Service Manual

Type MAVS
Check Synchronising Relay

Service Manual
Type MAVS
Check Synchronising Relay

HANDLING OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

A person's normal movements can easily generate electrostatic potentials of several thousand volts.
Discharge of these voltages into semiconductor devices when handling electronic circuits can cause
serious damage, which often may not be immediately apparent but the reliability of the circuit will have
been reduced.
The electronic circuits of ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd products are completely safe from
electrostatic discharge when housed in the case. Do not expose them to the risk of damage by
withdrawing modules unnecessarily.
Each module incorporates the highest practicable protection for its semiconductor devices. However, if it
becomes necessary to withdraw a module, the following precautions should be taken to preserve the high
reliability and long life for which the equipment has been designed and manufactured.
1. Before removing a module, ensure that you are at the same electrostatic potential as the equipment
by touching the case.
2. Handle the module by its front-plate, frame, or edges of the printed circuit board.
Avoid touching the electronic components, printed circuit track or connectors.
3. Do not pass the module to any person without first ensuring that you are both at the same
electrostatic potential. Shaking hands achieves equipotential.
4. Place the module on an antistatic surface, or on a conducting surface which is at the same
potential as yourself.
5. Store or transport the module in a conductive bag.
More information on safe working procedures for all electronic equipment can be found in BS5783 and
IEC 60147-0F.
If you are making measurements on the internal electronic circuitry of an equipment in service, it is
preferable that you are earthed to the case with a conductive wrist strap.
Wrist straps should have a resistance to ground between 500k 10M ohms. If a wrist strap is not
available, you should maintain regular contact with the case to prevent the build up of static.
Instrumentation which may be used for making measurements should be earthed to the case whenever
possible.
ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd strongly recommends that detailed investigations on the electronic
circuitry, or modification work, should be carried out in a Special Handling Area such as described in
BS5783 or IEC 60147-0F.

TYPES

MAVS 01, MAVS 02, MAVS 03

CONTENTS
SAFETY SECTION

1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

SETTINGS
Phase angle setting
Dead Line/Live Bus (DL/LB) and Live Line/Dead Bus (LL/DB)
Timer settings
Undervoltage blocking setting (when fitted MAVS 01 only)
Differential voltage blocking (when fitted MAVS 02 only)
AC Auxiliary supply relays

9
9
9
10
10
11
11

2
2.1
2.2

INSTALLATION
General
Storage

11
11
12

3.
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.4
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.11
3.11.1
3.11.2
3.11.3

COMMISSIONING
Commissioning preliminaries
Electrostatic discharges (ESD)
Inspection
Wiring
Earthing
Insulation
Test equipment required (basic)
Preliminary relay settings
Applicable to all relays (MAVS 01, 02 and 03)
Applicable to MAVS 01 relay only
Applicable to MAVS 02 relay only
Preliminary preparation for relay secondary injection tests
Test on under-voltage blocking calibration (MAVS 01 only)
Differential voltage blocking (MAVS02 only)
Tests on DL/LB and LL/DB facilities auxiliary supply relay (all relays)
Slip frequency timer (ts) calibration tests
System checks
Auxiliary supply
VT phasing
External contact wiring/check inhibition

12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
15
15
17
17
17
17
18

4.

MAINTENANCE

21

5.
5.1
5.2

PROBLEM ANALYSIS
General
Procedure

21
21
21

6.

REPAIRS

24

7.

COMMISSIONING TEST RECORD

29

REPAIR FORM

31
4

SAFETY SECTION
This Safety Section should be read before commencing any work on the equipment.
Health and safety
The information in the Safety Section of the product documentation is intended to
ensure that products are properly installed and handled in order to maintain them in
a safe condition. It is assumed that everyone who will be associated with the
equipment will be familiar with the contents of the Safety Section.
Explanation of symbols and labels
The meaning of symbols and labels which may be used on the equipment or in the
product documentation, is given below.

Caution: refer to product documentation

Caution: risk of electric shock

Protective/safety *earth terminal

Functional *earth terminal.

Note: this symbol may also be used for a protective/
safety earth terminal if that terminal is part of a
terminal block or sub-assembly eg. power supply.

*Note: The term earth used throughout the product documentation is the direct
equivalent of the North American term ground.

Installing, Commissioning and Servicing

Equipment connections
Personnel undertaking installation, commissioning or servicing work on this
equipment should be aware of the correct working procedures to ensure safety.
The product documentation should be consulted before installing, commissioning or
servicing the equipment.
Terminals exposed during installation, commissioning and maintenance may present
a hazardous voltage unless the equipment is electrically isolated.
If there is unlocked access to the rear of the equipment, care should be taken by all
personnel to avoid electric shock or energy hazards.
Voltage and current connections should be made using insulated crimp terminations
to ensure that terminal block insulation requirements are maintained for safety. To
ensure that wires are correctly terminated, the correct crimp terminal and tool for the
wire size should be used.
5

Before energising the equipment it must be earthed using the protective earth
terminal, or the appropriate termination of the supply plug in the case of plug
connected equipment. Omitting or disconnecting the equipment earth may cause a
safety hazard.
The recommended minimum earth wire size is 2.5 mm2, unless otherwise stated in
the technical data section of the product documentation.
Before energising the equipment, the following should be checked:
Voltage rating and polarity;
CT circuit rating and integrity of connections;
Protective fuse rating;
Integrity of earth connection (where applicable)
Equipment operating conditions
The equipment should be operated within the specified electrical and environmental
limits.
Current transformer circuits
Do not open the secondary circuit of a live CT since the high voltage produced
may be lethal to personnel and could damage insulation.
External resistors
Where external resistors are fitted to relays, these may present a risk of electric shock
or burns, if touched.
Battery replacement
Where internal batteries are fitted they should be replaced with the recommended
type and be installed with the correct polarity, to avoid possible damage to the
equipment.
Insulation and dielectric strength testing
Insulation testing may leave capacitors charged up to a hazardous voltage. At the
end of each part of the test, the voltage should be gradually reduced to zero, to
discharge capacitors, before the test leads are disconnected.
Insertion of modules and pcb cards
These must not be inserted into or withdrawn from equipment whilst it is energised,
since this may result in damage.
Fibre optic communication
Where fibre optic communication devices are fitted, these should not be viewed
directly. Optical power meters should be used to determine the operation or signal
level of the device.

