Ngun gc Kamma (nghip
sanh)
c tnh
Nhy cm vi nh
sng [63]
Tng hp Mi Thn
Trong sut
Kamma
Tng hp Mi Tnh
M
Kamma
Xc nh tnh (nam n)
1.
Nhy cm vi s xc
chm (t, la, v
gi)
t
2.
Nc
Nc
Nc
3.
La
La
La
4.
Gi
Gi
Gi
5.
Mu
Mu
Mu
6.
Mi
Mi
Mi
7.
8.
Dng cht
Dng cht
Dng cht
9.
Mng cn
Mng cn
Mng cn
10.
Nhn tnh sc
Thn tnh sc
Sc tnh
PH BN 3. Cc Sc Cn Bn Ca Thn
[2 loi tng hp mi (2x10=20) + tng hp mng cn (9) + 3 loi tng hp 8 (3x8=24) = 53
sc]
Loi
Tng hp Thn
Tng hp Tnh
Mi sc
M
Nghip
Xc nh tnh
Mi sc
Trong sut
Nghip
Nhy cm vi xc (t - la
- gi)
t
Nc
Nc
La
La
Gi
Gi
Mu
Mu
Mi
Mi
Dng cht
Dng cht
Mng cn
Mng cn
10
Thn tnh sc
Sc tnh
Tnh cht
Ngun gc
c tnh
Tng hp Tm
Tnh cht
Ngun gc
1
Tng hp chn
Mng cn
M
Nghip
t
M
Tm
t
M
Thi tit
t
M
Vt thc
t
Nc
Nc
Nc
Nc
La
La
La
La
Gi
Gi
Gi
Gi
Mu
Mu
Mu
Mu
Mi
Mi
Mi
Mi
Dng cht
Dng cht
Dng cht
Dng cht
Mng cn
Cc tng hp chn thuc mang cn, v tng hp tm hon ton ging nhau trong khp 6 gic
quan.
PH BN 4. Cc Sc Cn Bn Ca Tm (tri tim)
[3 loi tng hp 10 (3x10=30) + tng hp chn (9) + 3 loi tng hp tm (3x8=24) = 63 sc]
Loi
Tng hp mi
thuc Thn
Trong sut
Nghip
Nhy cm vi Xc
(t, la, gi)
t
Tng hp mi
thuc Tnh
M
Nghip
Xc nh tnh
Tng hp mi (*)
thuc Tri Tim
M
Nghip
H tr gii v
Thc gii
t
Nc
Nc
Nc
La
La
La
Gi
Gi
Gi
Mu
Mu
Mu
Mi
Mi
Mi
Dng cht
Dng cht
Dng cht
Mng cn
Mng cn
Mng cn
10
Sc tri tim
Thn tnh sc
Sc tnh
Tnh cht
Ngun gc
c tnh
(*) Nhn thc, nh thc, t thc, thit thc, v thn thc sanh ln nng vo tnh sc (thn kinh),
tc sc th mi (mn) thuc cc tng hp: mt mi sc, tai mi sc, mi mi sc, li
mi sc, v thn mi sc, trong khi tt c cc tm (thc) khc (bao gm gii v thc gii)
sanh ln nng vo cc tng hp c sc tri tim m l th mi. Xem li trn.
Loi
Tng hp Tm
Tnh cht
Ngun gc
1
Tng hp chn
thuc Mng cn
M
Nghip
t
M
Tm
t
M
Thi tit
t
M
Vt thc
t
Nc
Nc
Nc
Nc
La
La
La
La
Gi
Gi
Gi
Gi
Mu
Mu
Mu
Mu
Mi
Mi
Mi
Mi
Dng cht
Dng cht
Dng cht
Dng cht
Mng cn
Cc tng hp chn, thuc mng cn v cc tng hp tm hon ton ging nhau trong khp 6 gic
quan.
*
HI P 4
Hi 4.1: Mt v b tt (bodhisatta), k c c B tt Arimetteyya (Di Lc), c phi l phm phu
khng (puthujjana)? Nu nh B tt Di Lc cng l mt phm phu ging nh chng ta, th vo
lc ngi h sanh tr thnh Pht Di Lc (Metteya Buddha), c s khc nhau no gia nhng
iu kin ngi thnh Pht v chng ta hay khng?[64]
p 4.1: S khc nhau l cc ba la mt (Prami) ca ngi chn mi, nh trng hp c
Pht Thch Ca ca chng ta khi cn l Thi t S t a vy. Cc v B tt nh vy s phi trau
di cc ba la mt ca h trong nhiu kip sng. C mi ba la mt l:
B th (dna)
Tr gii (sla)
Xut gia (nekkhamma)
Tr tu (pa)
Tinh tn (viya)
Nhn ni (khant)
Chn tht (sacca)
Quyt nh (adhihna)
Tm t (mett)
Tm x (upekkh)
Khi cc ba la mt ny chn mi, chng s thc y b tt t b th gian, cho d h ang hng
th cc dc lc. Trong kip cui ca mnh, mt v b tt phi ly v v c mt ngi con trai;
y l mt quy lut t nhin. Ti qun tn v v con ca c b tt Di Lc ri. Theo Tam
tng Nguyn thy (Theravda Tipika), th l kip cht ca ngi, v khng c v A-la-hn no,
k c c Pht, cn ti sanh sau khi Bt Nit-bn (Parinibbna) c. S Dit hay Bt Nit-bn
ca cc ngi l s chm dt ca vng t sanh lun hi. Cc ngi s khng phi ti sanh u
na.[65]
Ly trng hp c b tt Thch Ca Mu Ni (Sakyamuni) ca chng ta v d. Trong kip cht
ca ngi, trc khi gic ng ngi cng l mt phm nhn. Nh th no? Nm trn mi su tui,
ngi tr thnh thi t S t a v ci cng cha Dadula (Yasodhar). H c mt con trai l
La hu la. Ngi cng hng th dc lc trong hn mi ba nm. Mc d ngi khng c nm trm
thin n bn tay tri v nm trm thin n bn tay phi ca mnh nh cc v ch thin, nhng li
c vy quanh bi hai mi ngn c cng cha. y l kmasukhallikanuyogo - th hng dc
lc, m chm trong dc lc.
Sau khi t b nhng dc lc y, ngi hnh kh hnh trong khu rng Uruvela (u lu tn loa).
Sau su nm kh hnh v b, ngi cng t b php hnh ny, v hnh theo trung o, khng bao
lu sau th t n gic ng vin mn. Sau khi gic ng, trong bi php u tin ca mnh,
"Dhamma cakkapavattana" - Chuyn Php Lun, Ngi tuyn b:
Kmesu kmasukhallikanuyogo ho, gammo, puthujjaniko, anariyo, anatthasahito.
S th hng dc lc ny l thp hn (hno), l php hnh ca hng dn d (gammo), php hnh
ca hng phm phu (puthijjaniko).
l php hnh ca hng cha gic ng, phi thnh nhn (anariyo), khng em li li ch
(anatthasahito).
iu ny c ngha, s th hng dc lc khng phi l php hnh ca cc bc gic ng. V dc
lc l v b (khng li ch) v mc d chng em li nhng li ch th gian, chng hn nh hnh
phc ci ngi, v hnh phc cc ci phm thin (brahma), song chng li khng em li li
ch siu th, l hnh phc ca Nit-bn, trng thi m chng ta ch c th th hng bng o
- Qu Tu.
V vy, trong bi php u tin ca Ngi, c Pht cng b rng bt lun ai hng dc u l
phm phu c. Khi cn l mt v b tt, ngi cng th hng dc lc, l chung sng vi
Dadula trong hong cung. Vo lc y, ngi cng l mt phm nhn, v s hng th dc lc l
php hnh ca k phm phu.
iu ny khng ch dnh cho c b tt ca chng ta thi, m cho tt c cc v b tt. C th c
nhiu v l b tt y, trong s thnh chng ny. Qy v nn suy xt vn ny tht cn thn:
nhng v b tt y l phm nhn hay cc bc thnh nhn (ariya)? Ti ngh l qy v c th
bit c cu tr li ri.
Hi 4.2: Sau khi hon tt kho thin, mt hnh gi c th c o Tu (Maggaa) v Qu
Tu (Phalaa) khng? Nu khng, v sao khng?
p 4.2: Hnh gi c th c, song cn ty vo cc ba la mt ca h. Hy ly trng hp ca
Ngi Bhiya Druciriya[66] lm in hnh. V ny hnh Ch-Qun (Samatha-Vipassan) n
hnh x tr (sankhrupekkha) trong thi k gio php c Pht Ca Dip (Kassana). Tri qua
hai mi ngn nm thc hnh, nhng Ngi khng c mt o Qu Tu no c, v Ngi c
c Pht Padumuttara (Thng Lin Hoa Pht) th k. Chnh v th Ngi s tr thnh v
Khippbhi tc l v s tc chng A-la-hn thnh qu trong thi k gio php c Pht Thch
Ca. Do , cc ba la mt ca Ngi ch vo lc y mi chn mi[67]. Cc v thanh vn t khc
c t tu phn tch (Patisambhid a) trong thi k gio php c Pht Thch Ca cng vy,
tc l h phi hnh Ch-Qun cho n hnh x tr trong thi k gio php ca cc v Pht trc;
y l mt quy lut t nhin. T tu phn tch gm:
1. Tu phn tch v ngha hay cn gi l Ngha V Ngi Gii (attha paisambhid a) y
l mt loi tu minh st v qu, tc minh st kh thnh .
2. Tu phn tch v php hay cn gi l Php V Ngi Gii (Dhamma paisambhid a). y
l mt loi tu minh st v nhn, tc minh st kh tp thnh hay thnh v nhn sanh ca
kh.
3. Tu phn tch v vic ch nh ngn ng hay cn gi l T V ngi Gii (Ninutti
paisambhid a). y l tu bit v vn phm, c bit l vn phm Pli.
4. Tu phn tch v cc loi tr hay cn gi l Bin Ti (ng bin) V Ngi Gii (Paibhna
paisambhid a), tc l tu minh st bit r ba loi tu phn tch k trn.
Hi 4.9: Cc php mn thin nim hi th v phn bit t i c ging nhau khng? Ti sao
chng ta phi hnh thin t i ch sau khi hnh nim hi th?
p 4.9: Cc php mn ny khng ging nhau. Trong thin minh st hnh gi phi phn bit
danh vsc, v cc nhn cachng, l l do ti sao phi c hai loi thin: phn bit sc v
phn bit danh.
Khi dy phn bit sc, c Pht lun lun dy thin t i, hoc tm tt hoc chi tit. V th, nu
hnh gi mun phn bit sc, hnh gi cn phi thc hnh theo nhng ch dn ca c Pht. Tt
hn nn hnh thin t i vi s tr gip ca nh su nh t thin hi th, bi v n s gip ta
thy c sc chn , danh chn v cc nhn ca chng mt cch r rng.
Tuy nhin nu hnh gi khng mun hnh thin ch nh nim hi th, th hnh gi c th hnh
thin t i trc tip cng c, khng c vn g c. iu ny chng ta bn lun mt cu
hi trc ri.
Hi 4.10: Thin s c th vui lng gii thch (cho chng con bit) nh sng kinh nghim trong
lc thin mt cch khoa hc c khng ?
p 4.10: nh sng c thy trong lc hnh thin l g? Chng ta bit mi tm (citta), tr tm
tc sinh (kit sanh thc), khi ln nng vo sc vt hay tm c (hadayavatthu - heart-base) s
to ra sc do tm sinh (cittaja rpa), cng gi l cc tng hp sc (rpa kalpas). Mt tm c th
to ra nhiu tng hp sc do tm sinh. Trong s cc tm nng vo sc vt ny, cc tm thin
tnh ch (samtha bhvan citta) v cc tm thin minh st (vipassan bhvan citta) c xem
l rt mnh v y nng lc, chng to ra rt nhiu cc tng hp sc. Khi chng ta phn tch cc
tng hp sc y, chng ta thy c tm loi sc. l: a i, thy i, ha i, phong i, mu,
mi, v, v dng cht. Sc mu y rt sng. Tm thin ch v thin minh st cng mnh th
mu cng sng hn. Bi l cc tng hp sc sanh khi cng mt lc v ni tip nhau, nn mu
ca tng hp sc ny v mu ca tng hp sc khc sanh ln st sao vi nhau ging nh trong
mt bng n in vy; l l do v sao nh sng xut hin.
