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LEGAL TECHNIQUE & LOGIC

R.Q.Aquino
Readings:
Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, Cengage Learning. (Ch 1-7;9)
Ruggero J. Aldisert et al, Logic for Law Students.
I. INTRODUCTION
A. History of Logic
B. Civil Law vs. Common Law Tradition
C . Legal Reasoning
I I . INFORMAL LOGIC
A. Basic Concepts
1.
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10.

What is Logic?
Arguments,Premises, and Conclusions .
Recognizing Arguments.
Simple Noninferential Passages.
Expository Passages.
Explanations.
Conditional Statements
Deduction and Induction.
Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency.
Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity.
Counterexample Method.
11. Extended Arguments.
B. L anguage
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Varieties of Meaning
The Intension and Extension of Terms
D e f i n i t i o ns and Their Purpose
Definitional Techniques.
Extensional (Denotative) Definitions.
Intensional (Connotative) Definitions.
16. Criteria for Lexical Definitions.
C. Informal Fallacies.
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Fallacies in General.
Formal Fallacy
Informal Fallacies
Fallacies in Ordinary Language.
Detecting Fallacies.
Avoiding Fallacies.

I I. FORMAL LOGIC
A. Categorical Propositions

23. The Components of Categorical Propositions.


24. Quality, Quantity, and Distribution.
25. Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition.
Testing Immediate Inferences.
26. Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition.
27. The Traditional Square of Opposition.
Testing Immediate Inferences.
28. Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint.
Testing Immediate Inferences.
29. Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form.
B. Categorical Syllogisms
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Standard Form, Mood, and Figure.


Venn Diagrams.
Rules and Fallacies.
Reducing the Number of Terms.
Ordinary Language Arguments.
Enthymemes.
Sorites

C. Propositional Logic (Symbolic Logic)


37. Symbols and Translation.
38. Truth Functions.
Definitions of the Logical Operators.
Computing the Truth Value of Longer Propositions.
Further Comparison with Ordinary Language.
39. Truth Tables for Propositions.
Classifying Statements.
Comparing Statements.
40. Truth Tables for Arguments.
41. Indirect Truth Tables.
Testing Arguments for Validity.
Testing Statements for Consistency.
42. Argument Forms and Fallacies.
Common Argument Forms.
Refuting Constructive and Destructive Dilemmas.
D. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
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Rules of Implication I.
Rules of Implication II.
Rules of Replacement I.
Rules of Replacement II.
Conditional Proof.
Indirect Proof.
Proving Logical Truths.

III. INDUCTIVE REASONING


B. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
50. Analogical Reasoning.

51. Legal Reasoning.


52. Moral Reasoning.

B. Causality and Mills Methods.


53. "Cause"and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions.
54. Mill's Five Methods.
55. Mills Methods and Science.
C. Probability.
56. Theories of Probability.
57. The Probability Calculus

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