Older Products
Electrical adjustments
Equipments which require direct physical adjustments to their operating mechanism to
change current or voltage settings, should have the electrical power removed before
making the change, to avoid any risk of electric shock.
Mechanical adjustments
The electrical power to the relay contacts should be removed before checking any
mechanical settings, to avoid any risk of electric shock.
Draw out case relays
Removal of the cover on equipment incorporating electromechanical operating
elements, may expose hazardous live parts such as relay contacts.
Insertion and withdrawal of extender cards
When using an extender card, this should not be inserted or withdrawn from the
equipment whilst it is energised. This is to avoid possible shock or damage hazards.
Hazardous live voltages may be accessible on the extender card.
Insertion and withdrawal of heavy current test plugs
When using a heavy current test plug, CT shorting links must be in place before
insertion or removal, to avoid potentially lethal voltages.

Decommissioning and Disposal

Decommissioning: The auxiliary supply circuit in the relay may include capacitors
across the supply or to earth. To avoid electric shock or energy
hazards, after completely isolating the supplies to the relay
(both poles of any dc supply), the capacitors should be safely
discharged via the external terminals prior to decommissioning.
Disposal:

It is recommended that incineration and disposal to water

courses is avoided. The product should be disposed of in a safe
manner. Any products containing batteries should have them
removed before disposal, taking precautions to avoid short
circuits. Particular regulations within the country of operation,
may apply to the disposal of lithium batteries.

Technical Specifications
Protective fuse rating
The recommended maximum rating of the external protective fuse for this equipment
is 16A, Red Spot type or equivalent, unless otherwise stated in the technical data
section of the product documentation.
Insulation class: IEC 61010-1: 1990/A2: 1995
Class I
EN 61010-1: 1993/A2: 1995
Class I

This equipment requires a

protective (safety) earth
connection to ensure user
safety.

Installation
Category
(Overvoltage):

IEC 61010-1: 1990/A2: 1995

Category III
EN 61010-1: 1993/A2: 1995
Category III

Distribution level, fixed

installation. Equipment in
this category is qualification
tested at 5kV peak, 1.2/50s,
500, 0.5J, between all supply
circuits and earth and also
between independent circuits.

Environment:

IEC 61010-1: 1990/A2: 1995

Pollution degree 2
EN 61010-1: 1993/A2: 1995
Pollution degree 2

Compliance is demonstrated by
reference to generic safety
standards.

Product safety:

73/23/EEC

Compliance with the European

Commission Low Voltage
Directive.

EN 61010-1: 1993/A2: 1995

EN 60950: 1992/A11: 1997

Compliance is demonstrated
by reference to generic safety
standards.

Section 1.
1.1

SETTINGS

Phase angle setting

The phase angle setting is achieved via the top five slider switches in the upper left
hand box on the relay nameplate. The feature is marked:
= 5 +
indicating that the phase angle setting is a fixed 5 plus any combination of the five
slider switches, labelled 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, giving a setting range of 5 to
82.5 in 2.5 steps.
= 5 +

Example
0
0

<
>

2.5
5

0
0
0
IN

<
>
<

10
= 5 + 5 + 20 = 30
20
40
OUT DL/LB

The relay will reset at setting +0, 2 (or 5%), whichever is greater. It will operate
at typically 97% of the actual reset level.
1.2

Dead Line/Live Bus (DL/LB) and Live Line/Dead Bus (LL/DB)

These features are enabled by the three slider switches in the upper left hand box on
the relay nameplate. The features are marked:
DL/LB DEAD LINE/LIVE BUS
LL/DB LIVE LINE/DEAD BUS
These two features can be independently switched in or OUT. The switch marked:
Vn (Ph) or Vn (

which allows the customer to set these features to phase-to-phase operation Vn (Ph)
or phase-to-neutral Vn ( ) operation depending upon the application. (Note that if
Vn (Ph) is selected the relay must be connected to phase-to-phase volts, and if Vn ( )
is selected the relay must be connected to phase-to-neutral volts).
When either the DL/LB or LL/DB features are switched in and the relevant Vn (Ph) or
Vn ( ) setting is chosen, the line or bus is considered to be live above 40% of rated
voltage and dead below 15% of rated voltage.
Example

Vn (Ph)

>

Vn ( )

IN

>

OUT DL/LB

IN

<

OUT LL/DB

Settings indicate the live line/dead bus feature is operating in a phase-to-neutral

mode, applying the synchronism check signal for live bus and live line volts above
40% of phase-to-neutral volts (provided phase angle settings, etc, are not exceeded)
and allowing the relay to operate for dead bus volts below 15% of phase-to-neutral
volts, irrespective of the synchronism between the line and bus volts.

1.3

Timer settings
The timer setting is achieved using the slider switches in the lower left hand box on
the relay nameplate. The feature is marked:
t = s
indicating that the timer setting is the sum of settings on the slider switches marked
0.5s, 1s, 2s, 4s and 8s. The infinity setting is used when the phase comparison
feature is not required.
t = s

Example
0
0
0
0
0
0

<
<
>
<
>
<

8
4
2
1
0.5

t = 4 + 1 = 5 seconds

The timer has an accuracy of 5% or 50ms of setting whichever is greater.

1.4

Undervoltage blocking setting (when fitted MAVS 01 only)

The undervoltage blocking setting is achieved using the slider switches in the right
hand box on the relay nameplate. This feature is marked:
Vs = (77 + )% Vn
indicating that the undervoltage blocking setting is a fixed 77% of rated voltage plus
any combination of the five slider switches labelled as % of rated voltage 0.5, 1, 2,
4 and 8, giving a setting range of 77% to 92.5% in 0.5% steps. The rated voltage
can be phase-to-phase or phase-to-neutral and the bottom slider switch allows the
customer to select the appropriate rated voltage. (Note that if Vn(Ph) is selected the
relay must be connected to phase-to-phase volts, and if Vn ( ) is selected the relay
must be connected to phase-to-neutral volts.)
Vs = (77 + )% Vn

Example
0.5
1
2
4
8
Vn ( )

>
>
<
<
>
<

0
0
0
0
0
Vn (Ph)

Vs = (77 + 2 + 4)% Vn ( )

Settings indicate that the undervoltage block feature is set to 83% of phase-to-neutral
voltage.
The relay will block at setting 5% of setting. If undervoltage settings in excess of
90% of rating are considered, it is important to appreciate that the blocking will be
typically reset 2V above the actual blocking level for phase-neutral operation and 1V
above the actual blocking level for phase-phase operation. This parameter is
important if the system is expected to run nominally at less than rated voltage; the
under voltage blocking setting should be chosen to ensure that the blocking is reset
below the minimum operating voltage of the system.