Hn na, trong mi tng hp sc do tm thin ch v thin minh st to ra cn c ha i, yu t
ny cng to ra nhiu tng hp sc mi. Nhng tng hp ny c gi l sc do thi tit sinh,
bi v chng c to ra bi ha i (yu t la), vn l thi tit (utu). iu ny xy ra bn
ngoi cng nh bn trong. Khi chng ta phn tch cc tng hp sc ny, chng ta thy tm loi
sc nh nhau: t, nc, la, gi, mu, mi, v, v dng cht. Mu cng li l mt trong tm sc
y. Do sc mnh ca tm thin ch v minh st, mu cng bng sng. Nh vy s bng sng
ca mu ny v s bng sng ca mu khc pht sinh st sao vi nhau, ging nh mt bng n
in.
nh sng ca sc do tm sinh v ca sc do thi tit sinh xut hin cng mt lc. Sc mu do
tm sinh ch xut hin bn trong, nhng sc mu do thi tit sinh pht hin c bn trong ln
bn ngoi v truyn to khp mi hng cho n ton v tr (cakhavaa) hoc xa hn, ty theo
sc mnh ca tm thin ch qun y. Chng hn, Tr Phn Tch Danh Sc ca c Pht to ra nh
sng chiu n mi ngn th gii; tm thin nhn (dibba cakkhu citta) ca tn gi Anuruddha
to ra nh sng chiu n mt ngn th gii; cn minh st tr ca cc v thnh t khc to ra
nh sng ln n mt do tun hoc hai do tun, v.v... khp mi hng ty theo sc mnh ca tm
thin ch v qun ca h.
Thng thng, khi t n sanh dit tr, rt nhiu hnh gi hiu ra rng nh sng ny l mt
nhm cc tng hp sc (rpa kalpa). Trong khi ang hnh thin ch h vn khng bit l
mt nhm cc tng hp sc nh vy, bi v cc tng hp sc rt vi t. Khng d g thy v hiu
cc tng hp sc ny khi ch hnh thin ch khng thi. Nu hnh gi mun bit vi s chc
chn, hnh gi nn c gng c c Sanh - Dit tr. l cch khoa hc nht hiu nh
sng kinh nghim trong lc thin.
Hi 4.11: Liu nhng hnh gi phn bit c ba mi hai thnh phn ca thn (32 th
trc) c th thy chng ni ngi khc, khi h m mt khng?
p 4.11: iu cn ty. Cc hnh gi mi thc hnh ch c th thy c nhng th phn
bn ngoi vi mt m. H c th thy c cc th phn bn trong vi i mt minh st tr ca
h m thi. Nu qu v mun bit iu ny mt cch khoa hc, hy c gng t thy n vi minh
st tr ca mnh.
Tuy nhin, mt v trng lo (Mahthera) do thc hnh t trc c th thy c b xng ca
ngi khc bng i mt m ca mnh, nh trng lo Mah Tissa chng hn, l mt ngi
thin xo trong thin qun b xng (ct tng qun). Ngi lun lun hnh thin qun b xng
bn trong k nh bt tnh cho n s thin, ri chuyn sang minh st. Ngi phn bit c
danh-sc, cc nhn, v tnh cht v thng, kh, v ng ca chng. y l php hnh thng l
ca ngi.
Mt hm trn ng i kht thc (piapta), t cha Anuradhapura n lng Mahgma. Trn
con ng y, ngi gp mt ph n, c ny c gng li cun s ch ca ngi vi ting ci
ln. Khi nghe m thanh (ca ting ci), ngi ngng u nhn, ch thy hm rng nng, v ri
dng hm rng y lm ti thin. Do php hnh lin tc c trc ca ngi, nn ngi ch thy c
ta nh mt b xng ch khng phi nh mt ph n. Ngi ch thy mt b xng. Ri tp
trung trn b xng ca chnh mnh, ngi c s thin v nhanh chng pht trin minh st. ng
ngay trn con ng y, ngi c A-la-hn thnh qu.
Ngi ph n ny, do ci nhau vi chng nn b v nh cha m mnh. Chng nng ln theo, v
cng gp trng lo Tissa. Anh hi ngi: "Bch ngi, ngi c gp mt ph n i trn ng ny
khng?" Trng lo tr li, "Ny th ch (dyaka), ta chng bit nam hay n, ta ch thy mt b
xng ang i trn ng ny."
Cu chuyn ny c Thanh Tnh o cp trong chng ni v Gii.[93]
y l mt th d cho thy bng cch no mt ngi hnh thin qun b xng mt cch trit
, nh trng lo Tissa, c th thy b xng ca ngi khc vi mt m ca mnh.
-ooOoo-
[1] Dhtu thng dch l "gii" (element), tuy nhin ni dung ny n lin quan n t i
(Bahudhtuka sutta), Cng xem Visuddhi-magga (Thanh Tnh o) - B lun ny gii thch rng
cc gii "khin cho thc tnh (ca mt php) c mang theo (dhrenti). "Are elements since
they cause (a state"s) own individual essence to be borne (Attano sabhva dhrentti dhtuyo)
Vs. XV. "Dhtuvitthra kath B. 518 ("Element Details Explaination N. 21).
[5] Kalapa: thng dch l on, bn, nhm.
[6] Sc y i sinh (updrpa): s d c gi nh vy l v sc ny xut pht t hay nng vo
bn i chng.
[7] Thc ra, ha i ca cc tng hp sc vn c mng cn (life faculty) duy tr cc tng hp tm
la, (4) gi, (5) mu, (6) mi, (7) v, (8) dng cht, v (9) mng cn, (10) sc tri tim.
[11] Xem li phn gi thiu trn.
[12] Vo lc ti sanh lm ngi trong bo thai, sc c mt trc tin ch l nhng tng hp mi
sc thuc tri tim, thn v tnh (on tm, on thn v on tnh), tt c u do nghip sanh.
[13] Chng ta bit tui th ca mt sc php ko di 17 st na tm, m mi st na (n v cc nh
ca thi gian) cn chia lm 3 giai on - sanh - tr - dit - nn khi ni sc nghip sanh mi giai
on ny th c 51 sc c thy.
[14] Xem li Phn Gii Thiu.
[15] Chng hn nh khi Upka gp c Pht lc Ngi mi gic ng lin ni: "Ny hin gi, cc
cn ca hnh gi tht l trong sng, mu da ca hnh gi tht l thanh tnh v sng lng." M.I.
(Kinh Thnh Cu - Noble Search Sutta).
(cho tt c cc loi sc khc); S th hin: tip nhn (tt c cc loi sc khc trong cng tng hp
sc - rpa kalapa). Nc - c tnh t nhin: lng, chy, nh git. Nhim v: Dn n, m rng;
S th hin: lin kt, kt dnh; La - c tnh t nhin: nng, lnh; Nhim v: lm cho m, gi,
tiu ho, chn; Th hin: mm (nh trong vic nu cc vt sng thnh ra thc n c th n c.
Gi - c tnh t nhin: h tr; Nhim v: chuyn ng, y, Th hin: mang theo.
[26] A.II.ii.v.11 (Cng gi "Nimitta sutta" - Tng Kinh)
[27] (9) A.VI.IX.I ("Stibhva Sutta" ("Tr Nn Lnh Kinh") (10) S.V.II.vi 3 ("Tht Gic chi
Kinh") cng cn gi "Aggi Sutta" ("Kinh v la").
[28] Pasda rpa: sc thn kinh hay sc tnh sc. Trong tp sch ny, ty ch, ty ni c th dch
l sc trong sut hay sc thn kinh hoc sc tnh sc, ngha u nh nhau. Ring cc sc khc
(ngoi tnh sc) th dch l sc phi tnh sc hay cc sc m (khng trong sut). ND.
Trong tp sch ny, ty ch, ty ni c th dch l sc trong sut hay sc thn kinh hoc sc tnh
sc, ngha u nh nhau. Ring cc sc khc (ngoi tnh sc) th dch l sc phi tnh sc hay cc
sc m (khng trong sut). ND
[29] Khi tng v tng tc tnh (santati - ghana), khi tng v tng hp (samha - ghana) v
khi tng v nhim v (kiccaghana). Xem li cu tr li 1.3 trn bit thm chi tit v khi
tng v danh v sc.
[30] Mc du hnh gi phn bit c mi hai c tnh, song y hnh gi ch phn bit
khi cng l "thc", theo ngha ny n ng ngha vi vina (thc), nh trng hp y vy.
[38] Khi phn bit mi v v, chnh mn (danh), ch khng phi tm cn (sc) lm vic phn
v sc tri tim.
[44] Su gic quan cng gi l su cn, nhng v cc cn (tnh sc cn) nh c gii thch,
mi phn thuc thn (VS XVIII) Da vo TT, Thin s Pa - Auk Sayadaw hng dn thin
sinh phn bit cc tng hp sc c mng cn l th chn. Tuy nhin, nu mun hnh gi c th
gm n vo im ny.
[48] Tng hp sc c mt l th mi gm: 8 sc cn bn (t, nc, la, gi,mu, mi, v v
dng cht) + mng cn+ nhn tnh sc l mi. Tng hp sc c thn l th mi gm: 8 sc
cn bn + mng cn + thn tnh sc. Tng hp sc c tnh l th mi gm: 8 sc cn bn +
mng cn + sc tnh. Cc tng hp sc c dng cht l th tm gm 8 sc cn bn.
[49] Xem ghi ch trc
[50] Xem ghi ch trc
[51] Xem ghi ch trc
[52] Xem li trang trn bit sc do nghip sanh.
[53] Ha i (tejo) ca 1 tng hp sc do nghip sanh (kammaja) to ra cc tng hp sc do thi
tit sanh (utuja) qua nm th h:
Kammaja --> 1st utuja --> 2nd utuja --> 3rd utuja --> 4th utuja --> 5th utuja
[54] Cc tng hp sc do vt thc trc sanh, xem trang sau.
[55] Dng cht do vt thc sanh v nhit tr gip tiu ha l nhn h tr, cn dng cht ca
[58] C hai cch phn bit: nh mt nhm (kalpa sammsana) v tng php mt (anupada).
Xem Vsxx.B 606 "Magg magga Nnadassana Visuddhi Niddesa" (M t v o Phi o Tri
Kin Thanh Tnh). Cng xem MIII. II.1 Anupada Sutta
[59] y hnh gi s khng kho st sc sinh (Upacya) v n ch ni n th h sc u tin
trong mt kip sng (tc s hon tt cc cn ca thai nhi trong bo thai). Sc ny hnh gi phn
bit trc khi phn bit duyn khi. Xem thm trang ... di.
[60] Nhng sc ny ch tn ti trong cc sc do tm sanh, do thi tit sanh v do vt thc sanh.
[61] Vi cc gic quan khc nh tai, mi, li, thay vo ch thch hp. Ring thn& tm, xem
bng 3 & 4.
[62] i vi tai, mi v li, thay l: tng hp Mi - Tai; tng hp Mi - Mi; tng hp Mi
- Li
[63] i vi nh mn, t mn v thit mn, thay vo ln lt l m thanh, mi, v v.
[64] Thnh chng ca thin s Pa-Auk Tawya Sayadaw y phn ln l nhng Pht t theo
- Tr t tri (Ntaparinn)
- Thm t tri (tranaparinn)
- Tr t tri (Pahnaparinn)
[82] S.IV.I.III.4 "Pathama aparijnana Sutta"
[83] First Non-Understanding Sutta
[84] MIII.II.1 "Anupada Sutta" (kinh on Gim)
[85] Chi tit v vic lm th no phn bit cc tm hnh ring l trong nhng thin chng ca
hnh gi, xem How to discern Jhana Cognitive Processes, sau. (Hnh gi lm th no phn
bit cc tin trnh tm thin)
[86] M II.III.4 "Dghanakha Sutta"
[87] Chi tit lin quan n vic thc hnh trong qu kh ca nhng v c o, xem cu tr li 43, 5-2
[88] V T Tu Phn Tch, xem li cu tr li 4-2 trn
[89] Su Thng tr hay Lc thng gm: (1) bin ho thng (iddhi-vidh), (2) thin nh thng
(dibba sota); (3) tha tm thng (parassa ceta pariyanna); (4) thin nhn thng (Dibba cakkhu);
(5) tc mnh thng (Pubbe nivsnussatti); (6) lu tn thng (savakkhaya)
[90] Tam Minh: Tc mnh minh, thin nhn minh, v lu tn minh.
[91] Cu Phn Gii thot (Ubhatobhga Vimutta) mun ni ti nhng v, u tin thot khi sc
gii vi vic chng cc thin v sc, th n, thot khi lun v sc gii vi vic chng A-lahn Thnh qu.
[92] Tu Gii Thot (Pann Vimutta) ni n cc v A-la-hn thun qun.
