Analysis of Statically Determinate

Structures

! Idealized Structure
! Principle of Superposition
! Equations of Equilibrium
! Determinacy and Stability
! Beams
! Frames
! Gable Frames
! Application of the Equations of Equilibrium
! Analysis of Simple Diaphragm and Shear
Wall Systems Problems
1
Classification of Structures

• Support Connections

weld

stiffeners

weld
typical “pin-supported” typical “fixed-supported”
connection (metal) connection (metal)

typical “roller-supported” typical “fixed-supported”

connection (concrete) connection (concrete) 2
 pin support pin-connected joint fixed support

fixed-connected joint torsional spring support

torsional spring joint

P
P
A
B A B

L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2

actual beam idealized beam

3
Table 2-1 Supports for Coplanar Structures

Type of Idealized
Reaction Number of Unknowns
Connection Symbol

(1) One unknown. The reaction is a

θ Light θ θ
cable force that acts in the direction of
the cable or link.

(2)
rollers One unknown. The reaction is a
force that acts perpendicular to
the surface at the point of contact.
F
rockers

(3) One unknown. The reaction is a

force that acts perpendicular to
F the surface at the point of contact.

(4) One unknown. The reaction is a

force that acts perpendicular to
F the surface at the point of contact.
4
Type of Idealized
Reaction Number of Unknowns
Connection Symbol

(5) Fy
Fx Two unknowns. The reactions
are two force components.
Smooth pin or hinge

(6)
M Two unknowns. The reactions
slider F are a force and moment.

fixed-connected collar

(7)
Fy Three unknowns. The reactions
M
Fx are the moment and the two force
components.
fixed support
5
• Idealized Structure.

3m 3m
B B

F
4m F 4m

A A

actual structure idealized structure

6
 C

D girder
joist A
slab column
idealized framing plan

fixed-connected beam fixed-connected overhanging beam

idealize beam Idealized beam

7
idealized framing plan

idealized framing plan

8
• Tributary Loadings.

slab veihicle
stringer
slab
stringer
girder

girder
floor beam

floor beam
deck girder

pier

9
spandrel
beam
beam joist slab
2nd floor

joist
beam
supported slab

1st floor
foundation stairs
wall
landing
slab on grade column

basement
wall
footing
spread
footing

10
One-Way System.
4m

A B
A 1m
C 0.5 kN/m2
C 1m
B D
E
D 1m

F 1m
4m 2m E F
2m
idealized framing plan

1 kN 2 kN 1 kN
1 kN/m

C D F B

2 kN 2 kN 2m 2m
4m
idealized girder
idealized beam

11
 column
A
beam
girder

concrete slab is L2
reinforced in two
directions, poured A B
on plane forms L1
L1/2 C D
L1/2
L1
E F

Idealized framing plan

for one-way slab action
requires L2 / L1 ≥ 2

12
 Two-Way System. L2/L1 = 1
4m
A A B
1 kN/m
4m 0.5 kN/m2 45o 45o
2m
A B
C B 4m
2m 2m
4m
D C D idealized beam, all
idealized framing plan
L2/L1 = 1.0 < 2

6m
A B
1kN/m
1 kN/m
2m 45o 45o
4m
A B A C

C D 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
idealized framing plan idealized beam
13
Principle of Superposition

P = P1 + P 2

Two requirements must be imposed for the principle

of superposition to apply :
d
1. The material must behave in a linear-elastic
manner, so that Hooke’s law is valid, and therefore
=

P1 the load will be proportional to displacement.

σ = P/A
δ = PL/AE
d
2. The geometry of the structure must not
+ undergo significant change when the loads are
P2 applied, i.e., small displacement theory applies.
Large displacements will significantly change
and orientation of the loads. An example would
be a cantilevered thin rod subjected to a force at
d its end.
14
Equations of Equilibrium

ΣFx = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFz = 0

ΣMx = 0 ΣMy = 0 ΣMz = 0

V
M M
N N

internal loadings

15
Determinacy and Stability

• Determinacy

r = 3n, statically determinate

r > 3n, statically indeterminate

n = the total parts of structure members.

r = the total number of unknown reactive force and moment components

16
Example 2-1

Classify each of the beams shown below as statically determinate or statically

indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees of
indeterminacy. The beams are subjected to external loadings that are assumed to
be known and can act anywhere on the beams.

hinge

hinge

17
 SOLUTION

r = 3, n = 1, 3 = 3(1) Statically determinate

r = 5, n = 1, 5 - 3(1) = 2 Statically indeterminate to the second degree

hinge

r = 6, n = 2, 6 = 3(2) Statically determinate

r = 10, n = 3, 10 - 3(3) = 1 Statically indeterminate to the first degree

18
Example 2-2

Classify each of the pin-connected structures shown in figure below as statically

determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically are subjected to arbitrary
external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the
structures.