10

1.5

Differential voltage blocking (when fitted MAVS 02 only)

The differential voltage blocking setting is achieved using the slider switches in the
right hand box on the relay nameplate. This feature is marked:
Vs = V% Vn
indicating that the differential voltage blocking setting is the sum of any combination
of the five slider switches, labelled as % of rated voltage 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8, giving a
setting range of 0% to 15.5% of rated voltage in 0.5% steps. The rated voltage can
be phase-to-phase or phase-to-neutral and the bottom slider switch allows the
customer to select the appropriate rated voltage. (Note that if Vn (Ph) is selected the
relay must be connected to phase-to-phase volts, and if Vn ( ) is selected the relay
must be connected to phase-to-neutral volts).
Vs = V% Vn

Example
0
0
0
0
0
Vn (Ph)

<
<
>
<
>
>

0.5
1
2
4
8
Vn ( )

Vs = (2 + 8)% Vn ( )

Settings indicate that the differential voltage blocking feature is set to 10% of phaseto-neutral voltage.
Over the setting range of 2% 10%, the relay will block at setting 2% of rating.
The 0.5% and 1.0% switch positions are designed to give the user a fine control over
the differential voltage settings, and it is not recommended that these lowest settings
are used in isolation. Resetting will occur within 2V (or 50%) of actual blocking
whichever is greater.
1.6

AC Auxiliary supply relays

When an ac auxiliary supply relay is driven from the VBUS or VLINE ac voltage inputs,
care must be taken in setting the relay. For example, if the ac auxiliary supply
voltage is taken from the VBUS ac input to the relay, it must be appreciated that the
live line/dead bus feature and undervoltage blocking feature (below 50V ac on the
VBUS volts) will not operate since they go outside the low voltage limit (50V ac) of the
ac auxiliary supply. Other features will operate as described in the publicity provided
the ac auxiliary supply remains within its operating range (50 140V ac).

Section 2
2.1

INSTALLATION

General
Protective relays, although generally of robust construction, require careful treatment
prior to installation and a wise selection of site. By observing a few simple rules the
possibility of premature failure is eliminated and a high degree of performance can
be expected.
The relays are either despatched individually or as part of a panel/rack mounted
assembly, in cartons specifically designed to protect them from damage.
Care must be taken when unpacking and installing the relays so that none of the
parts are damaged or their settings altered and they must at all times be handled by
skilled persons only.

11

Carefully examine the module and case to see that no damage has occurred during
transit. Check that the relay serial number on the module, case and cover are
identical and that the model number and rating information are correct.
Carefully remove any elastic bands/packing fitted for transportation purposes.
Relays which have been removed from their cases should not be left in situations
where they are exposed to dust or damp. This particularly applies to installations
which are being carried out at the same time as constructional work.
2.2

Storage
If relays are not installed immediately upon receipt they should be stored in a place
free from dust and moisture in their original cartons and where de-humidifier bags
have been included in the packing they should be retained. The action of the dehumidifier crystals will be impaired if the bag has been exposed to ambient
conditions and may be restored by gently heating the bag for about an hour, prior to
replacing it in the carton.
Dust which collects on a carton may, on subsequent unpacking, find its way into the
relay; In damp conditions the carton and packing may become impregnated with
moisture and the de-humidifying agent will lose its efficiency.
Storage temperature 25C to +70C

2.3

Site
The installation should be clean, dry and reasonably free from dust and excessive
vibration. The site should preferably be well illuminated to facilitate inspection.
An outline diagram is normally supplied showing panel cut-outs and hole centres.
For individually mounted relays these dimensions will also be found in the relevant
publication.
Publication R7012 is a parts catalogue and assembly instructions. This document will
be useful when individual relays are to be assembled as a composite rack or panel
mounted assembly.

Section 3.

COMMISSIONING

3.1

Commissioning preliminaries

3.1.1

Electrostatic discharges (ESD)

The relay uses components which are sensitive to electrostatic discharges. When
handling the module, care should be taken to avoid contact with components and
electrical connections. When removed from the case for storage, the module should
be placed in an electrically conducting anti-static bag. See full recommendations
inside front cover.

3.1.2

Inspection
Carefully examine the module and case to see that no damage has occurred during
transit. Check that the relay serial number on the module, case and cover are
identical, and that the model number and rating information are correct.

3.1.3

Wiring
Check that the external wiring is correct to the relevant relay diagram or scheme
diagram. The relay diagram number appears inside the case.

12

If test block type MMLG is provided, the connections should be checked to the
scheme diagram, particularly that the supply connections are to the live side of the
test block (coloured orange) and with terminals allocated with odd numbers (1, 3, 5,
7, etc). The auxiliary supply voltage to the scheme should be routed via test block
terminals 13 and 15.
3.1.4

Earthing
Ensure that the case earthing connection above the rear terminal block, is used to
connect the relay to a local earth bar.

3.1.5

Insulation
The relay, and its associated wiring, may be insulation tested between:

all electrically isolated circuits.

all circuits and earth.

An electronic or brushless insulation tester should be used, having dc voltage not

exceeding 1000V. Accessible terminals of the same circuit should first be strapped
together. Deliberate circuit earthing links, removed for the tests, subsequently must be
replaced.
3.2

Test equipment required (basic)

Two variable voltage ac supplies, one of which can be varied in phase angle
relationship relative to the other. e.g. Phase-shifter, transformer and variac
transformers - see Fig. 1 or three variac transformers - see Fig. 2
At least two multi-range voltmeters
Interval timer
2 pole ON-OFF switch (for timing purposes)
Phase angle indicator (volts to volts) or trigonometrical tables/electronic calculator.