[93] I.VS.1 "Indriyasamvaraslam" B15 ("Sense Restraint Morality" N55)
-ooOoo
BI PHP THOI 5
Sau , phn bit tt c cc loi tm hnh trong trnh t ca su loi tm hnh thnh mt tin
trnh mn (manodvra vthi) ca s thin. Su loi tm l:
1. mn hng tm (manodvrvajjana) (12 tm hnh)
2. Chun b tm (parikamma) (34 tm hnh)
3. Cn hnh tm (upacna) (34 tm hnh)
4. Thun th tm (anuloma) (34 tm hnh)
5. Chuyn tc (gotrabhu) (34 tm hnh)
6. Mt chui khng gin on ca cc tc hnh tm thin (jhna javana citta), cng 34 tm
hnh m cho n by gi hnh gi phn bit c.
phn bit c tt c nhng tm hnh ny, hnh gi phi lp li s thin nh trc, xut
khi thin y v phn bit bhavaga (hu phn) v t tng cng nhau. Khi t tng xut
hin trong hu phn, th phn bit tin trnh mn thin va khi. Hnh gi phn bit mi
trong s cc loi tm khc nhau trong tin trnh mn s thin, v mi hai hoc ba mi
bn loi tm hnh ca chng.
Sau khi lm xong vic ny, cho hnh gi c mt s hiu bit v danh (nma) ni
chung, hy phn bit c tnh c xem l chung cho tt c danh (nma), tc cho c ba mi
bn tm hnh, l c tnh nghing v (namana) v bm dnh vo i tng, y l t
tng hi th (npna - paibhga nimitta)
Theo cch thc y, hnh gi cn phn bit v phn tch danh (nma) ca nh thin, tam thin
v t thin hi th, cng nh cc bc thin thuc cc mc thin khc m hnh gi c,
chng hn nh thin bt tnh, kasia trng, v thin tm t, v.v...
Tuy nhin, nu hnh gi ch c cn nh, vi thin t i, hnh gi phi khi s vic qun
danh ca mnh cn nh y, hnh gi khng th phn bit danh ca mt tm - thin m
khng c thin. Nh vy, trong trng hp ny, hnh gi phi lp li cn nh vi thin t
i, y sc trong sut (tnh sc) ca thn hnh gi lp lnh v pht sng. Sau khi tr
mt lc, chuyn sang Minh st vi mt ci tm ti tnh v trong sng, hnh gi s phn
bit danh ca cn nh y.
n y, sau khi hnh gi phn bit c cc tin trnh tm khc nhau trong tt c cc
php thin ch trc ca mnh, c th l cn nh hay nh ca bc thin (an ch nh), ri
hnh gi chuyn sang phn bit cc tm hnh khc nhau ca mt tin trnh tm dc gii
(kmvacara vthu).[13]
tng thnh thp hn, hoc xung a v phm phu hay bt k giai on no khc.
Qu v A-la-hn l chm dt. y l quy lut t nhin. Lin h n A-la-hn thnh qu, c
Pht nhiu ln ni:[32]
Ayamantim jti, natthidni punabbhavoti.
(y l i sng cui cng, khng cn phi chu ti sanh na.)
iu ny c ngha rng ngi ta khng th thay i nh ca mnh, v pht nguyn tr
thnh mt v b tt sau khi c o, qu. Hn na, sau khi c mt v Pht hay A-lahn th k xc nh ri, ngi ta khng th thay i nh c na. Tuy nhin, mt ngi
c th nguyn ch i, v s tr thnh mt v A-la-hn vo mt thi im no trong
tng lai, v ri thay i nh v c A-la-hn trong kip ny, th c.
Visuddhi-magga (Thanh Tnh o) c a ra mt v d v mt v trng lo (Mahthera),
tn gi Mahsagharakkhita, thc hin iu ny[33]. Ngi l mt ngi thnh tho trong
t nim x, hnh Ch-Qun n Hnh X Tu, v cha tng th hin mt thn hnh hoc
khu hnh no m khng chnh nim. Ni chung, ngi tu tp cc balamt thuc Ch-Qun
c th c qu v A-la-hn nu mun. Nhng, v mun gp c Pht Di Lc
(Arimetteyya Buddha), ngi quyt nh ch, v ch tr thnh bc A-la-hn trong gio php
y (ca c Di Lc). Theo quy lut t nhin chng ta va cp, nu lc ny ngi c A-lahn th chc chn s khng th no gp c Pht Di Lc.
Tuy nhin, vo lc sp cht, mt s ng ngi t tp, v h ngh ngi l mt v A-la-hn,
v rng ngi sp nhp v d Nit-bn (Parinibibbna), mc d trong thc t ngi vn l mt
phm nhn. Khi ngi t ca ngi ni cho ngi bit l c rt nhiu ngi t tp, v ng
rng ngi sp bt Nit-bn, th trng lo ni: "i, ta mong c thy c Pht Di Lc
trong tng lai, nhng nu mt hi chng ln nh th ny t tp, th ta thin th", v ngi
hnh minh st. Lc ny ngi thay i nh, hn na trong nhng kip qu kh ngi cha
nhn c mt li th k no c, nn chng my chc ngi c A-la-hn. Trong thi c
Pht (Thch Ca), khng cp n mt trng hp th k xc nh cho mt v b tt no c
ngoi tr c b tt Di Lc, lc l mt v t khu tn Ajita. Tam tng (Tipitaka) cng
khng ni n vic khi no th v Pht sau c Pht Di Lc s xut hin, nn chng ta khng
th ni c l trong thi k c Pht c bao nhiu v b tt.
Hi 5.5: Liu c th hnh gii thot o (vimutti magga) v b tt o (con ng tr thnh
Pht) ng thi c khng? Nu c, php mn y l g?
p 5.5: Gii thot (vimutti) l thot khi nhng phin no hay vng lun hi (samsra). Khi
mt v b tt thnh Pht, h thot khi vng lun hi vo lc Bt Nit-bn (Parinibbna).
Nu hnh gi l mt v Thinh vn (svaka), c gng c A-la-hn thnh qu v thnh cng,
hnh gi cng s thot khi vng lun hi vo lc Bt Nit-bn ca mnh. Mt ngi khng
th va thnh mt v Pht va thnh mt v Thinh vn c. H phi chn mt trong hai,
nhng c hai u thot khi vng lun hi khi h t n qu v A-la-hn. Con ng t
n A-la-hn thnh o cng l o l gii thot cui cng ri (vimutti magga) vy.
Hi 5.6: Php mn (thin) ny ch gii thot, hay n cng dnh cho b tt o na?
p 5.6: Cho c hai. Trong mt bi ging trc, chng ta cp n vic c Pht
Sakyamuni (Thch Ca Mu ni) khi cn l b tt trong cc kip qu kh tng lm t khu
chn kip. Nu nhn li php hnh ca ngi trong chn kip lm t khu y, chng ta s thy
l gm tam hc: Gii, nh, v Tu. c b tt c th hnh v c tm thin chng, ng
thng v minh st cho n hnh x tu.
Hin nay hnh gi cng ang tu tp Ch-Qun da trn gii hnh. Khi thc hnh tam hc
Gii - nh - Tu cho n hnh x tu, hnh gi c th chn mt trong hai con ng. Nu
mun gii thot, hnh gi c th chn con ng i n Nit-bn (A-la-hn); cn mun tr
thnh mt v b tt, hnh gi c th chn con ng b tt: khng c vn g c.
Hi 5.7: Tt c nhng thin nghip v c nghip ca mt v A-la-hn c nht thit phi chn
mi (cho qu) trc khi v y bt Nit-bn khng?
p 5.7: Khng phi tt c. Mt s thin nghip hay c nghip no c th thnh thc v
cho qu ca chng. Nu nhng nghip no khng chn mi chng s khng cho qu, v c
gi l "v hiu nghip" (ahosi kamma). Chng hn, bt thin nghip ca mt trong nhng
kip qu kh m tn gi Mc Kin Lin to cho qu ngay trc khi bt Nit-bn ca ngi.
Mt trong nhng tin kip trc, tn gi c gng st hi cha m m la ca mnh nhng
khng thnh cng. Do c nghip , ngi chu kh trong a ngc qua hng ngn nm, v khi
thot khi a ngc, ngi cn b ngi ta git trong khong hai trm kip na. Trong mi kip
b git y, s ca ngi u b nghin nt. Thm ch trong kip cui cng, tng t xng
trong thn ngi cng b nghin nt, k c xng s.
Ti sao vy? Nghip bt thin chn mi. Tr phi cc thin nghip v bt thin nghip
chn mi, cn khng chng s khng to ra qu bo c. Chng ch l nghip (kamma) theo
tn gi m thi.
Hi 5.8: Sau khi gic ng, c phi c Pht ni, "Ban u tt c chng sinh u c tr tu
v nhng c khc ca Nh Lai (Tathgata) ng khng?
p 5.8: Hin nay qu v u chp nhn rng c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni thnh t s gic
ng vin mn. Qu v nn xt li xem nhng c gii thot ca Nh Lai c hin din trong
mi chng sinh hay khng, c bit l trong chnh qu v. Qu v c bt k mt c tnh no
ca Nh Lai hay khng?
trn
[7] Xem bng 6.
[8] i vi cc thin v sc, hnh gi khng nn phn bit "Phi tng phi phi tng x thin"
v rt tinh t.
[9] Xem Vs T1.XVIII "Dihi Visuddhi Niddesa" D664 (M t v Kin Tnh)
[10] MI.10 "Satipatthna Sutta" (Kinh Nim X). Theo cch ny, v y tr qun tm k nh
vannan)
[29] D.II.9 "Mahsatipatthna Sutta"
[30] U.I.10 "Bhiya Sutta"
[31] V bn loi ngi t n Nit-bn, xem li trn; i vi bn loi A-la-hn thnh o,
xem cu tr li 4.7
[32] D.III.6 "Pasdika Sutta"[33] Vs.I "Pathamasita pancakam" B20
[34] M.III. 133 "Mahkaccyana Bhaddekaratta Sutta"
Tin trnh nhn thc mn ( mn l trnh tm) c th khi ln vi mt trong nm tin trnh
ng mn i trc; chng cng c th khi ln vi tin trnh mn i trc. Cc thnh phn v
trnh t ca tin trnh nhn thc l nh nhau cho tt c (l ): theo quy lut t nhin ca tm
(citta niyama)
Mi tm c 3 giai on sanh [], tr [|], v dit []
i tng ca hu phn hon ton ging nhau trong sut kip sng. l i tng ca tc
hnh tm cui cng thuc kip trc.
Gia mi tin trnh nhn thc c mt s tm hu phn bt nh khi ln, ty ngi.
Mt v Pht c rt t tm hu phn gia mi l tm.
BI PHP THOI 6
Trong bi ging va ri, chng ta bn v cch phn bit danh (nma) v trong bi trc,
chng ta cng bn v cch phn bit sc (rpa). Nu hnh gi c th phn bit c danh v
sc theo cch m t, hnh gi cng s phn bit c cc nhn ca chng. iu ny c ngha
l phn bit c duyn khi ca cc php (paticcasammuppda). Duyn khi y mun ni
v cch cc nhn v qu hot ng nh th no qua ba thi qu kh, hin ti v v lai.
c Pht dy bn cch phn bit duyn khi ty theo cn tnh ca ngi nghe, v cn c mt
php th nm na do Tn gi X Li Pht ging c ghi li trong V Ngi Gii o
(Patisambhidmagga)[1]. Mun gii thch nhng phng php ny mt cch chi tit s phi mt
mt khong thi gian, v th chng ta s ch tp trung vo hai phng php m ti thin vin PaAuk ti thng dy cho hu ht cc thin sinh. l php mn th nm ca Tn gi X Li Pht
v php mn th nht do c Pht dy trong "Kinh i Duyn" thuc Trng B v "Phm
Nhn Duyn" trong Tng ng B.[2]
C hai phng php u lin quan n vic phn bit nm un hin ti, qu kh v v lai[3]. Phn
bit un no trong l nhn v un no l qu. Khi hnh gi c th lm c iu ny ri, hnh
gi cng c th hc bit cch phn bit duyn khi theo nhng phng php khc m kinh v
ch gii dy.