19
 SOLUTION

r = 7, n = 2, 7 - 3(2) = 1 Statically indeterminate to the first

degree

r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 3(3) Statically determinate

20
r = 10, n = 2, 10 - 6 = 4 Statically indeterminate to the fourth
degree

r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 3(3) Statically determinate

21
Example 2-3

Classify each of the frames shown in figure below as statically determinate or

statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees
of indeterminacy. The frames are subjected to external loadings that are assumed
to be known and can act anywhere on the frames.

B C

A D

22
 SOLUTION

B C

A D

r = 9, n = 2, 9 - 6 = 3 Statically indeterminate to the third degree

r = 15, n = 3, 15 - 9 = 6 Statically indeterminate to the sixth degree

23
• Stability

r < 3n, unstable

r > 3n, unstable if member reactions are concurrent

or parallel or some of the components form
a collapsible mechanism

Partial Constrains

P P

A
A
MA
FA

24
Improper Constraints

O O

A B C A B C

d FA d
FC
P P FB

P P
A B C A B C

FA FB FC

25
Example 2-4

Classify each of the structures in the figure below as stable or unstable. The
structures are subjected to arbitrary external loads that are assumed to be known.

B
A
A

hinge
A B
C
B
A
B D
A C
C

26
 SOLUTION

The member is stable since the reactions are non-concurrent and nonparallel.
It is also statically determinate.
hinge
A B
C

The compound beam is stable. It is also indeterminate to the second degree.

B
A C

The compound beam is unstable since the three reactions are all parallel.
27
 A

The member is unstable since the three reactions are concurrent at B.

B
A

D
C

The structure is unstable since r = 7, n = 3, so that, r < 3n, 7 < 9. Also, this can
be seen by inspection, since AB can move horizontally without restraint.
28
Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

Ay
D A
B Dx
Bx
Ax
P1
By Dy
P2 E
Dx
C
P1
By Ex
Ay
Bx Ey
Ax
P1 Ex
P2 Cx
P2 Cx

r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 3(3); statically determinate

29
 P1 P1 Ay
A
B Bx
Ax

By
P2 Bx
C

P1 P2 Cx
Ay

B Cy
Ax

P2 Cx

Cy
r = 6, n = 2, 6 = 3(2); statically determinate

30
Example 2-5

Determine the reactions on the beam shown.

150 kN
0.3 m 60o
A 70 kN•m
B
3m 1m 2m

31
 SOLUTION

265 kN
0.3 m 60o
A 70 kN•m
B
3m 1m 2m

265 sin 60o = 229.5 kN

Ax 0.3 m 265 cos 60o = 132.5 kN

Ay 3m 1 m By 70 kN•m

+ ΣF = 0: Ax - 132.5 = 0: Ax = 132.5 kN , →
x

+ ΣMA = 0: By(4) - (229.5)(3) + (132.5)(0.3) -70 = 0

By = 179.69 kN, ↑
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay - 229.5 + 179.69 = 0
Ay = 49.81 kN , ↑
32
Example 2-6

Determine the reactions on the beam shown.

15 kN/m
5 kN/m

A
12 m

33
 SOLUTION
(1/2)(12)(10) = 60 kN
15 kN/m
(5)(12) = 60 kN
5 kN/m 10 kN/m
5 kN/m
A Ax
12 m MA 12 m
Ay
4m
6m

+ ΣF = 0: Ax = 0
x

+ ΣFy = 0: Ay - 60 - 60 = 0
Ay = 120 kN , ↑

+ ΣMA = 0: MA - (60)(4) - (60)(6) = 0

MA = 600 kN•m

34
Example 2-7

Determine the reactions on the beam shown. Assume A is a pin and the support at
B is a roller (smooth surface).

7 kN/m 3m

A
4m 2m

35
SOLUTION B

7 kN/m 3m

A
4m 2m

28 kN 90o-56.3o = 33.7o
3m
NB
Ax tan-1(3/2) = 56.3o
Ay 2m
6m

+ ΣMA = 0: -28(2) + NBsin 33.7(6) + NBcos 33.7(3) = 0

NB = 9.61 kN
+ ΣF = 0: Ax - NBcos 33.7 = 0; Ax = 9.61cos 33.7 = 8 kN , →
x

+ ΣFy = 0: Ay - 28 + 9.61cos33.7 = 0
Ay = 22.67 kN , ↑ 36
Example 2-8

The compound beam in figure below is fixed at A. Determine the reactions at A,

B, and C. Assume that the connection at pin and C is a rooler.

