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Analysis of Covariance
In Minitab
Example 1 An experiment has been set up to determine the effectiveness
of three new ergonomic designs for airplane control panels. Twentyfour pilots have been randomly selected for the experiment and
assigned to training in a flight simulator that contains one of the
control panels (eight planes per panel). After completion of training
on their respective control panels, the pilots are presented with
eight emergency situations in the flight simulator. The emergency
situations are presented in random order, and the total time (in
seconds) required to make all emergency responses is recorded for each
pilot. These data are found in the table below. The only factor of
interest in this experiment is panel configuration. The response
variable is reaction time. The table also gives the number of years of
experience each pilot has. The latter variable is not controlled by
the experimenter, but this uncontrolled variable (or covariate) may
influence reaction time. How can the effect of the covariate be
accounted for in the analysis of the data.
Inputting Data:
Reaction Time
6.7
6.1
6.0
5.9
7.3
7.7
6.0
6.4
5.8
6.5
6.8
6.3
6.0
5.4
5.7
5.4
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.0
7.2
6.8
6.6
7.4
Years Experience
7.7
17.4
10.7
22.1
6.1
4.1
16.5
8.8
11.2
2.6
4.1
5.3
4.7
13.1
14.6
8.1
13.8
8.2
7.0
6.0
10.9
11.2
8.9
3.0
Panel
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
Indicator 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Indicator 2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Minitab Commands for Scatterplot: GRAPH > SCATTERPLOT > WITH GROUPS >
OK > Y-VARIABLE Reaction Time > X-VARIABLE Years of Experience >
CATEGORICAL VARIABLE Panel > OK
Reaction Time for the Three Panels with Covariate Years of Experience
8.0
Panel
1
2
3
Reaction Time
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
0
10
15
Years of Experience
20
25
DF
2
21
23
SS
2.790
6.346
9.136
MS
1.395
0.302
F
4.62
P
0.022
H0: 1 2 3
Ha: At least two of the treatment means are unequal
=.05
F=4.62
P=.022
Reject H0 in favor of Ha. The data provide sufficient evidence to
conclude that at least two of the treatment means are unequal.
DF
2
1
20
23
Seq SS
2.7900
3.9175
2.4288
9.1363
Adj SS
3.8574
3.9175
2.4288
Adj MS
1.9287
3.9175
0.1214
F
15.88
32.26
P
0.000
0.000
Coef
7.5453
-0.08846
-0.8534
0.0302
R-Sq = 73.4%
SE Coef
0.2197
0.01558
0.1836
0.1806
T
34.35
-5.68
-4.65
0.17
R-Sq(adj) = 69.4%
P
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.869
N
8
8
8
Mean
6.7
6.7
5.9
Grouping
A
A
B
Lower
-1.333
-0.442
Panel = 2
Panel
3
Center
-0.8534
0.0302
Upper
-0.3738
0.5020
subtracted from:
Lower
0.4276
Center
0.8836
Upper
1.340
-------+---------+---------+--------(-----*-----)
(-----*-----)
-------+---------+---------+---------0.80
0.00
0.80
-------+---------+---------+--------(-----*-----)
-------+---------+---------+---------0.80
0.00
0.80
Assessing Reasonableness of Normality and Equal Variance Assumption
COMMANDS: STAT > ANOVA > GENERAL LINEAR MODEL > RESPONSE Reaction Time
MODEL Years of Experience Panel > COVARIATE Years of Experience >
GRAPHS > Histogram of Residuals Normal Plot of Residuals
Residuals versus fits > OK > OK
Assessing Reasonableness of Normality Assumption
Histogram
95
90
Frequency
Percent
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
Residual
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-0.6
-0.3
0.0
Residual
0.3
0.6
Residual
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
5.5
6.0
6.5
Fitted Value
7.0
7.5
COMMANDS: STAT > ANOVA > GENERAL LINEAR MODEL > RESPONSE Reaction Time
MODEL Years of Experience Panel Years of Experience*Panel >
COVARIATE Years of Experience > OK > OK
Source
Panel
Years of Experience
Panel*Years of Experience
Error
Total
DF
2
1
2
18
23
Seq SS
2.7900
3.9175
0.0015
2.4272
9.1363
Adj SS
0.8226
3.0918
0.0015
2.4272
Adj MS
0.4113
3.0918
0.0008
0.1348
F
3.05
22.93
0.01
P
0.072
0.000
0.994
H0: Panel and Years of Experience Do Not Interact (The slopes of the
different treatment regression lines are equal)
Ha: Panel and Years of Experience Do Interact
=.05
F = .01
p-value=.994
Fail to reject H0. The assumption of equal slopes for the different
treatment regression lines is reasonable.