Module 13C

Module 13
Modern Navigation Systems

Terrestrial and Marine Navigation Systems
Module 13C
Crossing the Atlantic
525.445 Modern Navigation Systems
13C-1
Summary of Module 13
The simplification of the GPS and celestial algorithms to the 2dimensional case is presented. But first, a few catch-up slides are
included to elaborate further on concepts explored in earlier modules.
The sub-module concludes with a brief introduction to hyperbolic
radio-navigation systems. (13A)
The basics of practical terrestrial and marine navigation will be
introduced via a combination of slides, charts, and photographs that
illustrate various important features. (13B)
The module includes a photo-documentary of the voyage of a
commercial freighter from Bremerhaven, Germany to Newark,
New Jersey in 1978, pre-GPS. (13C)
Students will continue presenting their final projects.
13C-2
A cruise from Bremerhaven to Newark in

June 1978
The MS Roman Pazinski was a container ship with four
officers, about 30 sailors, and 8 paying passengers.
It was operated by Polish Ocean Lines. It has operated
under numerous names, but is no longer in service.
It was the subject of a lawsuit when it lost a container at
sea (like the one Robert Redford sailed into at the
beginning of the film All is Lost).
Only the officers and two of the other passengers
spoke English.
No signage on the ship was in English; Polish was
used throughout.
13C-3
The route
The ship started in Gdansk and traveled
through the Keil Canal to Bremerhaven,
where it stopped to take on cargo.
It went through the English Channel to
avoid hazardous waters.
In a winter crossing, it would have taken a
similar route, but much farther south in
order to avoid icebergs.
13C-4
Navigation
For open ocean, the ship seemed to navigate based on a
gyrocompass, autopilot, and wishful thinking.
o There was often no one on the bridge.
o GPS did not exist.
For littoral navigation, Loran-C seems to have been used.

For close-in navigation, buoys and visual landmarks were
used.
At New York, two harbor pilots boarded and took command of
the ship.
o The outer harbor pilot boarded outside the Verrezano Strait, and
the inner pilot shortly after crossing under the Verrezano Bridge.
A tug accompanied the ship and assisted with docking in the

turning basin at the Newark Container Terminal.
13C-5
The dress code

Enroute, the crew and officers dressed like
tourists, with appalling color combinations,
jeans, and footwear ranging from tennis shoes
to flip flops.
In U.S. waters, the captain wore a full-dress
uniform, and the harbor pilots business suits
Crew members wore safety shoes and
clothing suitable for wear while operating
cranes and unloading containers.
13C-6
Getting to Bremerhaven
Start at Cambridge, England
o Taxi to rail station
o Train to London
o Train to Harwich
o Ferry to Rotterdam
o Train to Bremen
o Train to Bremerhaven
o Taxi to container terminal
13C-7
Getting from Newark to Bethesda, MD

Taxi to Newark Airport from the container
terminal
Flight to DCA (now Reagan National)
Get picked up at the curb by parents
Drive home
To quote the late singer Harry Chapin,
It's got to be the going, not the getting there that's good
13C-8
Chart of the North Atlantic Ocean

The solid line shows the
approximate route taken
from Bremerhaven, Germany
to Newark, New Jersey in
a 5 day Atlantic crossing in
June 1978.
The vessel taken was the
container ship
MS Roman Pazinski,
operated by Polish Ocean Lines.
The circles on the east coast of
the U.S. might be Loran-C stations.
(TBD)
13C-9
Through the English Channel
13C-10
Gdansk to Keil to Bremerhaven
13C-11
The Keil Canal
13C-12
First view of the ship
13C-13
Quay-side
13C-14
Taking-on containers
13C-15
Bremerhaven Container Terminal
13C-16
View from the stateroom
13C-17
Cross-traffic
13C-18
North Sea oil rig
13C-19
Cross-channel hovercraft
13C-20
View from outside the bridge
13C-21
Weather at sea
13C-22
Beginning of rough seas
13C-23
Why people fly to and from Europe
13C-24
Twilight haze
13C-25
Why people dont fly to/from Europe
13C-26
The difference between pitch and roll
13C-27
More roll
13C-28
Several days of swells
13C-29
Period of a swell was about 30 seconds
13C-30
View from the Bridge
13C-31
Inside the bridge
13C-32
Sunset from the bridge
13C-33
Approaching the U.S. Note the pelorus on the

flying bridge
13C-34
Calm seas mid-ocean note how clear the air is
13C-35
Fog radar becomes essential for avoiding

collisions
13C-36
More fog
13C-37
View astern
13C-38
Rain squalls
13C-39
The captain, preparing for arrival in the U.S.
13C-40
The outer harbor pilot, arriving onboard
13C-41
Approaching New York Harbor note the smog in

1978
13C-42
Brooklyn, circa Saturday Night Fever
13C-43
Staten Island
13C-44
Arrival of the support tug and the inner

harbor pilot note the ladder
13C-45
Freighters now have armed guards to prevent this from happening in

the open seas, a problem first confronted by Thomas Jefferson
13C-46
Manhattan in smog, pre the Clean Air Act
13C-47
New York Harbor

Staten Island ferry
Statue of Liberty the World Trade Center
13C-48
Staten Island Ferry terminal
13C-49
Begin to follow buoys right on red return
13C-50
New Jersey
13C-51
Bayonne Bridge
13C-52
Tug escort under the railroad lift bridge
13C-53
It is customary to fly the flag of the host

country
13C-54
Approaching the turning basin with Newark

International Airport in the background
13C-55
Arrival at Newark
13C-56
The unloading process at Newark
13C-57
A Polish Ocean Lines sister ship
13C-58
Newark Liberty Airport
13C-59
A crew member on the bridge

Voice tube?
Chart room
Radar display
Circular window
insert
Helm, including
compass and
binnacle,
gyrocompass,
steering control ,
throttle, and
presumably a speed
indicator
13C-60
Assignment 13-3
1. Identify what the round forward-facing
window on the bridge of the freighter is
and what it does.
13C-61
End of Mod 13C
13C-62

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Module 13

Modern Navigation Systems

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

A cruise from Bremerhaven to Newark in

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

For littoral navigation, Loran-C seems to have been used.

A tug accompanied the ship and assisted with docking in the

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

The dress code

Getting from Newark to Bethesda, MD

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

Chart of the North Atlantic Ocean

Through the English Channel

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

Gdansk to Keil to Bremerhaven

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

The Keil Canal

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

First view of the ship

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

Bremerhaven Container Terminal

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

View from the stateroom

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

North Sea oil rig

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

View from outside the bridge

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

Beginning of rough seas

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

Why people fly to and from Europe

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

Why people dont fly to/from Europe

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

The difference between pitch and roll

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

Several days of swells

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

Period of a swell was about 30 seconds

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

View from the Bridge

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

Inside the bridge

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

Sunset from the bridge

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

Approaching the U.S. Note the pelorus on the

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

Calm seas mid-ocean note how clear the air is

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

Fog radar becomes essential for avoiding

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

525.445 Modern Navigation Systems

The captain, preparing for arrival in the U.S.