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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel
Carbon steel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
1 Type
1.1 Mild and low-carbon steel
1.2 Higher-carbon steels
2 Types
2.1 Low-carbon steel
2.2 Medium-carbon steel
2.3 High-carbon steel
2.4 Ultra-high-carbon steel
3 Heat treatment
4 Case hardening
5 Forging temperature of steel
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
Type
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Higher-carbon steels
Carbon steels which can successfully undergo heat-treatment have a carbon
content in the range of 0.301.70% by weight. Trace impurities of various other
elements can have a signicant eect on the quality of the resulting steel.
Trace amounts of sulfur in particular make the steel red-short, that is, brittle
and crumbly at working temperatures. Low-alloy carbon steel, such as A36
grade, contains about 0.05% sulfur and melts around 1,4261,538C
(2,5992,800F).[8] Manganese is often added to improve the hardenability of
low-carbon steels. These additions turn the material into a low-alloy steel by
some denitions, but AISI's denition of carbon steel allows up to 1.65%
manganese by weight.
Types
Carbon steel is broken down into four classes based on carbon content:
Low-carbon steel
Up to 0.3% carbon content.[1]
Medium-carbon steel
Approximately 0.30.6% carbon content.[1] Balances ductility and strength and
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has good wear resistance; used for large parts, forging and automotive
components.[9][10]
High-carbon steel
Approximately 0.61.0% carbon content.[1] Very strong, used for springs,
swords and high-strength wires.[11]
Ultra-high-carbon steel
Approximately 1.252.0% carbon content.[1] Steels that can be tempered to
great hardness. Used for special purposes like (non-industrial-purpose) knives,
axles or punches. Most steels with more than 2.5% carbon content are made
using powder metallurgy.
Heat treatment
The purpose of heat treating carbon steel is to
change the mechanical properties of steel,
usually ductility, hardness, yield strength, or
impact resistance. Note that the electrical and
thermal conductivity are only slightly altered.
As with most strengthening techniques for steel,
Young's modulus (elasticity) is unaected. All
treatments of steel trade ductility for increased
strength and vice versa. Iron has a higher
solubility for carbon in the austenite phase;
therefore all heat treatments, except
Iron-carbon phase diagram,
spheroidizing and process annealing, start by
showing the temperature and
heating the steel to a temperature at which the
carbon ranges for certain
austenitic phase can exist. The steel is then
types of heat treatments.
quenched (heat drawn out) at a high rate
causing cementite to precipitate and nally the
remaining pure iron to solidify. The rate at which the steel is cooled through
the eutectoid temperature aects the rate at which carbon diuses out of
austenite and forms cementite. Generally speaking, cooling swiftly will leave
iron carbide nely dispersed and produce a ne grained pearlite (until the
martensite critical temperature is reached) and cooling slowly will give a
coarser pearlite. Cooling a hypoeutectoid steel (less than 0.77 wt% C) results
in a lamellar-pearlitic structure of iron carbide layers with -ferrite (pure iron)
between. If it is hypereutectoid steel (more than 0.77 wt% C) then the
structure is full pearlite with small grains (larger than the pearlite lamella) of
cementite scattered throughout. The relative amounts of constituents are
found using the lever rule. The following is a list of the types of heat
treatments possible:
Spheroidizing: Spheroidite forms when carbon steel is heated to
approximately 700C for over 30 hours. Spheroidite can form at lower
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Case hardening
Case hardening processes harden only the exterior of the steel part, creating a
hard, wear resistant skin (the "case") but preserving a tough and ductile
interior. Carbon steels are not very hardenable; therefore thick pieces cannot
be through-hardened. Alloy steels have a better hardenability, so they can
through-harden and do not require case hardening. This property of carbon
steel can be benecial, because it gives the surface good wear characteristics
but leaves the core tough.
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Steel Type
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel
Maximum forging
temperature (F / C)
Burning temperature
(F / C)
1.5% carbon
1920 / 1049
2080 / 1140
1.1% carbon
1980 / 1082
2140 / 1171
0.9% carbon
2050 / 1121
2230 / 1221
0.5% carbon
2280 / 1249
2460 / 1349
0.2% carbon
2410 / 1321
2680 / 1471
2280 / 1249
2500 / 1371
3.0% nickelchromium
2280 / 1249
steel
2500 / 1371
2320 / 1271
2640 / 1449
Chromiumvanadium
steel
2280 / 1249
2460 / 1349
High-speed steel
2370 / 1299
2520 / 1385
Stainless steel
2340 / 1282
2520 / 1385
Austenitic chromium
nickel steel
2370 / 1299
2590 / 1420
Silico-manganese
spring steel
2280 / 1249
2460 / 1350
See also
Cold working
Hot working
Welding
Forging
References
1. "Classication of Carbon and
Low-Alloy Steels"
(http://www.keytometals.com/Articles
/Art62.htm)
2. Knowles, Peter Reginald (1987),
Design of structural steelwork (2nd
ed.), Taylor & Francis, p.1,
ISBN 978-0-903384-59-9.
3. Engineering fundamentals page on
low-carbon steel (http://efunda.com
/materials/alloys/alloy_home
/../carbon_steels/low_carbon.cfm)
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Bibliography
Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and
Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4.
Oberg, E.; et al. (1996), Machinery's Handbook (25th ed.), Industrial Press
Inc, ISBN 0-8311-2599-3.
Smith, William F.; Hashemi, Javad (2006), Foundations of Materials
Science and Engineering (4th ed.), McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-295358-6.
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Categories: Steels Metallurgical processes
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