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CHAPTER 4
SEQUENCE NETWORKS AND
UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ANALYSIS
NETWORK
5 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ANALYSIS
Ia
I
Ic
I (0)
b
I (0)
c
Ib
I (2)
a
I (1)
a
I (1)
c
(0)
a
+
I
(1)
b
I (2)
b
I (2)
c
Fig. 1
Defining operator a as
a = 1 120 0
(1)
it is to be noted that
a 2 1240 0 ;
a 3 1360 0 1
a 2 0.5 j 0.866
(2)
(3)
(4)
Ia
I
I (0)
a
Ic
I (0)
b
I (0)
c
Ib
I (2)
a
I (1)
a
(1)
c
(1)
b
I (2)
b
I (2)
c
(5)
(2)
I (2)
b a Ia
2 (2)
I (2)
c a Ia
Therefore
(1)
(2)
I a I (0)
a Ia Ia
(1)
(0)
2 (1)
(2)
I b I (0)
I (2)
b Ib
b Ia a Ia a Ia
(1)
(0)
(1)
2 (2)
I c I (0)
I (2)
c Ic
c Ia a Ia a Ia
Thus
I a I (0)
a
I (1)
a
I (2)
a
2
(1)
(2)
I b I (0)
a a Ia a Ia
(1)
2 (2)
I c I (0)
a a Ia a Ia
(6)
6
1 1
I a
i.e. I b = 1 a 2
1 a
I c
I (0)
a
(1)
I a
I (2)
1
a
a 2
i.e. I a , b , c A I 0 , 1 , 2
(7)
i.e. I 0 , 1 , 2 A 1 I a , b , c
(8)
I (0)
a
1
(1)
I
=
a
3
I (2)
1 1
1 a
1 a 2
1
a 2
a
I a
I
b
I c
and
(9)
V0 , 1 , 2 A 1 Va , b , c
(10)
z aa z ab z ac
z a,b,c = z ba z bb z bc
z ca z cb z cc
Then
v a,b,c z a,b,c i a,b,c
(11)
where
z 0,1,2
A 1 z a,b,c A
Thus for any three phase element having the impedance z a,b,c the corresponding
sequence impedance z 0,1,2 can be obtained from
z 0,1,2 = A 1 z a,b,c A
(12)
8
z 0,1,2
z (0)
= 0
0
0
z (1)
0
0
z (2)
(13)
a
+
Ea n
Zn
In
Ia
Ec n
+
Eb n
Ib
b
Ic
Fig. 2
Let E an be its generated voltage in phase a . Then
E a
1
E = a 2 E
an
b
E c
a
Ec
Ea
This gives
Eb
10
E (0)
1 1
a
1
(1)
=
E
a
1 a
3
2
E (2)
1
a
a
1
a 2
a
1
0
a 2 E = E
an
an
a
0
(14)
This shows that there is no zero sequence and negative sequence generated voltages.
The sequence networks of the generator are shown in Fig. 3.
I a( 1 )
I a( 1 )
Z1
Zn
I n 0 Ec n
Ea n
Z1
Z1
+
Eb n
Z1
I
(1)
b
b
I (c1 )
c
Note that In = 0
Ea n
Va( 1 )
+
__
Reference bus ( Neutral )
Zn
I a( 2 )
I a( 2 )
Z2
Z2
In 0
Z2
Z2
Va( 2 )
I b( 2 )
b
Reference bus ( Neutral )
I c( 2 )
Note that In = 0
a
Zg0
Zn
In 3I
I a( 0 )
(0)
a
I a( 0 )
Zg0
n
Zg0
I b( 0 )
Zg0
Z0
Va( 0 )
3 Zn
I c( 0 )
Note that In = 3 Ia(0)
Fig. 3
12
Z 1 and Z 2 are the positive sequence and negative sequence impedance of the
generator. Z g 0 is the zero sequence impedance of the generator. Total zero sequence
impedance Z 0 = Z g 0 + 3 Z n .