Phng php th nm
Tam Lun Trong Duyn Khi
Duyn khi hay Thp Nh Nhn Duyn (paticcasammuppda) gm mi hai chi phn.[4]
Mi hai chi phn ny c th ni l gm ba lun (vng) - hai vng thuc v nhn (nm nhn) v
mt vng thuc qu (nm qu).[5]
1. Phin no lun (Kilesavaa)
- V minh (avijj)
- i (tah)
- Th (updna)
2. Nghip lun (Kammavaa)
- Hnh (sakhra)
- Nghip hu (kammabhava)
3. Qu lun (Vipkavata)
- Thc (via)
- Danh Sc (nma rpa)
- Lc nhp (salyatana)
- Xc (phassa)
- Th (vedan)
Phin no lun l nhn cho nghip lun, m nghip lun ny l nhn cho qu lun, ni cch khc,
l sanh, gi, cht (cc chi phn th 11 v 12). Vic phn bit duyn khi i hi phi thy
c trnh t xoay ca ba lun (vng) ny, v khi u vi s phn bit qu kh.
Hnh Gi Phn Bit Qu Kh Ca Mnh Nh Th No?
phn bit qu kh, hnh gi bt u bng vic cng dng hng hoa hoc n nn ti mt
ngi thp (th X li), hoc nh tng c Pht. Hnh gi nn nguyn c ti sanh theo
mun, nh nguyn tr thnh mt t khu, mt tu n, mt ngi nam, mt ngi n hay ch
thin chng hn.
Sau , hnh gi s i ngi thin, pht trin nh v ln lt phn bit danh-sc bn trong cng
nh bn ngoi. y l iu cn thit bi v nu hnh gi khng th phn bit c danh-sc bn
ngoi th s gp rt nhiu kh khn trong vic phn bit danh-sc qu kh. L do l v phn bit
danh-sc qu kh cng tng t nh phn bit danh-sc bn ngoi vy.
K tip, hnh gi phi phn bit danh-sc xut hin khi ang thc hin vic cng dng ti thp
th X li hay hnh tng Pht, nh th l cc i tng bn ngoi. Khi lm iu ny, hnh
nh ca hnh gi lc ang cng dng s xut hin, hnh gi phi phn bit t i trong hnh nh
.
Khi hnh nh ny phn tn ra thnh nhng tng hp sc (rpa kalpa), hnh gi phi phn bit
tt c sc php thuc su mn, c bit l 54 sc trong tm - cn.[6] Lc y, hnh gi c th s
phn bit c tm hu phn v nhiu tin trnh mn khi ln gia. Hnh gi nn nhn vo
cc tin trnh mn y, qun st cho n khi thy ra tin trnh mn thuc phin no lun vi
hai mi tm hnh trong mi st-na tm tc hnh v tin trnh mn thuc nghip lun vi ba
mi bn tm hnh trong mi st-na tm tc hnh.
y, chng ta c th minh ha vi mt v d thc tin, trng hp ang cng dng hng,
hoa, n, nn trc mt tng Pht v pht nguyn c ti sanh thnh mt v t khu.
Trong trng hp ny:
- V minh l o tng cho rng "mt v t khu" thc s hin hu.
- Tham i l lng ao c v mong mi i sng ca mt v t khu.
- Th l s chp trc vo i sng .
Ba chi phn v minh, i, th ny c tm thy trong cc tm to thnh vng phin no
(kilesavaa).
Nhng V D
Mt N Hnh Gi Phn Bit iu G?
lm cho vn sng t hn, chng ti a ra v d v nhng g mt n hnh gi c th phn
bit. Khi n hnh gi ny phn bit danh-sc vo lc cn t, c ta thy c nghip ca mt n
nhn ang cng dng tri cy n mt v t khu. Bt u vi t i, c xem xt thm na
danh-sc ca n nhn . C thy rng n nhn y l mt thn n rt ngho v tht hc. Ngi
ny suy ngh v s au kh ca mnh v thc hin vic cng dng n mt v t khu vi
c nguyn c ti sanh lm mt ngi n c hc trong mt thnh ph ln.
Trong trng hp ny:
- V minh (avijj) l o tng cho rng mt n nhn c hc thc thnh ph ln thc s hin
hu.
- Mong c kht khao kip sng lm ngi n hc thc l i (tah).
- S chp trc vo kip sng lm ngi n hc thc l th (updna).
- T thin (kusalacetan) cng dng tri cy n mt v t khu l hnh (sakhra).
- Nghip (kamma) l nghip lc ca chng.
Trong kip ny hnh gi l mt ngi n c hc thc sng trong mt thnh ph ln Myanmar
(Min in). C c th (vi chnh kin) trc tip phn bit c bng cch no nghip lc cng
dng tri cy trong kip trc ca c cho ng un d thc trong kip ny.
Kh nng phn bit cc nhn v qu theo cch ny c gi l Tu Phn Bit Nhn Duyn
(paccaya pariggaha a).
Mt Hnh Gi Nam Phn Bit Nhng G?
y l mt v d hi khc mt cht. Mt nam nhn phn bit thy rng quanh thi cn t tc
hnh tm (mara sanna javana citta) c bn nghip tranh nhau. l nghip dy kinh, nghip
thuyt php, nghip hnh thin v cui cng l nghip dy thin. Khi v ny thm st xem nghip
no trong bn nghip ny to ra nm un d thc ca kip ny th thy rng l nghip hnh
thin. Khi thm st thm ( phn bit mc thin no mnh hnh), v y thy l thin
minh st (vipassan) thy v thng, kh v v ng trong danh-sc. Thm st thm na, v y
thy rng, trc v sau mi thi ta thin, v y nguyn c ti sanh li lm ngi nam,
c xut gia lm t khu v l mt t khu lm cng vic hong php.
Trong trng hp ny:
- V minh l o tng cho rng mt nam nhn, mt v s, hoc mt v s lm cng vic hong
php l thc ti cng tt (chn ).
- i l ao c kht khao c nh vy.
- Th l chp trc vo .
- Hnh l nhng hnh ng thuc tu tp minh st.
- Nghip l nghip lc ca chng (nhng hnh ng y).
tng quan gia cc nhn v qu ca qu kh, hin ti v v lai, nhng khng tuyt i chnh xc
nh v Trng lo va cp. Tc l h khng bit chnh xc thi gian, ch c th bit trong giai
on no th h s cht vy thi.
Nhng nhng ngi ny khng phi cht hoc nhp V D Nit-bn theo mun ca h m l
hp theo quy lut ca nghip. C mt bi k do Tn gi X Li Pht by t c th cho chng ta
hiu c iu ny.
"Nbhinandmi jvita, nbhinandmi maraa,
klaca patikankhmi, nibbisa bhatako yath."
(Ta khng vui thch sng, cng khng vui thch cht.
Ta ch thi Nit-bn, nh ngi lm ch lng.)
Khi mt ngi mong mi c cht nh vy th ci cht gi l "cht do quyt nh"
(adhimuttimaraa). Ci cht ny thng ch c cc v B tt hon thin mi c th thc hin.
Ti sao cc ngi lm vy? Khi cc ngi ti sanh thin gii, ni y khng c c hi tu tp cc
ba-la-mt. Cc ngi khng mun ph thi gian, v th m c lc cc ngi quyt nh cht (trc
thi hn) mong c ti sanh vo ci nhn loi ng hu tu tp cc ba-la-mt.
Hi 6.6: Nu mt ngy no chng ta b cht trong mt tai nn, chng hn nh rt my bay,
liu lc tm chng ta c th "ri khi thn" chng ta khng c s au n no v th xc
khng? Lm th no? Do nng lc hnh thin liu ngi ta c th khng cm thy s hi vo lc
v c gii thot khng? Mc nh no c i hi phi c?
p 6.6: Mc nh cn phi c l nh thuc Bin Ha Thn Thng (iddhividha abhi).
Vi nng lc y, hnh gi c th thot khi him nguy. Nhng nu hnh gi c mt bt thin
nghip chn mi sn sng cho qu ri th khng c. Hy nh n trng hp ca Tn gi
Mc Kin Lin. Ngi rt thnh tho trong vic s dng thn thng. Th nhng, ng ci ngy m
bt thin nghip ca Ngi chn mi th Ngi khng th nhp thin c na. y khng phi
do phin no hay trin ci ngn ngi m ch l do nghip bt thin ca Ngi n lc cho qu.
l l do v sao m bn tho khu c th nghin nt xng Ngi. Ngh rng Ngi cht, bn
cp b i. V ch lc , Ngi mi c th nhp thin tr li, ng thi phc hi cc thn thng
ca mnh. Ngi quyt nh (adhihna) rng, thn ny hy nguyn vn tr li, ri n thnh cu
c Pht cho php Ngi c nhp Nit-bn. Sau , Ngi tr v ngi cha Kalasla ca Ngi v
nhp Nit-bn . Chng ta thy, trc tin, nghip bt thin ca Ngi cho qu, ri n ht hiu
lc. Ch khi Ngi mi c th phc hi cc thn thng ca mnh.
Nh vy, nu hnh gi khng c nghip bt thin sp chn mi, ng thi c cc nng lc thn
thng th c th thot khi tai nn xy ra. Tuy nhin, vi nh lc ca thin bnh thng v thin
minh st khng cu hnh gi khi s him nguy nh vy. Thc s chng ta c th ni
rng, v sao ngi ny li gp tai nn ny chc chn phi do nghip bt thin ca h n lc cho
qu vy thi.
Tm khng th "ri khi" thn v tm sanh nng vo mt trong su cn. Su cn ny l nhn
cn, nh cn, t cn, thit cn, thn cn v cn. Nhng cn ny nm trong thn chng ta. Mt
gic ng, Ngi mi tr thnh c Pht Sakyamuni. Sau khi c A-la-hn Thnh o kt hp vi
Ton Gic Tr, Ngi khng th thay i A-la-hn o ca mnh c, y l mt quy lut c nh
t nhin (Sammatta niyma). Quy lut c nh y l A-la-hn o khng th thay i. Nh
vy, khng c ngha A-la-hn o l thng, m phi hiu rng kt qu ca n c mt do mt
nghip lc khng th thay i c m thi. iu ny chnh xc ngha l g? N c ngha chc
chn rng A-la-hn Thnh o s to ra A-la-hn Thnh qu, v chc chn rng n s hy dit
mi phin no, c nhng bt thin nghip ln thin nghip, v nu khng chng s cho qu sau
khi nhp V D Nit-bn. Quylut ca nghip ny c gi l quy lut c nh t nhin (quy
lut c nhin) v khng th thay i c. Nh vy, quy lut c nh t nhin v mt li th k
xc nh khng mu thun vi quy lut v thng.
Li na, cng cn gii thch thm l, pht nguyn hay c nguyn thi th khng c Ton
Gic Tr. Khi cc v B tt c th k xc nh th tm iu kin k trn phi c hon
thnh. Hn na mt li th k xc nh thi vn khng a n Pht qu. Ngay c sau khi
th k, cc v B tt vn phi tip tc tu tp mi php ba-la-mt trn ba cp :
1. Mi ba-la-mt cn bn (pram): t b v con v cc ti sn bn ngoi.
2. Mi ba-la-mt bc trung (upapram): t b t chi v cc c quan (trong thn th) nh mt,
tay, v.v...
3. Mi ba-la-mt bc thng (paramattha pram): t b mng sng.
Ht thy c ba mi php ba-la-mt. Nhng nu tng kt li chng ta ch c b th (dna), gi
gii (sla), tu tm (bhvan), tc hnh Thin An ch v Minh st.
Ba-la-mt l nhng thin nghip cao thng. Cc v B tt phi hon thin cc php y bng
cch t b (x ly) ti sn hu tnh cng nh v tnh, chn tay v mng sng ca h. Nu hnh gi
tin mnh l mt v B tt, hnh gi c th v c mun hon thin cc php ba-la-mt ny khng?
Nu c th v nu nh hnh gi cng c mt v Pht th k ri th mt ngy no hnh
gi s c Ton Gic Tr. Nhng theo truyn thng Pht gio Theravda, ch mt v Pht duy
nht c th xut hin mt thi gian nht nh no m thi. Cn h phi hon thin ba-la-mt
ca mnh trong bao lu? Sau khi c th k, c B tt Sakyamuni ca chng ta tu tp
cc php ba-la-mt trong bn a-tng-k v mt trm ngn i kip. y l th gian ngn nht.
Tuy nhin chng ta khng th ni ch xc l phi mt mt thi gian bao lu trc khi c th
k. V vy, pht nguyn hay c mun thi s khng tr thnh mt v Pht.