3.3

Preliminary relay settings

The following initial settings are advised in order to restrict the inconvenience of the
inhibition circuits within the relay.

3.3.1

Applicable to all relays (MAVS 01, 02 and 03)

Phase Angle Setting (see Section 1.1) - set to the desired application requirement.
Dead Line/Live Bus (DL/LB, see Section 1.2) - set OUT
Live Line/Dead Bus (LL/DB, see Section 1.2) - set OUT
Vn(Ph)/Vn( ) - set for Ph-Ph or Ph-N connection as required in the application.
Timer setting (t = s) - set all switches to 0 (instantaneous setting)

3.3.2

Applicable to MAVS 01 relay only

Undervoltage Blocking, Vs = (77 + )% Vn : set all switches to the right ( = 0).
Vs is now equal to 77%.
Undervoltage Blocking, Vn( ) or Vn(Ph) : set to the Ph-Ph or Ph-N connection as
required in the application, and the same as that selected in 3.3.1 above.

3.3.3

Applicable to MAVS 02 relay only

Differential Voltage Blocking, Vs = V% Vn : set all switches to the right ( =15.5%)

13

Differential Voltage Blocking, Vn(Ph) or Vn( ) : set to the Ph-Ph or Ph-N connection as
required in the application and the same as that selected in 3.3.1 above.
3.4

Preliminary preparation for relay secondary injection tests

3.4.1

Isolate the wiring from the BUS and LINE VTs from the relay (using MMLG test
block, or other test facilities, if fitted).

3.4.2

Isolate as necessary and monitor the state of the relay output contacts.
Two changeover contacts are provided on each relay, wired to the relay case
terminals as follows
Contacts

RL1/1

RL1/2

Normally open
Normally closed

TMLS 1 & 3
TMLS 3 & 5

2&4
4&6

Check that with no LINE/BUS supplies to the relay, contact states are as above.
3.4.3

Connect the appropriate dc (or ac) auxiliary supply at relay rated voltage, to
terminals 13 (+ve) and 14 (ve) of the relay. The rated voltage is given on the relay
nameplate as a dual rating, e.g. Vx = 110/125V, followed by a dc or ac symbol.
Any voltage within the range may be accepted as the normal rated voltage.

3.5

Tests on phase angle calibration (MAVS 01, 02 & 03)

3.5.1

Connect the appropriate ac supplies from the terminal circuit (see Figs 1 or 2) to the
LINE VT and BUS VT INPUT terminals to the relay (terminals 27, 28 and 21, 22
respectively). The input circuits within the relay are isolated from each other, so
ensure the common point of the two test supplies are taken to both terminal 28 and
terminal 22.

3.5.2

Supply the voltages on 27 and 21 with the rated Ph-N or Ph-Ph voltage (as selected
on the relay, in section 3.3.1) of 63.5/110V (50Hz relay) or 69.3/120V (60Hz
relay). With these voltages IN-PHASE, (check no voltage exists between terminals 27
& 21), check that the output relay operates and the contacts change their state from
that above and the RELAY OPERATED LED indication is given.

3.5.3

Make the LINE VOLTS (terminal 27) lead the BUS VOLTS (terminal 21) until the relay
just resets. This should occur at the selected Relay Phase Angle Setting, with a
tolerance of +0 2 (or 0, 5%, whichever is the greater). A further tolerance of 2
should be allowed for site inaccuracies of phase angle measurement or calculation).
Reduce the phase angle difference until the relay just picks-up. The pick-up angle
should be within 10% of the reset angle.

3.5.4

Repeat 3.5.3 above for terminal 27 lagging terminal 21.

3.6

Test on under-voltage blocking calibration (MAVS 01 only)

3.6.1

Set the undervoltage selection switches to the desired setting, Vs.

Vs = (77 + )% Vn

3.6.2

With both supplies as in section 3.5 IN-PHASE, reduce the voltage on terminal 27
until the relay operated LED goes off. This should occur at 5% of the nominal
undervoltage level.
e.g. Undervoltage setting

(77 + 3)% = 80%

Ph-Ph selected, 80% of 110V

88V, tolerance 4.4V

Ph-N selected, 80% of 63.5V

50.8V, tolerance 2.54V

14

Note: instrumentation errors should, if necessary, be taken into account.

3.6.3

Increase the voltage until the relay just operates again. The measured voltage should
be within +2.5V of that measured in 3.6.2 above.

3.6.4

Repeat 3.6.2 and 3.6.3 for a reduction in terminal 21 voltage, with terminal 27
maintained at rated voltage Vn.

3.7

Differential voltage blocking (MAVS02 only)

3.7.1

Set the differential voltage blocking selection switches to the desired setting, Vs.
Vs = V% Vn.
Note:

The relay measures the difference of voltage magnitudes and it is irrelevant if

the voltage on terminal 27 is lowered or raised with respect to that on
terminal 21 (or vice versa).
The relay tolerance of 2%, expressed as a % of the rated voltage, is likely
to be more accurate than any instrumentation available on site. To help
overcome those difficulties, and the cumalative errors of two voltmeters, the
following method is recommended:

3.7.2

Set both supplies, as in Section 3.5 to the rated voltage (Ph-Ph or Ph-N, as selected).

3.7.3

Connect a voltmeter across terminals 27 and 21 and adjust the test circuit to give the
IN-PHASE condition (Note: zero volts obtained on voltmeter).

3.7.4

Reduce any one supply until the relay operated LED goes off. Note the differential
voltage on the voltmeter. This should correspond to the differential voltage setting
which is expressed on the relay as a percentage of the selected Ph-N or Ph-Ph rated
voltage, with a tolerance of 2% of rating.
e.g. Vs = V% Vn
See example in section 1.5
VS = (2 + 8)% VN = 10% VN
If Vn (Ph) selected:

V Difference

= 10% of 110V (or 120V if 60Hz relay)

= 11V with a tolerance of 2.2V (50Hz)
or 12V with a tolerance of 2.4V (60Hz)

If Vn ( ) selected:

V Difference

= 10% of 63.5V (or 69.3V if 60Hz relay)

= 6.35V, with a tolerance of 1.27V (50Hz)
or 6.93V, with a tolerance of 1.39V (60Hz)

3.7.5

Increase the lowered voltage until it operates again. This should occur before the
differential is reduced by more than 2.0V (or 50% of the actual differential,
measured in 3.7.4 above, whichever is the greater).

