CATIONS

1. Ammonium
2. Aluminum

3. Barium
4. Calcium
5. Chromium

6. Copper
7. Iron (III)
8. Magnesium

9. Nickel (II)
10. Silver
11. Zinc

ANIONS
1. Acetate

PROCEDURES
litmus paper watch glass
3 drops 3.0 M NaOH 10 drops US
cover and observe
excess 3.0 M NaOH 10 drops US
discard precipitate-supernatant only
acidify 3M HNO3
10 drops NH4Oac & aluminon
mix; alkaline 6M NH3
dropwise 1 M K2CrO4 10 drops US
2 drops Na2C2O4 5 drops US
alkaline 6.0 M NaOH 10 drops US
Add 3% H2O2 until color changes

OBSERVATIONS
red litmus paper turns to blue
WAIT FOR SOME TIME :>

NH4+(aq) +

formation of the hydroxide as a red

lake

Al3+ (aq) + 3OH- (aq) Al(OH)3 (s)

yellow precipitate
white precipitate
golden yellow solution

deep blue complex

bloody red solution
opaque white solution

excess 6.0 M NH3 5 drops US

2 drops 0.1 KSCN 5 drops US
10 drops 1.5 M (NH4)2CO3 10
drops US
acidify 1.0 M HCl
5 drops 0.10 M (NH4)2HPO4 ; mix
excess 6.0 M NH3 10 drops US
add dimethyl gloxime dropwise

deep blue comples

cherry red precipitate

dropwise 1 M HCl 5 drops US

2 drops K3Fe(CN)6 5 drops US

white precipitate
yellow juice color (carrot juice color)

OBSERVATIONS
fragrant odor
smell of vinegar

PROCEDURES
10 drops US evap dish
evaporate gently until few drops; cool
several 18 M H2SO4; warm briefly to
destroy sulfite
add few ethanol; warm

Al(OH)3(s)

EQUATIONS
OH-(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l)

+ OH- Al(OH)4-

Al(H2O)63+ (aq) + 3 NH3(aq) Al(OH)3(H2O)3 (s) + 3 NH4+(aq)

Ba2+(aq) +
CrO42-(aq) BaCrO4(s)
2+
Ca (aq) +
C2O42-(aq) CaC2O4(s)
Cr3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)

Cr(OH)3 (s)

2Cr(OH)3 (s) + 3H2O2 (aq) + 4OH-(aq) 2CrO42-(aq) + 8H2O (l)

Cu2+(aq) +
4 NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4] 2+(aq)
3+
Fe (aq) +
SCN-(aq) [FeSCN] 2+(aq)
2+
Mg (aq) + NH3(aq) + (NH4)2HPO4(aq) MgNH4PO4(s)

Ni2+(aq)

6 NH3(aq) [Ni(NH3)6] 2+(aq)

[Ni(NH3)6] 2+(aq) + C4H8O2N2(alc) Ni(C4H7O2N2)2(s)

Ag+(aq) +
Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)
Zn2+(aq) +
Fe(CN)63-(aq) Zn3 [Fe(CN)6](s)

EQUATIONS
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH CH3COOCH2CH3 (Fragrant and fruity
odor)
CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH (smell of vinegar)

9. Thiocyanate
10. Thiosulfate

add 6 M H2SO4 10 drops USs

2 drops 3 M HNO3 1 drop 0.01 M
KMnO4
add 5 drops US
6-8 drops mineral oil; 15 mins still
5 drops 6 M H2SO4 10 drops US
water bath
3-5 drops 3 M acetic acid 10 drops
US
water bath
1 drop 0.10 BaCl2
2 drops 3 M HNO3 5 drops US
3 drops 0.10 FeCl3
6-8 drops mineral oil; 15 mins still
acidify 3 M acetic acid 10 drops
US
water bath; remove ppt
few drops 0.10 CaCl2
acidify 3 M HCl 10 drops US
add a drop BaCl2 until ppt is complete
0.10 BaCl2 10 drops US
few drops 6 M HCl
drop of 0.01 KMnO4
5 drops FeCl3 5 drops US
few drops 6 M H2SO4 ; water bath

11. Chloride

dopwise AgNO3 to 5 drops US

2. Bromide

3. Carbonate
4. Chromate

5. Iodide
6. Oxalate

7. Sulfate
8. Sulfite

decolorization of MnO4yellow non-aq layer

4 Br- + MnO4- Mn3+ + 2 Br2

effervescence (bubbles)

CO32- + 2 H+ H2CO3 H2O +

yellow precipitate

CrO42- + Ba2+ BaCrO4(s)

pink non-aq layer

2 I- + 2 Fe3+ 2 Fe2+ +

white precipitate

C2O42- + Ca2+ CaC2O4(s)

white ppt
addition of HCl = ppt sulfate
decolarization of MnO4presence of Ba2+ = white ppt

SO42- + Ba2+ BaSO4(s)

bloody red complex

burnt rubber smell + milkish yellow
ppt
white precipiate

SCN- + Fe3+ [FeSCN]2+

S2O32- + H+ SO2(g) + S(s)

CO2(g)

I2(s)

2 SO32- + MnO4- 2 SO42- + Mn3+

Cl- + Ag+ AgCl(s)

H2O(l)