Hi 6.8: Khi mt v Thanh Vn bc thng (pakatisvaka) hnh Ch-Qun ln n Tu Phn
Bit Nhn Duyn, hoc Sanh Dit Tu, hoc Hnh X Tu, v y s khng cn phi ti sanh vo
bn c o (a ngc, ng qu, sc sanh v Atula). Cho d v y c mt Ch-Qun do d dui th
thin nghip ca vic hnh Ch-Qun cng vn tn ti. Trong kinh "Sotnugata" cng ni rng
v y s t n Nit-bn nhanh chng[20]. Nh vy, ti sao trong phn Hi v p ngy hai
thng su va ri, Sayadaw c ni rng mt v B tt c mt c Pht th k ri, d v y
hnh thin Ch-Qun cho n Hnh X Tr, v y vn c th b ti sanh vo kh cnh[21]? iu
ny c cp trong Kinh no? Xin Sayadaw cho bit.
p 6.8: S d c iu ny l v con ng thc hnh ca B tt v con ng thc hnh ca v
Thanh vn thng khng ging nhau. Qu v c th xc chng iu ny trong cc bn Kinh Pi
minh st cc php ring bit (anupadadhamma vipassan - c bit php qun), trong cc tm
hnh c phn bit theo tun t tng php mt. Nhng khi t n Phi tng phi phi tng x,
Ngi ch c th phn bit cc tm hnh nh mt nhm. y gi l minh st do thm st theo
nhm (kalpa sammasana vipassan). Ch c c Pht mi c th phn bit cc tm hnh ca
Phi tng phi phi tng x theo tun t tng php mt bi v chng cc k vi t, ngay c mt
bc Thng th Thanh vn nh Tn gi X Li Pht cng khng th lm c.
Hi 6.11: Mt ngi km tr nh, mc bnh h gic, ri lon thn kinh, t qu hay ri lon
chc nng ca no b v thn kinh c th hnh loi thin ny c khng? Nu c, ngi y
cn phi thn trng nhng g?
p 6.11: Ngi nh vy vn c th hnh loi thin ny c, nhng thng khng thnh cng
v h khng th tp trung lu. Ni " lu" y c ngha rng khi s tp trung ca mt
ngi mnh m v vng chc, n phi c duy tr trong nhiu gi v trong nhiu thi ta thin
mi c. Thng th s tp trung ca nhng ngi mc bnh nh vy khng kin tr. y l
vn . Nu h c th duy tr s tp trung qua nhiu thi ta thin lin tc cng nh qua nhiu
ngy v nhiu thng th h c th thnh cng.
C mt in hnh ni bt l trng hp ca Pancr. Ngi chng, hai a con, cha m v anh
em ca b u cht cng mt ngy. Qu au kh, b pht in v b i lang thang khng o qun
che thn. Mt hm, b n cha Jetavana (K Vin Svatthi) gp lc c Pht ang ging
php. Do cng hnh cc ba-la-mt trong kip trc, cng vi lng t bi ca c Pht, b lng
nghe php vi lng tn knh. Ln hi, tm b yn tnh v hiu c ngha ca php. Chng bao
lu b tr thnh mt v Nhp Lu (Sotpanna). B xin php xut gia t khu ni v tip tc hnh
thin. Nh c th duy tr nh tm v pht trin minh st tr m mt ngy kia, tm thin ca b
chn mi. B tr thnh mt bc A-la-hn vi T Tu Phn Tch v cc nng lc thn thng. c
Pht xc nhn b l ngi tinh thng gii lut nht trong s cc t khu ni.
Cc ba-la-mt ca b c tu tp t thi gio php ca c Pht Padumuttara (Thng Lin
Hoa) cho n thi k gio php ca c Pht Kassapa (Ca Dip). Hi , b l cng cha con
ca vua Kik. B hnh phm hnh Komri trong sut hai mi ngn nm. "Komri
brahmaccariya" l gi ng gii, nhng thay v gii khng t dm, l phi gi s trong trng
hon ton, B trau di Tam hc gii, nh, tu khi cn l ngi ti gia trong sut hai mi
ngn nm nh vy. Cc ba-la-mt ca b chn mi trong thi k gio php ca c Pht Thch
Ca. Bi th, d in lon, b vn c th phc hi tm tr, hnh theo Tam hc v tr thnh mt v
A-la-hn.
Khi hnh thin, ngi nh vy cn phi c bc thin tri thc (kalynamimitta) gip . Bc thin
tr y c th l nhng v thy c phm cht o c hay bn ng phm hnh tt. Thuc men
v thc phm thch hp cng l nhng tr gip cn thit. T kinh nghim ring ca mnh, ti
thy hu ht nhng ngi nh h kh c th duy tr s tp trung, nn thng h khng thnh
cng.
Hi 6.12: Trng hp mt ngi khng c nhng quan h tnh cm tt p ca con ngi, nu
thnh cng trong vic c thin th c ci thin c s kho lo ca h trong giao tip vi mi
ngi khng? Liu vic c thin c th sa c nhng vn nh vy khng?
Knowledge Description). Hoc xem trong Vs.XVII "Pa Bhmi Niddesa" B653 ("M t v
t cho Tu sanh" N284
[2] Mahnidna Sutta (Kinh i Duyn, D.11.2); Nidna Vagga (Phm Nhn Duyn) S.11)
[3] y, thin s Pa-Auk ang ni v nng lc thin minh st, vn cho hnh gi kh nng thy
XVIII. "Pa Bhmi Niddesa" (M t t cho Tu sanh - Description of the Soil in which
Understanding Grows.)
[13] Xem "Mahnidna sutta" (Kinh i Duyn D11.2); "Nidna Vagga" S.11
[14] Trong trng hp ny, tng hi th (npnanimitta) vn khi ln nng theo hi th bnh
"t l nghip".
[19] Sammatta niyma: chnh tnh quyt nh.
[20] A.IV.IV.V.I "Sotnugata sutta"
[21] Xem li cu tr li 4.3.
[22] Ngoi tr cc thin chng v sc th hai v th t, khi hnh gi tp trung vo tm thuc
thin v sc i trc (khng phi l mt khi nim). Xem li phn "Bn thin v sc" trn.
[23] Xem li bit cch phn bit cc tin trnh tm.
[24] M.III "Anupada sutta" - Bt on Kinh.
[25] S.II "Kaccnagotta Sutta" v S.III "Channa Sutta".
-ooOoo-
BI PHP THOI 7
V trong "Khandha Sutta" (Kinh Un), Tng ng B III, c Pht gii thch "tt c" l: Qu
kh, hin ti v v lai; bn trong v bn ngoi; th v t; h lit v cao thng; xa v gn.
tu tp tu ny, trc tin hnh gi phi thit lp li t thin. Nu hnh gi thuc hng thun
qun tu tp thin t i th lp li nh cho n khi nh sng chi bng v mnh m. Trong c
hai trng hp, hnh gi ly "sc" k nh phm tr th nht. l hnh gi phn bit sc thc
ca mi mn trong su cn mn, thy ra s sanh dit ca n v bit l v thng (anicca).
Hnh gi cn phi lm iu ny bn trong v bn ngoi ri dn dn m rng tm tng ca
mnh t gn n xa cho ti v tr v bin.
Theo cng cch thc nh trn, hnh gi thy ra ci kh m ngi ta phi thng xuyn cm nhn
do s sanh v dit ca sc y v bit l kh (dukkha). Cui cng thy sc l rng khng,
khng c mt t ng thng hng no c v bit k nh v ng (anatta).
Phm tr k tip, hnh gi cn phi thy c v thng, kh v v ng trong l danh.
Trc tin, phn bit tt c danh su mn, l thy tm v cc tm s trong mi st-na tm
ca tng tin trnh thuc su cn mn v bhvaga (hu phn) - tm khi ln gia hai tin trnh
nhn thc. Hnh gi cng theo ng th thc lm vi sc vy.
Sau khi thy hai phm tr ny (tc thy danh v sc thuc su mn hin ti), hnh gi by
gi cn phi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca danh-sc trong sut kip ny, t thc ti sanh
(kit sanh thc) cho ti t tm. y cng vy, hnh gi thy ba c tnh, mi ln mt v lm i
lm li, lc bn trong v lc bn ngoi.
Tip theo, hnh gi cn thy c v thng, kh v v ng ca cc kip qu kh, hin ti v v
lai m hnh gi phn bit khi phn bit duyn khi. y cng vy, hnh gi thy ba c
tnh, mi ln mt (c tnh), bn trong v bn ngoi lun phin nhau trong tt c danh v sc
thuc qu kh, hin ti v v lai.
Sau , hnh gi cng cn phi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca mi trong mi hai chi phn
thuc duyn khi trong ba thi qu kh, hin ti v tng lai theo phng php th nht, mi ln
mt chi phn, lp i lp li, lc bn trong, lc bn ngoi nh trc.
giai on ny, hnh gi c th thy rng vic tu tp cc tu minh st cao hn ca mnh c
nhanh chng hn, i ht giai on ny n giai on khc cho ti khi chng c A-la-hn Thnh
qu. Nu khng, c mt vi cch luyn tp tng cng tu gic ca hnh gi.
Cch Tng Cng Tu Minh St.
Bn Mi Cch Tng.
Bi tp u tin l thy v thng, kh v v ng ca danh-sc, bn trong v bn ngoi, qu
kh, hin ti v tng lai theo bn mi cch tng khc nhau (cattrskra anupassan).
Trong ngn ng Pi, 40 cch tng ny u tn cng vi tip v ng "to", v th chng ta gi
nm na l 40 "to".
- Xc duyn th (7)
- Th duyn i (8)
- i duyn th (9)
- Th duyn hu (10)
- Hu duyn sanh (11)
- Sanh duyn lo, t , su, bi, kh thn, kh tm v tuyt vng (12).
thy s dit ca cc hnh theo nhn duyn A-la-hn Thnh qu v lc nhp V D Nitbn, hnh gi thy cc php duyn dit theo chiu thun tun t tng php mt v nhn ra
rng[15]:
- Cng vi s dit khng cn d tn ca v minh, cc hnh cng dit.
- Vi s dit ca cc hnh, thc dit.
- Vi s dit ca thc, danh-sc dit.
- Vi s dit ca danh-sc, lc nhp dit.
- Vi s dit ca lc nhp, xc dit.
- Vi s dit ca xc, th dit.
- Vi s dit ca th, i dit.
- Vi s dit ca ca i, th dit.
- Vi s dit ca th, hu dit.
- Vi s dit ca hu, sanh dit.
- Vi s dit ca sanh, gi, cht, su, bi, kh thn, kh tm v tuyt vng dit.
Chnh theo cch ny m mi hnh thc ca kh dit.
Nh trc, hnh gi thy c s sanh theo nhn duyn v theo st-na ln s dit theo nhn duyn
v theo st-na ca cc hnh. Hnh gi thy cc php duyn sanh v duyn dit theo chiu thun
tun t tng php mt, l:
1. V minh duyn cho cc hnh.
2. Vi s dit khng cn d tn ca v minh, cc hnh cng dit.
3. V minh l v thng, cc hnh cng v thng.
Hnh gi thy cc php duyn khi theo cng cch y, bn trong v bn ngoi, qu kh, hin
ti v v lai.
y l s gii thch ht sc tm tt v cch lm th no tu tp Tu Sanh v Dit ca cc hnh.
Khi tm thy Nit-bn, hnh gi kinh qua nm tu cn li cng vi s khi ln ca tin trnh tm
o (maggavthi). Nm tu l:
12. Tu Thun Th (Anulama a)
13. Tu Chuyn Tc (Gotrabh a)
14. Tu o (Magga a)
15. Tu Qu (Phala a)
16. Tu Phn Khn (Paccavekkhana a)
Tin trnh tm o qua nm tu cui cng ny sanh ln c by giai on:
1. Mt mn hng tm khi ln thy cc hnh k nh v thng, kh hoc v ng ty theo
cch Tu X Hnh khi nh th no.
2. Mt tc hnh tm (javana) u tin khi ln (lm "cng vic chun b" - Parikamma), thy
cc hnh theo cng cch y. N duy tr tnh tng tc ca tm[18].
3. Mt tc hnh tm th hai khi ln ("cn hnh" - upacra), cng thy cc hnh theo cng cch
y.
4. Mt tc hnh tm th ba khi ln ("thun th"" - anuloma), cng thy cc hnh theo cng
cch y.
Thc ra, ba tc hnh tm (chun b, cn hnh v thun th) ny l thnh phn ca tu th mi
hai - Tu Thun Th (anuloma a).
Thun (th) theo ci g? Theo nhng g n trc v theo nhng g s n sau. Tu ny thun
theo nhng phn s thy s thc trong tm tu minh st n trc (t Tu Qun S Sanh Dit
n Tu X Hnh), v n cng thun theo ba mi by php thuc tm o[19] d phn vo s
gic ng s n sau. Tu Thun Th l tu cui cng c cc hnh k nh i tng ca n.