3.8

Tests on DL/LB and LL/DB facilities auxiliary supply relay (all relays)
(See Section 1.2 for basic facilities)
Set the switches to the application requirement and apply voltages to the LINE and
BUS voltage inputs according to the relevant table below for the selected switch
positions. Note that the relevant relay operation or no operation is given by noting
the relay operation LED indicator.
15

3.8.1

MAVS 01 and MAVS 02 only

DL/LB Switch
LL/DB Switch
Selected mode

In
Out
DL/LB

Out
In
LL/DB

Out
Out

No
No
No
No

No op
Operation
No op
Operation

No
No
No
No

op
op
op
op

No op
Operation
No op
Operation

No
No
No
No

op
op
op
op

No
No
No
No

op
op
op
op

In
Out
DL/LB

Out
In
LL/DB

Out
Out

Operation
No op
No op
No op

Operation
Operation
No op
Operation

Operation
No op
No op
No op

Operation
Operation
No op
Operation

Operation
No op
No op
No op

Operation
No op
No op
No op

Line volts
Bus volts
(Termls 27/28) (Termls 21/22)
Rated V
Ph-Ph or Ph-N

40%
15%
40%
15%

rated,
rated,
rated,
rated,

in-phase
in-phase
anti-phase
anti-phase

op
op
op
op

Bus volts
Line volts
(Termls 21/22) (Termls 27/28)
Rated V
Ph-Ph or Ph-N

40%
15%
40%
15%

rated,
rated,
rated,
rated,

in-phase
in-phase
anti-phase
anti-phase

See notes on table values, Section 3.8.3.

3.8.2

MAVS 03 only
DL/LB Switch
LL/DB Switch
Selected mode
Line volts
Bus volts
(Termls 27/28) (Termls 21/22)
Rated V
Ph-Ph or Ph-N

40%
15%
40%
15%

rated,
rated,
rated,
rated,

in-phase
in-phase
anti-phase
anti-phase

Bus volts
Line volts
(Termls 21/22) (Termls 27/28)
Rated V
Ph-Ph or Ph-N

40%
15%
40%
15%

rated,
rated,
rated,
rated,

in-phase
in-phase
anti-phase
anti-phase

See notes on table values, Section 3.8.3.

3.8.3

Notes on tables
Where:
50Hz relay

Rated V =
40% rated =
15% rated =

60Hz relay

Ph-Ph
Selected

Ph-N
Selected

Ph-Ph
Selected

Ph-N
Selected

110V
44V
16.5V

63.5V
25.4V
9.53V

120V
48V
18V

69.3V
27.7V
10.4V

16

and: In-phase
Anti-phase
3.9

0 phase shift (nominally), or any phase angle within

the relay operational limits

180 phase shift (nominally), or any phase angle

beyond the relay operational limits.

Slip frequency timer (ts) calibration tests

To minimise the risk of a possible late closure, it is common practice to set the slip
frequency timer setting, ts, to 10x the closure time of the breaker. In practice,
therefore, for a closure initiation at the latest possible time before the rotating vector
exceeds the relay phase angle setting, actual closure will take place at a maximum
phase angle of 1.2x the relays setting.
The maximum slip frequency for which the relay will operate is given by the
expression:
fslip = f1 f2 = 1 x (Hz),
ts

180

where either f1 or f2 is at the nominal operating

(50 or 60Hz) frequency

OR
fslip = 1 x x freference ,
ts

180

fnominal

where either f1 or f2, the system frequency, is at a

frequency other than nominal, but within the
operative frequency range of the relay.

relay setting angle

ts

slip frequency timer setting

freference

the reference frequency of either VBUS or VLINE (Hz)

fnominal

the nominal frequency of the relay (50 or 60Hz)

where:

3.9.1

With both voltages of the test circuit to the BUS and LINE relay inputs IN-PHASE
(or as defined in section 3.8.3 as nominally in-phase) and both at nominal voltages
(Ph-Ph or Ph-N), check that the relay operated LED is on.

3.9.2

Arrange a pole of a double pole on-off switch to isolate either one of two supplies to
the relay. Arrange the other pole to start an interval timer when the switch is closed.
Connect a contact of the output relay, RL1, to stop the timer when the relay operates.
(Contact terminals are given in Section 3.4.2).

3.9.3

Set the required time delay setting on the relay t = s (seconds) as given in
Section 1.3

3.9.4

With the switch open, check the relay operate LED is off. Close the switch and note
the relay operating time. This should be within 5% (or 50ms, whichever is the
greater) of the set operating time, ts.

3.10

Disconnection of test supplies

Remove all test supplies/test facilities and return the relay to its normal wired state.

3.11

System checks

3.11.1

Auxiliary supply
Check that the rated dc (or ac) auxiliary supply voltage appears on terminals 13 and
14 of the relay.

3.11.2

VT phasing
Correct phasing of the LINE and BUS VTs is essential. Adequate checks should be
carried out to ensure that designated secondary windings correspond to the
17

appropriate primary phases. Similar phase to phase (or phase to neutral) connections
must be chosen for the BUS and LINE VT inputs to the relay, with the lowest terminal
number in each case (terminals 21 and 27 respectively) being of the same sense.
This may be checked by the following methods, if practicable for the site application.
Generator synchronising check applications - where it is possible to isolate the BUS
section and associated VTs from the main system (i.e. DEAD BUS STATE):

select the LL/DB IN and DL/LB out switch position on the relay. With the
generator running and producing rated voltage, close the associated circuit
breaker to energise the BUS section. Check that rated voltage appears across
terminals 21 and 22 of the relay, and similarly across terminals 27 and 28.
Check that voltage between 21 and 27 is nominally zero, and that it is similarly
zero across terminals 22 and 28 of the relay. Check also that rated voltage
appears across 21 and 28 - if not it means that both VT secondary windings are
fully isolated from each other. If the latter is the case, the above voltage checks
should be repeated with a temporary link across terminals 22 and 28 to tie both
outputs. (Note: It is common UK practice to earth each group of VTs, or CTs, at
one point, therefore, both sets are effectively tied together)

revert the LL/DB and DL/LB switches to their required state if different from the
above.