6 kN/m
hinge 8 kN•m
A
B C
6m 4m

37
 SOLUTION
6 kN/m
hinge 8 kN•m
A
B C
6m 4m
36 kN

Ax 8 kN•m
Bx Bx
MA By By
Ay Cy
3m
6m

Member BC Member AB

+ ΣMB = 0: Cy(4) - 8 = 0 + ΣMA = 0: MA - 36(3) + 2(6) = 0

Cy = 2 kN , ↑ MA = 96 kN•m

+ ΣF = 0: Bx = 0 + ΣF = 0: Ax - B = 0 ; Ax = Bx = 0
x x

+ ΣFy = 0: Cy - By = 0; + ΣFy = 0: Ay - 36 + 2 = 0
By = Cy = 2 kN , ↑ Ay = 34 kN , ↑ 38
Example 2-9

The side girder shown in the photo supports the boat and deck. An idealized
model of this girder is shown in the figure below, where it can be assumed A is a
roller and B is a pin. Using a local code the anticipated deck loading transmitted
to the girder is 6 kN/m. Wind exerts a resultant horizontal force of 4 kN as
shown, and the mass of the boat that is supported by the girder is 23 Mg. The
boat’s mass center is at G. Determine the reactions at the supports.

1.6 m 1.8 m 2m

6 kN/m
4 kN
0.3 m C D
G A B
roller pin

39
 SOLUTION

1.6 m 1.8 m 2m

6 kN/m
4 kN
0.3 m C D + ΣF = 0:
G A B x
roller pin
4 - Bx = 0
Bx = 4 kN , ←

+ ΣMB = 0:
6(3.8) = 22.8 kN
22.8(1.9) -Ay(2) + 225.6(5.4)
1.9 m -4(0.3) = 0
4 kN Ay = 630.2 kN , ↑
0.3 m C D
Bx
G 2m + ΣFy = 0:
Ay By
-225.6 + 630.2 - 22.8 + By = 0
23(9.81) kN = 225.6 kN By = 382 kN , ↑
5.4 m
40
Example 2-10

Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pins A, B,

and C of the two-member frame shown in the figure below.

8 kN 3 kN/m
5
4 B
3 C
2m
2m
1.5 m

A
2m

41
 SOLUTION Member BC
8 kN 3 kN/m + ΣMC = 0:
5
4 B -By(2) +6(1) = 0
3 C By = 3 kN , ↑
2m
2m Member AB
1.5 m
+ ΣMA = 0:

A -8(2) - 3(2) +Bx(1.5) = 0

6 kN Bx = 14.7 kN , ←
2m
+ ΣF = 0:
x

Bx Cx Ax + (3/5)8 - 14.7 = 0
1m 1m
Ax = 9.87 kN , →
(4/5)8 By By Cy ΣFy = 0:
8 kN +
Bx Ay - (4/5)8 - 3 = 0
(3/5)8
Ay = 9.4 kN , ↑
1.5 m Member BC
+ ΣF = 0: Cx - Bx = 0; Cx = Bx = 14.7 kN , ←
Ax x

2m ΣFy = 0: 3 - 6 + Cx = 0 ; Cy = 3 kN , ↑
Ay + 42
Example 2-11-1

From the figure below, determine the horizontal and vertical components of
reaction at the pin connections A, B, and C of the supporting gable arch.

3m
15 kN
3m
A C

3m 3m

43
SOLUTION
B

3m
15 kN
3m
Ax A C
Cx
Ay Cy
3m 3m

Entire Frame

+ ΣMA = 0: C y (6) − 15(3) = 0

Cy = 7.5 kN , ↑

+ ΣFy = 0: Ay + 7.5 = 0

Ay = -7.5 kN , ↓

44
 B B
Bx 3.75 kN= Bx
3m 3m
By 7.5 kN = By
15 kN
3m 3m
Ax A C
Cx
7.5 kN
3m 7.5 kN
3m

Member AB Member BC

+ ΣMB = 0: 15(3) + Ax (6) + 7.5(3) = 0 + ΣF = 0: 3.75 − C x = 0

x

Ax = -11.25 kN , ← Cx = 3.75 kN
+ ΣF = 0: − 11.25 + 15 − Bx = 0
x

Bx = 3.75 kN , ←
+ ΣFy = 0: − 7.5 + By = 0

By = 7.5 kN 45
Example 2-11-2

The side of the building in the figure below is subjected to a wind loading that
creates a uniform normal pressure of 1.5 kPa on the windward side and a suction
pressure of 0.5 kPa on the leeward side. Determine the horizontal and vertical
components of reaction at the pin connections A, B, and C of the supporting gable
arch.