5. Mt tc hnh tm th t khi ln c Nit-bn lm i tng. y l tu th mi ba l Tu
Chuyn Tc (Gotrabh a).
Mc d tm ny bit (v vi) Nit-bn, n vn khng hy dit cc phin no, nhim v ca n l
chuyn tm t phm tc sang thnh tc m thi.
6. Mt tc hnh tm th nm khi ln, c Nit-bn lm i tng. y l tu th mi bn, vn
tiu dit cc phin no thch ng - Tu o (Magga a).
7. Tc hnh tm th su v th by khi ln vi Nit-bn lm i tng. Chng l tu th mi
lm - Tu Qu (Phala a).
Phn Khn Tu (Paccavekkhana a)
a), tc chnh kin thuc Thnh o (magga sama dihi) mi hy dit hon ton t kin.
Nh vy, thc s chng ta c ba loi kin: t kin (micch dihi); chnh kin minh st
(vipassan samm dithi), cn gi l chnh kin hip th (lokiya samm dhi); chnh kin
Thnh o (magga samm dihi), cn gi l chnh kin siu th (lokuttara samm dihi).
Kinh Brahmajla Sutta (Kinh Phm Vng. D1) lun bn n c thy su mi hai t kin hin
hnh. Tt c t kin y u c sp di danh mc t kin v t ng, cn c gi l "thn
kin" (sakkya dihi). T thn (sakkya) l nm un nn thn kin tc l xem nm un nh l t
ng. Cng c nhiu loi chnh kin, nhng loi kin chn chnh nh vy c gi l chnh kin
v T Thnh (catusacca samm dithi):
- Chnh kin thin (jhna samm dihi): thin tr kt hp vi cc thin chi.
- Chnh kin phn bit danh-sc (nma-rpa pariggha samm dihi): tr (qun) danh-sc chn
.
- Chnh kin v nghip v nghip qu (kammassakat samm dihi): tr thuc v s phn bit
nhn duyn.
- Chnh kin minh st (vipassan samm dihi): minh st tr (qun) tnh cht v thng, kh v
v ng ca danh-sc v cc nhn ca chng.
- Chnh kin Thnh o (magga samm dihi): tr v Nit-bn.
- Chnh kin Thnh qu (phala samm dihi): tr v Nit-bn.
Hi 7.11: Ngi hnh thin nn hnh nh l tc (yoniso manasikra) nh th no trong i
sng hng ngy v trong lc hnh Ch-Qun (samatha vipassan) ca h?
p 7.11: Nh l tc hiu qu nht l minh st. Nu qu v hnh n mc minh st
(vipassan) ri, qu v s c nh l tc hiu qu nht. Nh vy, nu qu v hnh minh st trong
i sng hng ngy, minh st y s to ra nhng kt qu tt, nh o v qu thy Nit-bn. Cn
nu qu v khng th hnh n mc minh st c, qu v nn suy xt n s kin rng, cc
php hu vi l v thng (sabbe sakhra anicca). y cng l tc nh l nhng rt yu v
ch c tnh cch gin tip thi.
Qu v cng c th thc hnh bn phm tr (brahmavihra), c bit l x phm tr
(upekkhbrahmavihra). l loi tc nh l cao cp nht, bi v thc hnh x phm tr l
thy quy lut ca nghip ng theo tinh thn "sabbe satt kammassak" (tt c chng sinh u l
ch nhn ng ca nghip h lm). i khi qu v cng c th phn tnh n nhng hu qu ca
phi l tc . Phi l tc khin cho nhiu bt thin nghip tun t xy n. Nhng bt thin
nghip ny s to ra mun vn kh au trong bn c o (apya). Hiu c iu ny l nh l
tc . Qu v nn thc hnh nh vy thng xuyn trong i sng hng ngy ca mnh.
Hi 7.12: Th no l s khc nhau gia tc (manasikra) v thc hnh Tht Gic Chi
(bojjhanga)?
p 7.12: Khi qu v hnh Tht Gic Chi, tc thng ng u ba mi bn tm hnh. C khi
ba mi bn tm hnh cn c gi l minh st tr, v trong ba mi bn tm hnh y, tu
(pa) l yu t chnh vy.
hnh minh st gii v thnh cng. Chnh v loi tr v ngn nga nhng phin no ny m
qu v cn phi thy c minh st tr hoc tin trnh tm minh st t thn n cng l v thng,
kh v v ng.
Hi 7.16: Lm cch no vt qua trng thi tm khng thch v chn ngn trong sut nhng
giai on hnh thin lu di hoc mt mnh trong rng vng? Loi tm ny c phi l mt
php bt thin khng?
p 7.16: Trng thi tm ny gi l gii i (kosajja) v thng c xem l mt php bt thin
kt hp vi tham hoc sn v.v... Trng thi tm ny sanh khi l v phi l tc . Nu tc phi
nh l ca mt ngi c chuyn i v thay th bng nh l tc , ngi y c th thnh cng
trong thin.
vt qua trng thi tm ny hnh gi phi thnh thong nh li rng, thnh cng ca c B
tt Sakyamuni ca chng ta l do s kin tr ca Ngi. Hnh gi cng nn nh li nhng cu
chuyn v cc v A-la-hn phn u vi mun ngn kh khn nh th no thnh cng trong
thin php ca h, cui cng mi c qu v A-la-hn. Chng mt ai khng n lc li c th c
c thnh cng. c bit trong thin s kin tr l rt cn thit. Nh l tc cng rt quan
trng. Hnh gi phi c gng tc n tnh cht v thng, kh v v ng trong cc php hu vi.
Nu c nh th, mt ngy no hnh gi s thnh cng.
Hi 7.17: Xin thin s hoan h cho mt v d v mt nguyn c m khng i cng vi v minh,
i v th c khng?
p 7.17: Nu qu v hnh minh st khi ang thc hin nhng thin nghip v thy c tnh
cht v thng, kh v v ng ca cc thin nghip y th v minh, i v th khng khi sanh.
Cn nu qu v khng th hnh minh st (trong lc lm thin nghip) th hy pht nguyn nh
sau:
"Ida me pu Nbbnassa paccayo hotu."
(Cu mong phc bu ny hy l mt tr duyn cho s chng c Nit-bn)
Hi 7.18: Nu nm un l v ng vy th bch Ngi, ai l ngi ang thuyt php? Ni khc
hn, nu nm un l v ng, khng c Sayadaw (ch thin s Pa-Auk) l ngi ang thuyt
php. Nh vy, c mt tng quan nh th no gia nm un v t ng?
p 7.18: C hai loi s thc: s thc theo ch nh (sammuti sacca) v s thc theo chn
(paramattha sacca).
Qu v nn phn bit r rng gia hai loi s thc ny. theo s thc ch nh th c c Pht, c
Sayadaw, c cha, c m, v.v... Nhng theo s thc chn hay s thc cng tt th khng c c
Pht, khng c Sayadaw, khng c cha, khng c m, v.v... iu ny qu c th thy c nu
c minh st tr mnh. Nu qu v nhn vo c Pht vi minh st tr, qu v ch nhn thy
danh-sc chn , l ng un. Ng un hay danh-sc ny l v thng, kh v v ng. Khng
c mt t ng no c. Cng vy, nu qu v nhn vo ti hay vo mt ngi no vi minh st
tr, qu v ch thy danh-sc chn , nm un, m nhng php ny u l v thng, kh v v
ng. Ni cch khc, khng c c Pht, khng c Sayadaw, khng c cha, m v.v... Ch c nm
un v cc nhn ca chng, gi chung l cc hnh. Nh vy, cc hnh ny ang ni v cc hnh
khc, c khi v Nit-bn. Hon ton khng c ng. vy, chng ta ni v mi tng quan nh
th no y?
Chng hn, nu c ai hi qu v "sng th di hay ngn", qu v s tr li th no? Hoc nu
h hi "lng ra en hay trng", qu v tr li ra sao? Nu ci ng khng c thc, chng ta
khng th ni v s tng quan gia n v nm un c. Ngay c c Pht cng khng tr li
loi cu hi ny. V sao? Gi s qu v ni "sng th di", iu c ngha rng qu v chp
nhn th c sng. V nu qu v ni "sng th ngn", th cng c ngha tng t. Hoc nu qu
v ni "ra c lng en" hay "trng" th chng khc no qu v chp chn ra c lng! Cng vy,
nu c Pht ni nm un v t ng c lin quan, hay khng c lin quan, c ngha Ngi chp
nhn c mt t ng. l l do v sao c Pht khng tr li loi cu hi ny. V th, chng ti
mun ngh qu v c gng hnh thin cho n mc vipassan. Ch khi y qu v mi c th
loi tr t kin v t ng ny c.
Hi 7.19: c Pht dy cho cc v t khu "Thn Ch Rn" (Mantra). c Thn Ch y c
ging nh thin tm t khng? C phi nim ch l mt truyn thng ca B-la-mn du nhp
vo o Pht khng?
p 7.19: Thn ch l g? Th no l "Thn Ch Rn"? Chng ti khng bit cc thn ch c
phi c truyn vo t n Gio hay khng. Nhng trong Kinh in Thng Ta B
(Theravda) c mt bi Kinh Bo H (Paritta Sutta) gi l Khandha Paritta [30]. c Pht dy
Kinh Bo H ny cc v t khu c tng hng ngy. C mt iu lut (vinaya) quy nh rng
nu mt v T khu hay T khu Ni tr rng no m qun khng c Kinh Bo H ny t nht
mi ngy mt ln, v y xem nh phm mt ti.
C mt ln, vo thi c Pht, mt v t khu n ang tr trong rng th b mt con rn c cn
cht. Do s kin ny m c Pht dy bi Kinh Khandha Paritta. Mc ch ca Kinh Bo H
ny cng ging nh thin tm t vy. Trong Kinh a ra nhng cch khc nhau m rng lng
t n cc loi rn v rng khc nhau. Ngoi ra cng c mt li xc nhn v s thc lin quan
n Tam Bo v nhng n c ca Pht cng nh cc v A-la-hn. Chng ti s tng bi Kinh
Bo H ny ti hm nay. N rt c oai lc. Qu v c th gi l "Thn Ch Rn" cng c.
Ci tn khng quan trng lm. Qu v c th gi n bng bt c tn g mnh thch. C mt s v
s Min in dng Kinh Bo H ny tng cho nhng ngi b rn c cn rt c hiu qu.
Khi h tng Kinh Bo H ny nhiu ln v khi nn nhn ung nc c tng bi Kinh y, nc c
dn dn tan bin. Thng thng th h khi, nhng khng phi trng hp no cng c nh
vy. c Pht dy Kinh Bo H ny cc v t khu ngn nga cc loi rn c. Nu cc v
tng Kinh vi lng knh tin v m rng lng t n tt c chng sinh, k c cc loi rn, th s
khng gp him nguy. Nu cc v cn gi gii nghim tc na, th khng c s tai hi no c th
xy n vi h c.
-ooOoo-
[1] Vs. T1. XIV "Pa Kath" (Gii thch v Tu) v Vs. XX "Maggmagga adassana
- u no.
[5] Mi hai x v su loi thc tng ng ca chng: nhn thc, nh thc, t thc, thit thc,
thn thc v thc.
[6] S.III "Anattalakkhana Sutta"
[7] Ch gii "Kinh Gio Gii Xa-nc" (Channavda Sutta) gii thch rng "Ci ny khng phi
ca ti" l qun v thng; "Ci ny khng phi l ti" l qun kh; "Ci ny khng phi t ng
ca ti" l qun v ng.
[8] iu ny c ngha rng hnh gi phn bit c bn loi sc sanh khi do s h tr ca sc
do vt thc. Nguyn tc ny cng p dng cho s phn bit sc do nghip, do tm v do thi tit
sanh.
[9] Tm minh st minh st (qun) tin trnh mn: mt mn hng tm v by tc hnh, i
khi c hai tm thp di theo sau na. Trong mn hng tm c mi hai tm hnh, v trong mi
tc hnh tm c ba mi bn, ba mi ba hoc ba mi hai tm hnh. (Xem li bng 6)
[10] Vs.XX "Maggmagga adassana visuddhi Niddesa B.723 (M t v o Phi o Tri
Kin Thanh Tnh) N93.
[11] Trong mt vi trng hp, hnh gi bt u ch vi mt kip hin ti ny thi, k mi
[17] Cc hnh thuc nhn l cc php hay chi phn ca duyn khi: v minh, hnh, thc, danh-
sc, lc nhp, xc, th, i, th, hu. Cc hnh thuc qu l sc do nghip sanh, do tm sanh, do
thi tit sanh v do vt thc sanh v cc tm hnh thuc qu.