Generator synchronising check applications - where it is not possible to obtain a

dead bus condition, but where it is possible to isolate the generator windings (by link
removal) from the associated VTs and circuit breaker:

select the DL/LB IN and LL/DB OUT switch position on the relay

remove the generator winding links and close the associated circuit breaker to
energise the generator VT section. Check the voltages between the relay
terminals as given in section (a) above

revert the LL/DB and DL/LB switches to their required state. Open the circuit
breaker and replace the winding links.

Auto or system reclose check applications where either the LINE, or the BUS may be
isolated to a DEAD state:

3.11.3

select the appropriate LL/DB or DL/LB setting on the relay. Close the associated
circuit breaker to energise both the LINE and the BUS from the single source

check the voltages between the relay terminal as given in section (a) above

revert the LL/DB and DL/LB switches to their required state.

External contact wiring/check inhibition

With the relay prevented from operating (temporarily isolate the auxiliary supply to
terminals 13 or 14 of the relay) and under safe closing conditions, check that the
relay does in fact inhibit circuit breaker closure.
Reinstate the auxiliary supply to the relay.

18

Relay
terminals

3 phase 440V
incoming
supply

21

Y
250V

V1

B
N

22

V3

N
Link incoming
neutral and
outgoing yellow
phase to
produce a
common voltage
reference

B
Y
R
3 phase 440/110V phase shifter
N
B
Y
R

27
110V
V2
28

Adjust V1 and V2 to the required relay rated voltage (dependent on relay terminals used) using the two
variacs.
To check that V1 and V2 are in phase, V3 should be zero when V1 = V2 both in voltage and phase
relationship.
This circuit can be used for all checks on a disconnected relay.

Figure 1 Phase shifter method

19

METHOD 1 Using 3 single variacs or 1 single and 2 ganged variacs

The In-Phase condition

At phase angle = relay angle

A
440V
3Ph
4 wire
supply

At max 120 angle of circuit.

A

A
VCOM.

VCOM.

N
C
B

C
V3

V1

V2

VCOM.

V3

V1

V3

V2

V1

V1

V2

V2

Vectors Formed:

B
V1

V1
V2

V1 Leads V2
V2

V1

V2

Method:
1) Reduce all variacs to min
Ph-Nvolts.
2) Increase A phase variac to
give relay rated volts on
V1 and V2.

V1 Leads V2
V2

V1

1) Calculate V3 at relay phase angle

with V1 and V2 at rated relay volts.
V3 = 2 x rated volts x sine 1/2 .
2) Set A phase variac to minimum.
3) Set B phase variac so
V1 = V3 (calculated).
4) Set C phase variac so V2 = V3
(= V1).
4) Increase A phase variac such that
V1 = V2 = relay rated volts.
The relay should now be at its
threshold of operation at .
Increasing A phase variac should
make the relay pick-up, decreasing
should make the relay reset.
5) Measure V1(= V2) for both pick-up
and reset. Calculate for each as
follows:
Sine 1/2 = 1/2 V3

Phase rotation of supply

V2

120

V1

As for relay angle for

any angle from 0 to 120.

V2
Note: Connect V1 to terminal 27 and V2 to terminal 21 (common to terminals 28 and 22) for V line
leads V bus.
Connect V1 to terminal 21 and V2 to terminal 27 (common to terminals 28 and 22) for V line
lags V bus.
METHOD 2

Using 1 variac rated at supply

voltage (60 phase shift)
COM

Using variac rated at supply

voltage (120 phase shift)
A

V2

For V1 leads V2 use

as shown.
For V1 lags V2 use
A-B volts for V2.

V1
C

METHOD 3

V1

V2

C
V1

V2

COM

V2

Disadvantage: Ph-Ph must be selected on relay.

Supply volts must equal relay rating.
V1 collapses to 0.866 V2 at 30 pos.

V1
For V1 lag V2 use
as shown.
For V1 leads V2 connect
variac A-C.

Disadvantage: Ph-N must be selected on relay.

Supply volts must equal relay rating.
V1 collapses to 0.5 V2 at 60 pos.

Figure 2 Phase-shift by Variacs

20

Section 4.

MAINTENANCE

Periodic maintenance is not necessary. However, periodic inspection and test is

recommended. The following tests, referred to in Section 3, Commissioning are
recommended.
Relay type
Description of test

Section ref.

Test equip. required

3.2.2

Prelim. relay settings

Prelim. preparation

3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.4

Phase angle calibration

3.5

Under-voltage blocking

3.6

Differential V. blocking
DL/LB, LL/DB facilities

3.7
3.8.1
3.8.2
3.8.3

Slip frequency timer

3.9

Disconnection of supplies

3.10

Section 5.
5.1

MAVS 01 MAVS 02 MAVS 03

PROBLEM ANALYSIS

General
The level of problem analysis provided here is restricted by the need to re-calibrate
the relay when a major printed circuit board or voltage transformer is replaced.
The recalibration procedure requires stable ac supplies with fine control and accurate
phase angle adjustment and measurement. Since these facilities are unlikely to be
available on site, it is recommended that the relay is returned to the factory if a
problem occurs.
In order to prevent the unnecessary return of a relay, the following procedure has
been produced to establish basic relay performance.

5.2

Procedure

5.2.1

The following procedure assumes the relay has been removed from the system and is
available for energisation on an isolated dc supply with two ac voltage supplies of
rated frequency available. (Note - where an ac auxiliary relay is concerned, a third
isolated voltage supply of rated voltage and frequency is required instead of the dc
supply. One of the ac voltage supplies already available may be used provided it
meets the power requirements of the relay and consideration is given to earthing
arrangements when auxiliary equipment is connected to the relay).

5.2.2

The relay settings should be as follows:

Phase angle = 45
Slip frequency timer ts = 0

21

Dead line/live bus DL/LB OUT

Live line/dead bus LL/DB OUT
Undervoltage blocking Vs = 85%

Ph-N
Ph-N (if fitted)

Differential voltage blocking Vs = 10% Ph-N (if fitted)

5.2.3

Apply rated dc volts to terminals 13(+) and 14().

5.2.4

Apply rated ac voltage at rated frequency to terminals 21 and 22.