2m
2m
B

3m

3m
C
4m A
3m
4m 3m
wind

46
 SOLUTION
2m
2m
B

3m

3m
C
4m A
3m
4m 3m
wind

B
A uniform distributed load on the 6 kN/m
2 kN/m
windward side is 3m

(1.5 kN/m2)(4 m) = 6 kN/m

6 kN/m 2 kN/m 3m
A C
A uniform distributed load on the
leeward side is 3m 3m

(0.5 kN/m2)(4 m) = 2 kN/m 47

 25.46 sin 45 8.49 sin 45
25.46 kN B 8.49 kN
45o 45o
25.46 cos 45 8.49 cos 45
3m
18 kN 6 kN
Ax 1.5m
Cx
Ay
1.5 3m 1.5 Cy

Entire Frame
+ ΣMA = 0: -(18+6)(1.5) - (25.46+8.49)cos 45o(4.5) - (25.46 sin 45o)(1.5)
+ (8.49 sin 45o)(4.5) + Cy(6) = 0
Cy = 24.0 kN , ↑

+ ΣFy = 0: Ay - 25.46 sin 45o + 8.49 sin 45o 3 + 24 = 0

Ay = -12.0 kN

48
 25.46 sin 45
8.49 sin 45
25.46 kN
8.49 kN
Bx Bx
45o 1.5
25.46 cos 45 45o
By 8.49 cos 45
3 By
18 kN 6 kN
Ax 1.5
1.5 1.5 Cx
Ay= 12.0 kN Cy = 24.0 kN

Member AB
+ ΣMB = 0: (25.46 sin 45o)(1.5) + (25.46cos 45o)(1.5) + (18)(4.5) + Ax(6) + 12(3) = 0
Ax = -28.5 kN
+ ΣF = 0: -28.5 + 18 + 25.46 cos 45o - B = 0
x x
Bx = 7.5 kN , ←
+ ΣFy = 0: -12 - 25.46sin 45o + By = 0
By = 30.0 kN , ↑
Member CB
+ ΣF = 0: 7.5 + 8.49 cos 45o + 6 - Cx = 0
x
Cx = 19.50 kN , ← 49
Analysis of Simple Diaphragm and shear Wall Systems

A B
B
A
A
B
B A
F
F/8
F/8
phragm
of dia F/8
ro F/8
F/2
F/8
F/8 F/8 F/8

A A
A A
F/8
F/8 F/8 F/8

F/8
F/8 F/8
floor diaphragm
F/8
F/2 50
roof diaphragm

A F/16
C B F/16
D C A
phragm
dia
D B
second floor roof F/16
Wind F F/4 F/16
diaphragm F/16
shear walls A F/16
F/16 F/16 3F/16 F/16
2 st floor
3F/16
F/16
3F/16
F/2
3F/16 3F/16
B
3F/16 3F/16
F/4 3F/16
3F/16 1 st floor
F/4
3F/16
F/4
F/4
F/4

51
Example 2-12

Assume the wind loading acting on one side of a two-story building is as shown
in the figure below. If shear walls are located at each of the corners as shown and
flanked by columns, determine the shear in each panel located between the floors
and the shear along the columns.

30 m 20 m

4m
A
C 4m
B
1.2 kPa D C A
D B
3m
3m
0.8 kPa

52
 SOLUTION
30 m 20 m
12 kN
4m 12 kN
A
phragm
C 4m dia
1.2 kPa C A
B roof 12 kN
D FR2 /2 F/8 = 12 kN
D B = 48 kN 12 kN
3m A
3m 12 kN
FR2 32 kN 12 kN
0.8 kPa 12 kN 2 floor
s t
FR1 32 kN
12 kN
32 kN

FR1 = 0.8(103) N/m2 (20 m)(4 m) = 64 kN 32 + 48 kN 32 kN 32 kN

FR1 /2 = 32 B
32 kN 32 kN
FR2 = 1.2(103) N/m2 (20 m)(4 m) = 96 kN
40 kN 32 kN
32 kN 1 st floor
FR2 /2 = 48 40 kN
32 kN
40 kN
FR1 /2
= 32 kN 40 kN

53
 12 kN
Fv Fv 4m + ΣM = 0:

12 kN Fv(3) - 12(4) = 0
Fv = 16 kN
3m

32 kN
+ ΣM = 0:
F´v F´v 4m
F´v(3) - 32(4) = 0
32 kN F´v = 42.7 kN

3m

54