[18] Trong mt s trng hp, nu tu ca hnh gi cc mnh, tm ny s khng khi ln v nh
s chn mi trong kip hin ti v cho qu ti sanh trong i a ngc Avici (A-t) nh trng
hp ca c vua Ajtasattu.
[25] Xem cu tr li 7.7 v 7.9 bit r hn.
[26] Vs.xx. "Vipassanupakkilesa Kath" B.733.
[27] Tnh c gi l Ty Phng, Cc Lc Quc trong truyn thng Mahyna (i Tha),
ni y c c Pht gi l Pht A-Di- ang ch i nhng ai c ti sanh v nh nim
danh hiu ca ngi. Ni chung, mc ch ca truyn thng i Tha l vng sanh Tnh v ai
i n u s thnh Pht v h s i cu tt c chng sanh khp Ta-b th gii! Cn Tnh
m thin s Pa-Auk ni y (truyn thng Pht gio Theravda) ch nh mt biu trng
cho Nit-bn ph hp vi thnh chng theo i Tha, ch Ngi khng ni rng Nit-bn l
mt ni, hay khng mun dng bt k mt cch no so snh vi Ty Phng Tnh v.v...
Xem li phn ni v cnh gii siu th (lokuttarabhmi) cu tr li 3.12.
[28] Chi tit lin quan n iu ny xem "By cch qun danh" v "Lm th no tu tp Tu
BI PHP THOI 8
Hnh gi khng nn qun v tnh v thng ny. Chnh do qun tnh v thng (ca cc php)
m qu v khao kht cho bn thn mnh, cho con ci, cho gia nh, v.v... Nu bit c mi vt
u mang tnh v thng th trong sut cuc i, chng ta s c gng thot khi n. V th, qu
v khng nn qun li khch l ca c Pht: "Tt c cc hnh phi tan hoi, do , hy phn u
ch nn d dui!"
c Pht dy tip:
"Na cira Tathgatassa Parinibbna bhavissati.
Ito tinna msna accayena Tathgato parinibbyissati".
(Gi dit ca Nh Lai sp n,
Ba thng na, k t hm nay, Nh Lai s nhp i Nit-bn.)
iu c ngha l Ngi s dit hon ton. Qu thc l au bun khi nghe nhng li . c
Pht cng ni:
"Paripakko vayo mayha, paritta mama jvita."
(Tui ta gi qu gi, th mng ch cn ngn ngi.)
Ri Ngi m t tui gi ca Ngi cho Tn gi nanda:
"Ny nanda, Ta nay gi yu, vt qua nm thng,
Nm nay ta tm mi, tri qua cuc i.
Nh mt chic xe c k, ny nanda, c rng gi li vi nhau vi nhiu kh khn, thn ca
Nh Lai cng vy, ch khi c h tr mi tip tc tn ti.
l, ny nanda, ch khi Nh Lai khng tc n cc i tng bn ngoi, vi s dit tr mt
cm th, chng v tr V Tng Tm nh, [8] thn ta mi c thoi mi."
"Pahya vo gamissmi, kata me saraamattano."
(T bit cc ngi ta ra i, ch nng ta vo chnh mnh m thi.)
iu c ngha Ngi s nhp i Nit-bn v ri b tt c. Ngi to dng ni nng ta cho
chnh Ngi bng qu v A-la-hn.
"Do vy, ny nanda, hy l hn o cho chnh mnh, hy nng ta vo chnh mnh, ng tm
s nng ta bn ngoi; hy ly Php lm hn o, ly Php lm ni nng ta, ch tm s
nng ta no khc.
V ny nanda, mt v t khu l hn o cho chnh mnh, l ni nng ta cho chnh mnh,
khng tm ni nng ta bn ngoi, ly Php lm hn o, ly Php lm ni nng ta, khng
tm s nng ta no khc, l th no?"
Cu tr li ca c Pht nh sau:
[1] Th hnh (usankhr) theo Ch Gii biu th cho chnh tui th (yu), mt t c xc nhn
BI PHP THOI 9
c Pht tr li nh sau:
"Thc s l vy, ny nanda, thc s l vy! Khi mt ngi t, nh bc o s, m bit quy
y Tam Bo, ta ni rng khng d g cho ngi t y n p bc o s bng cch t lng
cung knh, ng dy tip nc, phc v v dng cng nhng nhu cu cn thit u.
Khi mt ngi t, nh bc o s, bit gi gii khng st sanh, khng trm cp, khng t
hnh trong cc dc, khng ni di, khng ung ru v cc cht say, l nhn sanh d dui. Ta
ni rng khng d g cho ngi t y n p bc o s bng cch t lng cung knh, ng
dy tip nc, phc v v dng cng nhng nhu cu cn thit u.
Khi mt ngi t, nh bc o s m c nim tin tuyt i ni c Pht, Gio php, ch Tng
v c gii c cc bc Thnh yu mn. Ta ni rng khng d g cho ngi t y n p bc
o s bng cch t lng cung knh, ng dy tip nc, phc v v dng cng nhng nhu cu
cn thit u.
Khi mt ngi t, nh bc o s m dt hoi nghi v Kh Thnh , v Tp Thnh , v
Dit Thnh , v o Thnh . Ta ni rng khng d g cho ngi t y n p bc o
s bng cch t lng cung knh, ng dy tip nc, phc v v dng cng nhng nhu cu cn
thit u."
Ngang y, chng ta th bn lun ngha c Pht mun ni.
Nu mt ngi t tu tri T Thnh qua s hng dn ca mt bc o s th minh st tr
v T Thnh ca v y c li nhiu hn so vi nhng hnh ng tn knh, cng dng t vt
dng n bc o s. Nu ngi y tu tri T Thnh qua Nhp Lu Thnh o tu v Nhp
Lu Thnh qu tu (Sotpatti magga phalaa) th minh st tr ny s gip h thot khi bn
c o (apya: a ngc, ng qu, sc sanh, a-tu-la). Kt qu ny thc l k diu. Nhng ngi
d dui trong vic thc hin nhng thin nghip thng phi lang thang trong bn ci c. Bn
a x y ging nh cn nh ca h (pamattassa ca nma cattro apy sakagehasadis)[3]. Ch
thnh thong h mi ving thm cc ci lnh. Nh vy, thot khi bn a x qu thc l c hi
qu gi, khng th no em so snh vi nhng vic tn knh, cng dng t vt dng cho bc
o s ca ngi t.
Li na, nu mt ngi t tu tri T Thnh qua Nht Lai Thnh o tu v Nht Lai
Thnh qu tu (Sakadgmi magga phalaa), ngi y s tr li ci ngi ny ch mt ln
na. Cn nu v y tu tri T Thnh qua Bt Lai Thnh o tu v Bt Lai Thnh qu tu
(Angmi magga phalaa), minh st tr ny s gip v y thot khi mi mt ci dc. V y
nht nh s ti sanh vo mt Phm Thin gii no v khng bao gi tr li ci dc ny. Lc
ca Phm Thin gii th thng hn dc lc rt nhiu. Trong ci Phm Thin khng c n ng,
khng c n b, khng c gia nh, v.v... khng c nh nhau, ci nhau, chng cn phi n
ung. Th mng ca h rt di. Khng ai c th ph hoi hnh phc ca h. H thot khi mi
him nguy, nhng vn phi chu tiu hoi, phi chu ti sanh tr li, nu h khng c A-la-hn.
Hn na, nu mt ngi t tu tri T Thnh qua A-la-hn Thnh o v A-la-hn Thnh
qu (Arahatta magga-phalaa), minh st tr ny s dn n s gii thot khi vng lun hi
ca v y. Sau khi Bt Nit-bn nht nh v y s khng cn kh, khng cn sinh, hoi, bnh, t,
v.v... na. V th, nhng li ch ny c gi tr hn nhng hnh ng cung knh v dng cng t
vt dng n bc o s ca ngi t. D cho h c cng dng t vt dng cao nh ni Tu
Di, s cng dng y cng khng tr mn n ca h, bi v thot khi lun hi, hay thot
khi sanh, lo, bnh, t gi tr hn rt nhiu.
Th no l T Thnh m ngi t tu tri?
1. Kh Thnh (dukkhasacca) y l nm un. Nu mt ngi t nng vo v o s tu
tri Kh Thnh , minh st tr ny c gi tr hn hnh ng tn knh, cng dng t vt dng
n bc o s.
2. Tp Thnh (samudayasacca) y l duyn khi. Nu mt ngi t nng vo v o
s tu tri Tp Thnh hay duyn khi, minh st tr ny c gi tr hn nhng hnh ng tn
trng, cng dng t vt dng n bc o s.
3. Dit Thnh (nidrodha sacca) y l Nit-bn. Nu mt t nng vo bc o s tu
tri Nit-bn, minh st tr ny gi tr hn nhng hnh ng tn trng, cng dng t vt dng n
bc o s.
4. o Thnh (magga sacca) y l Bt Thnh o. Ni cch khc, y l minh st tr
(vipassan a) v o tr (magga a). Nu mt ngi t c minh st tr v o tr do
nng mt v o s, nhng minh st tr ny c gi tr hn nhng hnh ng tn trng, cng
dng t vt dng n bc o s v nhng minh st tr ny a n s gii thot khi vng lun
hi, trong khi nhng hnh ng tn trng v cng dng t s khng th l nhn trc tip a
n s gii thot khi lun hi. Tuy nhin cng dng t s c th l mt nhn gin tip h tr
cho ngi ang hnh Ch-Qun t n Nit-bn c.
Nhng C Hi Khng Nn B L
y, mt ln na chng ti mun gii thch thm nm un l Thnh th nht, tc Kh
Thnh . Trong nm un c sc un v sc ny sanh khi nh nhng tng hp sc hay nhng
phn t rt nh. Khi phn tch, hnh gi thng thy rng chng c hai mi tm loi sc. Ngoi
Gio php ca c Pht, khng c bc o s no c th ni v nhng loi sc ny v lm th
no phn loi chng. Ch c c Pht v cc v t ca Ngi mi c th lm c iu .
Hn na, trong nm un cn c bn danh un. Ngoi kit sanh thc (tm tc sinh), tm hu phn
v tm t ra, cc hnh thuc v danh hay tm hnh ny khi ln u phi theo tin trnh tm.
c Pht dy ch xc c bao nhiu tm s phi hp vi mt tm trong mt st-na tm v Ngi
cn dy cch lm th no phn bit v phn loi chng na. Khng c mt bc o s no
ngoi c Pht c th ch r nhng tm hnh ny c bi v cc ngoi o s y khng thc s
liu tri. Song nu mt ngi t ca c Pht thc hnh chuyn cn v c h thng theo nhng
ch dn ca c Pht, h c th phn bit c cc tm hnh y mt cch r rng. y l mt c
hi khng g snh c cho hng t. Qu v khng nn l c hi ny.
Thm na, duyn khi l Thnh th hai hay Tp Thnh - Thnh v ngun gc ca
kh. c Pht cng dy cho hng t ca Ngi bit cch lm th no phn bit duyn khi.
Khi mt ngi t ca c Pht phn bit c duyn khi ng theo nhng ch dn ca Ngi,
h s tu tri mi tng quan gia nhn v qu. H s c c minh st tr bit r rng nhn qu
kh to ra qu hin ti v nhn hin ti to ra qu v lai. V y tu tri c rng trong ba giai
on qu kh, hin ti v v lai, hon ton khng c mt sng to ch no to ra qu v cng
khng c g khi ln m khng c nhn. Tr ny cng ch c c trong Gio php ca c Pht.
V th qu v khng nn b l c hi ny.
V li, khi mt ngi t phn bit duyn khi, v y thy c cc kip qu kh v cc kip
v lai. Nu phn bit vo nhiu kip qu kh, hnh gi c c minh st tr bit r loi bt thin
nghip no dn n ti sanh trong cc kh cnh v loi thin nghip no dn n ti sanh trong
cc ci lnh.
Tr hiu bit v ba mi mt ci v quy lut ca nghip ch c th tm thy trong Gio php ca
c Pht. Ngoi Gio php ca mt v Pht, khng ai c th bit c ba mi mt ci v quy
lut nghip bo vn to ra ti sanh trong mi ci y. Nh vy qu v cng khng nn b l c
hi ny.