5.2.5

Apply rated ac voltage at rated frequency to terminals 27 and 28. Ensure the two
voltage inputs are in-phase.

5.2.6

The LED should come ON and the output relay should pick-up. Check with a
multimeter or digital voltmeter, set to measure resistance, that the normally-open
contacts across terminals 1 and 3, and across terminals 2 and 4, are closed.

5.2.7

Change the timer setting (ts) to 10 seconds. Switch off one ac supply and then
re-apply it. The relay should operate after a time delay (approximately 10 seconds).

5.2.8

Set the timer to zero.

5.2.9

Reverse the connections to terminals 21 and 22. This will effectively provide two ac
voltages in direct anti-phase. The output relay should not operate and the LED should
remain OFF.
Low voltage level detectors (all versions):
Steps 5.2.10 to 5.2.14 establish operation of the dead line/live bus and live line/
dead bus features.

5.2.10

Switch IN the dead line/live bus (DL/LB) feature with phase-neutral operation
selected.

5.2.11

Reduce the ac input voltage to 10V across terminals 27, 28. The LED will come ON
and the output relay will operate.
Increase this voltage to 25V: the relay will reset and the LED will go OFF.

5.2.12

Switch OUT the DL/LB feature, and switch IN the live line/dead bus (LL/DB) feature
with phase-phase operation selected.

5.2.13

Return the ac voltage across terminals 27, 28 to rated phase-phase voltage. Reduce
the ac voltage across terminals 21, 22 to 16.5V. The relay will operate and the LED
will come ON.
Increase the ac voltage across 21, 22 to 44V, the relay will reset and the LED will go
OFF.

5.2.14

Switch OUT the LL/DB feature and return the voltage across 21, 22 to rated phaseneutral voltage.
For MAVS 01 Relays only:
Steps 5.2.15 to 5.2.18 give a basic check of the undervoltage blocking option
available on MAVS 01 only.

5.2.15

Repeat steps 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.2.5; the relay will operate and the LED will be ON.

5.2.16

Reduce the ac voltage across terminals 21, 22 to 52V for 50Hz relays (57V for
60Hz relays) and check that the relay is blocked and the LED OFF.

5.2.17

Increase the voltage across 21, 22 to 58V for 50Hz relays (64V for 60Hz relays)
and check that the relay is operated and the LED ON.

5.2.18

Return the ac voltage across terminals 21, 22 to rated phase-neutral voltage.

Repeat steps 2.18 and 2.19 for the ac voltage across terminals 27, 28.
22

For MAVS 02 Relays only:

Steps 5.2.19 to 5.2.23 give a basic check of the differential voltage blocking option
available on MAVS 02 only. Note the ac supplies must be stable when checking a
differential feature of this type.
5.2.19

Repeat steps 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.2.5; the relay will operate and the LED will be ON.

5.2.20

Reduce the ac voltage across terminals 21, 22 to 55V for 50Hz relays (60V for
60Hz relays). The relay will be blocked and the LED will go OFF.

5.2.21

Increase the voltage across 21, 22 to 62V for 50Hz relays (68V for 60Hz relays)
and check that the relay is operated and the LED ON.
Return the voltage to the rated phase-neutral value.

5.2.22

Increase the ac voltage across terminals 27, 28 to 72V for 50Hz relays (78V for
60Hz relays) and check that the relay is blocked and the LED OFF.

5.2.23

Reduce the voltage across 27, 28 to 65V for 50Hz relays (71V for 60Hz relays) and
check that the relay is operated and the LED ON.
Return the voltage to the rated phase-neutral value.

5.3

Replaceable parts

5.3.1

The only part of MAVS which can be replaced without recalibration is the small
printed circuit board ZG0907 containing heat sink mounted power transistor TR1
and resistor R1. This is fitted in the ventilated enclosure at the rear of the relay. The
following procedure will determine if a problem exists on this printed circuit board.
Access is required within the relay and it may be necessary to remove the fixing
screws to the main printed circuit board(s). (Note - PCB ZG0907 is not used on 30/
34V dc relays).

5.3.2

WARNING:

DANGEROUS DC VOLTAGES ARE PRESENT WITHIN THE RELAY AND IN

PARTICULAR ON THE REAR HEAT SINK MOUNTED TRANSISTOR TR1.

Whenever inspecting or disassembling the relay or adding/removing probes, ALL

SUPPLIES TO THE RELAY MUST BE REMOVED.
5.3.3

In order to prevent damage to the relay, if printed circuit boards have been taken off
their mountings, ensure they do not short to other parts of the relay. In particular, the
screening plates mounted between the main printed circuit boards and the relay case
are connected to 0V.

5.3.4

Inspect printed circuit boards for signs of damage, overheating, open-circuit wiring to
loop and bead connections, taking care not to stress any of the wiring joints.

5.3.5

If there are no obvious signs of damage, connect a digital voltmeter, set to read dc
volts, across loop and bead connectors 5(+) and 6() on printed circuit board
ZJ0055.

5.3.6

Apply rated auxiliary volts across terminals 13(+) and 14(). The digital voltmeter
should read rated auxiliary volts. If no voltage reading is obtained, remove the
auxiliary supply, and check the wiring:
Terminal 13 to loop & bead connector 5 (ZJ0055)
Terminal 14 to loop & bead connector 6 (ZJ0055)

5.3.7

Connect the digital voltmeter across loop and bead connectors J(+) and H() on
printed circuit board ZJ0055. The voltmeter should read a dc voltage just below the
input voltage on terminals 13 and 14. If no volts are measured, overheating should
be evident on printed circuit board ZJ0055.

23

5.3.8

Connect the digital voltmeter across loop and bead connectors L(+) and H() on
printed circuit board ZJ0055. A reading should be obtained as follows:
39V dc for 48/54V dc relay
47V dc for other auxiliary ratings.
If no volts are obtained, again evidence of overheating should be visible. If printed
circuit board ZJ0055 shows no such signs, printed circuit board ZG0907 is suspect.
Remove the auxiliary supply and check the wiring:
PCB ZJ0055

PCB ZG0907

Loop/bead connector J

to

Loop/bead connector C

Loop/bead connector K

to

Loop/bead connector B

Loop/bead connector L

to

Loop/bead connector E

Note that the components on ZG0907 are power components designed to dissipate
heat under normal operation. Any problem in this area is likely to cause overheating
which should be obvious.
5.3.9

If the operator is convinced of a problem on printed circuit board ZG0907, the

whole
rear-mounted assembly can be removed by:
(i)

removing the wires to loop and bead connectors J, K and L on printed circuit
board ZJ0055.