Cn na, nu mt ngi t phn bit nhn qu trong cc kip v lai, v y cng thy c s
dit ca danh-sc. V y tu tri khi no th danh-sc ca mnh s dit. y l Thnh th ba Dit Thnh . Tr ny ch c th c c trong Gio php ca c Pht. V th hnh gi khng
nn b l c hi ny.
c Pht cng dy con ng i n trng thi dit , tc Thnh th t hay Ch-Qun
(samatha-vipassan). Ch-Qun c ngha l Bt Thnh o. Tr Phn Tch Danh-sc v Tr Phn
Bit Nhn Duyn l chnh kin. Tr (bit) v s dit ca danh-sc cng l chnh kin. S ch
tm vo T Thnh l chnh t duy. Chnh kin v chnh t duy y l minh st
(vipassan). Mun hnh minh st chng ta phi c nh ca thin ch (samatha), tc l chnh
tinh tn, chnh nim v chnh nh. Khi chng ta trau di ch qun, chng ta phi c thanh tnh
gii - chnh ng, chnh nghip v chnh mng. Trau di ch qun da trn gii, tc l trau di
Bt Chnh o v Bt Chnh o ny ch c th tm thy trong Gio php ca mt v Pht. Do
, qu v cng khng nn b l c hi ny. V sao? Minh st tr v T Thnh a n s
gii thot khi vng t sanh lun hi ca ngi t vy.
Mi bn loi cng dng theo c nhn
Nh cp, s gii thot ny vn c th c h tr bi nhng hnh ng b th hay cng
dng ca ngi t. Trong Kinh Phn Bit Cng Dng m u bi ging ny c cp
n, c Pht gii thch 14 loi cng dng theo c nhn hay i nhn th
(ptipuggalikadakkhia) nh sau:
"Ny nanda, c 14 loi i nhn th:
- Cng dng n mt v Pht. y l i nhn th th nht.
- Cng dng n mt v c Gic Pht (Paccekabuddha). y l i nhn th th hai.
- Cng dng n mt v A-la-hn. y l i nhn th th ba.
- Cng dng n mt v nhp vo o l da n s chng c A-la-hn Thnh qu. y l
i nhn th th t.
- Cng dng n mt v Bt Lai. y l i nhn th th nm.
- Cng dng n mt v nhp vo o l a n s chng c Bt Lai Thnh qu. y l
i nhn th th su.
- Cng dng n mt v Nht Lai. y l i nhn th th by.
- Cng dng n mt v nhp vo o l a n s chng c Nht Lai Thnh qu. y l
i nhn th th tm.
- Cng dng n mt v Nhp Lu. y l i nhn th th chn.
- Cng dng n mt v nhp vo o l a n s chng c Nhp Lu Thnh qu. y l
i nhn th th mi.
- Cng dng n mt v ngoi gio php (c Pht) ly tham i vi cc dc do chng thin.
y l i nhn th th mi mt.
- Cng dng n mt phm nhn c gii c. y l i nhn th th mi hai.
- Cng dng n mt phm nhn khng gii c. y l i nhn th th mi ba.
- B th n mt con vt. y l i nhn th th mi bn."
Sau , c Pht gii thch nhng li ch ca mi bn loi cng dng ny.
Do b th n mt con vt, vi tm trong sch, s b th ny c th c p tr li gp mt trm
ln.
iu c ngha l vic lm y c th to ra kt qu trong mt trm kip. y, "tm trong
sch" tc l b th khng mong i p tr nh mong s gip t ngi th nhn chng hn.
Ngi lm phc ch tch to thin nghip, vi c tin mnh ni quy lut ca nghip. Gi
s mt ngi cho ch n vi ngh: "v y l con ch ca ta" - khng phi l mt trng thi
tm trong sch. Nhng nu mt ngi b th thc n cho chim chc th s b th y l trong sch
v h khng mong i iu g ni nhng con chim c.iu ny cng p dng cho nhng
trng hp khc cp. Chng hn, nu mt ngi cng dng t vt dng ti v t khu vi
ngh rng s cng dng ny s em li may mn trong cng vic lm n ca mnh th
khng phi l cng dng vi tm trong sch. Loi cng dng nh vy khng to ra nhng li
ch th thng.
Ri c Pht gii thch thm:
Do b th vi tm trong sch n mt phm nhn khng gii c, s b th ny c th c p
tr li gp mt ngn ln.
Do cng dng vi tm trong sch n mt phm nhn gii c, s cng dng y c th c
p tr li mt trm ngn ln.
Do cng dng n mt ngi ngoi gio php ly tham i vi cc dc nh chng thin, s
cng dng y c th c p tr mt ngn vn ln.
Do cng dng n mt v nhp vo o l dn n s chng c Nhp Lu Thnh qu, kt
qu ca s cng dng y khng th tnh k, khng th o lng c.
Loi cng dng c thanh tnh bi ngi th nhn l khi mt ngi khng o c, tm
khng trong sch, y nhng tham m v sn hn v.v..., khng c c tin ni Quy lut nghip
bo, cng dng vt c c mt cch bt chnh cho mt ngi gii c. Ch gii cp n
mt ngi nh c. Ngi nh c ny sng gn ca sng Kalyani Sri Lanka (Tch Lan) ba
ln cng dng thc n n mt v Trng lo l bc A-la-hn. Vo lc sp cht, ngi nh c
y nh ti nhng ln cng dng ca mnh n v Trng lo. Do vy, nhng tng tt v mt
Thin gii xut hin trong tm ng. V th, trc khi cht ng ni vi thn quyn ca mnh
"Trng lo y cu ti". Sau , ng c ti sanh vo ci ch Thin. Trong trng hp ny,
ngi nh c l ngi khng o c v c tnh, nhng ngi th nhn l mt bc gii c. V
th, s cng dng ny c gi l thanh tnh nh ngi th nhn.
Loi cng dng khng c thanh tnh bi c th ch ln ngi th nhn l khi mt ngi
khng o c, tm khng trong sch, y nhng tham m v sn hn, khng c c tin ni
Quy lut nghip bo, cng dng vt c c mt cch bt chnh cho mt ngi khng o c.
Ch gii cp n trng hp mt ngi th sn. Khi ng ta cht, ng sanh vo cnh gii ng
qu. Lc v ng cng dng vt thc cho mt v t khu khng gii c hi hng phc
cho ng, ng qu ny khng th ni ln li "Sdhu" (lnh thay - t hoan h) c. Ti sao? Th
ch l mt ngi khng o c, khng c gii. V l v ca mt ngi th sn, b ta thng
ph vi chng khi ng git th. Hn na, vt cng dng ca b li c c mt cch bt chnh
do git th m ra. Tm b khng trong sch v nu trong sch v c hiu bit hn b khng i
sn cng vi chng. B khng c c tin ni nghip v qu ca nghip, v nu c b khng
lm vic st sanh. Trong khi ngi th nhn cng l ngi khng o c, c tnh nn s
cng dng y khng c thanh tnh bi c th ch ln ngi th nhn. B ta cng dng vt
thc nh vy ba ln v c ba ln u khng c kt qu. V th m ng qu (chng b) la ln:
"Mt k v o c ba ln n cp ti sn ca ti". Sau , b cng dng vt thc n mt v
t khu gii c, v ny lm cho s cng dng c thanh tnh. Ngay lc y, ng qu tht
ln li "Sdhu" v thot khi cnh kh.
( y, chng ti xin nhc li, nu qu v mun c c nhng kt qu tt p t vic cng
dng th nn hon tt bn iu kin sau:
- L ngi c gii c.
- Vt cng dng c c mt cch chn chnh.
- Tm trong sch, khng cu nhim.
- C c tin mnh ni nghip v qu ca nghip.
Thm na, nu l ngi th nhn, tm t bi ca qu v i vi th ch phi mnh. Ngoi ra,
qu v cn phi l ngi c gii c. Nu gii ca qu v c km theo bi thin v cc tu
minh st th iu cng tt hn na. V sao? Loi cng dng ny c th cho th ch nhng kt
qu to ln hn.)
By gi chng ta s xt n loi cng dng k tip, loi cng dng c thanh tnh bi th ch
ln ngi th nhn. Khi th ch hon tt bn iu kin k trn v ngi th nhn cng phi l
ngi gii c th theo li c Pht:
"Ny nanda, ta ni loi cng dng ny s a n qu sung mn."
Nhng c Nguyn Ca Th Ch
Nu nhng th ch mong i qu bo tt lnh trong ngy v lai, chc chn thin nghip ny s
p ng lng mong mun ca h. V sao? Trong Kinh Dnpapatti, c Pht c ni:
"Ijjhati bhikkhave slavato cetopaidhi visuddhatt"
(Ny ch t khu, c nguyn ca mt ngi c gii chc chn s c thnh tu nh gii hnh
trong sch.)
Nh vy, thin nghip ca mt ngi c gii c c th lm cho c nguyn ca ngi y tr
thnh hin thc.
- Nu mun tr thnh mt v Pht, ngi y c th tr thnh mt v Pht.
- Nu mun tr thnh mt v c Gic Pht, ngi c th tr thnh mt v c Gic Pht.
- Nu mun tr thnh mt v Thng Th Thanh Vn (Aggasvaka), ngi y c th tr thnh
mt v Thng Th Thanh Vn.
- Nu mun tr thnh mt v i Thanh Vn (Mahsvaka), ngi y c th tr thnh v i
Thanh Vn.
- Nu mun tr thnh mt v Thanh Vn thng (Pakatisvaka), ngi y c th tr thnh mt v
Thanh Vn thng.
Nhng iu ny ch xy ra khi cc ba-la-mt ca ngi y chn mi. c nguyn thi th cha
t n nhng loi gic ng y c.
Li na:
- Nu mun hnh phc nhn loi trong kip sau, ngi y c th t c hnh phc y trong ci
ngi.
- Nu mun i n ci ch Thin, ngi y c th i n ci ch Thin.
- Nu mun i n ci Phm Thin sau khi cht, thin nghip ny c th l mt tr duyn cho
ngi y i n ci ch Thin.
Bng cch no? Nu s cng dng ca ngi y hi nhng iu kin cp trc,
ngha l, trc, trong v sau khi cng dng, tm v y trn y hoan h, trong sch, khng cu
nhim, ng thi xem vt cng dng v ngi th nhn nh nhng i tng. y, ngi th
nhn tr thnh i tng hnh thin tm t. Tm t ca ngi y i vi ngi th nhn rt
mnh. Nu vo lc v y hnh thin tm t (mett bhvan) th thin s a v y n ci
Phm Thin sau khi cht. Nh vy, s cng dng ny l mt tr duyn cho v y i n ci
Phm Thin. Do , nu ngi th ch mun i n Phm Thin gii sau khi cht, h phi hnh
thin tm t cho n khi c thin (jhna). Cn nu h hnh v c thin tm t, li hoan h
cng dng vt thc th thin nghip y s l mt tr duyn th thng v mnh m cho h i n
ci Phm Thin. Cho nn, mun c c nhng thin qu trong tng lai, qu v nn hnh thin
tm t. Trong s ba loi lc: nhn lc, Thin lc v Phm Thin lc th Phm Thin lc l ti
thng. Khng c lc no trong tam gii cao thng hn lc ca ci Phm Thin. l lc th
thng nht trong 31 ci.
Chng t dc on tn.[10]
Bc tr chng Nit-bn
V nh ngn n tt.
Nh vy chnh Tng Bo
L chu bu th diu.
Mong vi s tht ny,
c sng chn hnh phc.)
( -- T khu Vin Minh dch)
Cu mong tt c chng sinh c an vui v hnh phc.
-ooOoo-
[1] Mt bi php c thuyt sau khi th ch cng dng, nh trong trng hp ny, gi theo
Pi l Anumodana php. "Anu" c ngha nhc i nhc li nhiu ln, "modana" ngha l hoan h.
Nh vy mt bi ging Anumodana l mt Ty H Php nhm nng cao tm ca nhng th ch,
lm tng thm thin nghip v phc bu cho vic lm ca h v khc ghi iu trong tm tr
h.
[2] MIII.iv.12
[3] Dh.A.I.i.I "Cakkhupalatthera" (Cu chuyn Trng lo Cakkhupala).
[4] Vi tm khng mong i, tham m, sn hn,...
[5] MA.III.iv.12 "Dakkhivibhanga Sutta".
[6] Yi-tung l ngi cha i Loan, ni thin s Pa-Auk Sadadaw c mi n dy thin cho
Tng ni v Pht t y.
[7] Ht ging ti sanh (chng t) y l v minh, tham i v nghip lc.
[8] Vesli l mt thnh ph lc ny ang b nn i, hn hn, d xoa c v nhng bnh dch nguy
Thin Php).
[10] Ht ging ti sanh (chng t) y l v minh, tham i v nghip lc.
-ooOoo