(ii) removing the four fixing screws to the black plastic rear mounting.
It is important to quote the serial number and model number of the relay if a
replacement part is required.

Section 6.

REPAIRS

Should the need arise for the equipment to be returned to ALSTOM T&D Protection &
Control Ltd for repair, then the form at the back of this manual should be completed
and sent with the equipment together with a copy of any commissioning test results.

24

Figure 3

Application Diagram: check synchronising relay with under voltage blocking Type MAVS 01

25

14

22

28

13

21

27

Module terminal block

viewed from rear

Case earth

22

21

28

27

Phase rotation

Long terminals.

4. R ext required for 220/250V dc only.

3. VT connections are typical only.

2. Earthing connections as shown are typical only.

Short terminals break before (c).

Vu

Vu

Undervoltage
detectors

CT shorting links make before (b) and (c) disconnect.

Case earth
(see Note 2)

Bus volts

Line volts

(c)

(b)

1. (a)

Notes:

=1

Vu

Vu

&

&

Block

LL/DB

DL/LB

Level detector

Undervoltage
detectors

Ref
RL1
2

Power
supply
circuits

RL1/2

RL1/1

14

13

Vx

Output
contacts

(See Note 4)

Rext

Figure 4 Application Diagram: check synchronising relay with differential voltage blocking
Type MAVS 02

26

14

22

28

13

21

27

Module terminal block

viewed from rear

Case earth

22

21

28

27

Phase rotation

4. R ext required for 220/250V dc only.

3. VT connections are typical only.

2. Earthing connections as shown are typical only.

Short terminals break before (c).

Long terminals.

Vu

Vu

=1

Differential voltage
detectors

Undervoltage
detectors

CT shorting links make before (b) and (c) disconnect.

Case earth
(see Note 2)

Bus volts

Line volts

(c)

(b)

1. (a)

Notes:

Ref

&

&

Block

LL/DB

DL/LB

Level detector

t
RL1
2

Power
supply
circuits

RL1/2

RL1/1

14

13

Vx

Output
contacts

(See Note 4)

Rext

Figure 5 Application Diagram: check synchronising relay Type MAVS 03

27

14

22

28

13

21

27

Module terminal block

viewed from rear

Case earth

22

21

28

27

Phase rotation

Long terminals.

4. R ext required for 220/250V dc only.

3. VT connections are typical only.

2. Earthing connections as shown are typical only.

Short terminals break before (c).

Vu

Vu

Undervoltage
detectors

CT shorting links make before (b) and (c) disconnect.

Case earth
(see Note 2)

Bus volts

Line volts

(c)

(b)

1. (a)

Notes:

=1
Ref

&

&

Block

LL/DB

DL/LB

Level detector

RL1
2

Power
supply
circuits

RL1/2

RL1/1

14

13

Vx

Output
contacts

(See Note 4)

Rext

28

Section 7.

COMMISSIONING TEST RECORD

Site

Location

Model No.

Diagram

Serial No.

Volts dc

Volts Ph

Hz

Volts N

Hz

Calibration of phase angle

Angular limits (degrees)
Phase angle
setting (degrees)

Lead
LED off

Lag
LED on

5
7.5
10
15
25
45
82.5
Slip frequency timer
Setting

Operating time (secs)

0
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
8.0
15.5
Infinity

Check >30 secs.

Dead line/live bus and live line/dead bus features

DL/LB

LED on Vn (E.F.)
LED off Vn (E.F.)
LED on Vn (Ph)
LED off Vn (Ph)

LL/DB

LED on Vn (E.F.)
LED off Vn (E.F.)
LED on Vn (Ph)
LED off Vn (Ph)
29

LED off

LED on

Undervoltage blocking (MAVS 01 only)

VB
Setting

LED off

VL
LED on

LED off

LED on

* Ph N 77%
Ph Ph 77.5%
78%
79%
81%
85%
92.5%

Voltage differential blocking (MAVS 02 only)

VB
Setting
* Ph N

LED off

VL
LED on

LED off

LED on

0.5%

Ph Ph
1.0%
2.0%
4.0%
8.0%
10.0%

* Delete as appropriate
_____________________________________
Commissioning Engineer

______________________________________
Customer Witness

_____________________________________
Date

______________________________________
Date
30

REPAIR FORM
Please complete this form and return it to ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd with the
equipment to be repaired. This form may also be used in the case of application queries.

ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd

St. Leonards Works
Stafford
ST17 4LX,
England
For:

After Sales Service Department

Customer Ref: ___________________________

Model No: __________________

Contract Ref:

___________________________

Serial No:

Date:

___________________________

1.

__________________

What parameters were in use at the time the fault occurred?

AC volts

_____________ Main VT/Test set

DC volts

_____________ Battery/Power supply

AC current

_____________ Main CT/Test set

Frequency

_____________

2.

Which type of test was being used? ____________________________________________

3.

Were all the external components fitted where required?

(Delete as appropriate.)

4.

List the relay settings being used

Yes/No

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5.

What did you expect to happen?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

continued overleaf

31

6.

What did happen?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

7.

8.

When did the fault occur?

Instant

Yes/No

Intermittent

Yes/No

Time delayed

Yes/No

(Delete as appropriate).

By how long?

___________

What indications if any did the relay show?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

9.

Was there any visual damage?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

10. Any other remarks which may be useful:

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________
Signature

_______________________________________
Title

______________________________________
Name (in capitals)

_______________________________________
Company name

32

33

34

35

A L S T O M T & D P r o t e c t i o n & C o n t r o l L t d St Leonards Works, Stafford, ST17 4LX England

Tel: 44 (0) 1785 223251 Fax: 44 (0) 1785 212232 Email: enquiries@pcs.alstom.co.uk Internet: www.gecalsthomgpc.co.uk
1998 ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd
Our policy is one of continuous product development and the right is reserved to supply equipment which may vary from that described.

Publication R8045E

Printed in England.