Sequence components of the terminal voltage are
Va( 0 )
Z 0 I (a0 )
Va( 1 ) E a n Z 1 I (a1 )
Va( 2 )
(15)
Z 2 I (a2 )
As far as zero sequence currents are concerned, the three phase system behaves as
a single phase system. This is because of the fact that at any point the zero
sequence currents are same in magnitude and phase. Therefore, zero sequence
currents will flow only if a return path exists.
13
The connection diagram and the zero sequence equivalent circuit for star
connected load is shown in Fig. 4.
3 Zn
Z
Zn
Reference
Fig. 4
The connection diagram and the zero sequence circuit for delta connected
load is shown in Fig. 5.
Z
Z
Z
Z
Reference
Fig. 5
14
Connection diagrams
Q
Z0
Q
ZN
Zn
Reference
Q
Z0
Q
ZN
Reference
16
P
P
Z0
Reference
Z0
Q
ZN
Reference
17
Z0
P
Reference
Fig. 6
Example 1
For the power system shown in Fig. 7, with the data given, draw the zero
sequence, positive sequence and negative sequence networks.
T2
T1
M1
M2
Fig. 7
18
Transformer T1
X 0 X1 X 2 0.08
Transformer T2
X 0 X1 X 2 0.09
Transmission line
X 0 0.52; X1 X 2 0.18
Motor 1
Motor 2
X m o 0.12; X1 X 2 0.55
19
T2
T1
M1
M2
j0.18
j0.09
j0.2
j0.55
j0.27
Eg
Em1
+
Em 2
Reference
20
T2
T1
M1
M2
Negative sequence network
j0.08
j0.18
j0.09
j0.25
j0.27
j0.55
Reference
21
T2
T1
M1
M2
j0.52
j0.09
j0.05
j0.06
j0.12
j0.66
j0.96
Reference
22
Va(1) E a n I (1)
a Z1
(16)
Va(2) I (2)
a Z2
(17)
Va(0) I (0)
a Z0
(18)
23
Va(1) E a n I (1)
a Z1
(16)
Va(2) I (2)
a Z2
(17)
Va(0) I (0)
a Z0
(18)
The above three equations apply regardless of the type of fault occurring at the
terminals of the generator.
For each type of fault there will be three relations in terms of phase components
of currents and voltages. Using these, three relations in terms of sequence
components of currents and voltages can be obtained. These three relations and
the eqns. (16), (17) and (18) are used to solve for the sequence currents
(1)
(2)
and sequence voltages
I (0)
Va(0) , Va(1) , Va(2) . Sequence components
a , Ia , Ia
relationship will enable to interconnect the sequence networks to represent the
particular fault.
24
Ia
a
Zf
Zn
_E a n
Ec n
+
+
Eb n
Ib
b
Fig. 9
Ic
25
Ib 0
Ic 0
Va Z f I a
(19)
(20)
(21)
I (0)
a 1/3 ( I a I b I c ) I a /3
2
I (1)
a 1/3 (I a a I b a I c ) I a /3
2
I (2)
a 1/3 ( I a a I b a I c ) I a /3
(1)
(2)
Thus I (0)
a Ia Ia
(22)
(23)
I (1)
a
Ea n
Z1 Z 2 Z 0 3 Z f
(24)
26
(1)
a
Ea n
(24)
Z1 Z 2 Z 0 3 Z f
Z1
+
Va(1)
_
I (1)
a
+
Ea n
_
Z2
I
(2)
a
(0)
a
+
Va(2)
_
3 Zf
Z0
+
Va(0)
_
Fig. 10
27
Ia
a
+
Zn
Ea n
_
Eb n
Ib
Ec n
Ic
Zf
Fig. 11
The fault conditions are
Ia 0
Ib Ic 0
Vb Z f I b Vc
(25)
(26)
28
(27)
Ia 0
Ib Ic 0
Vb Z f I b Vc
(25)
(26)
(27)
Then I (0)
a 1/3 ( I a I b I c ) 0
(28)
2
2
I (1)
a 1/3 (I a a I b a I c ) I b /3 ( a a )
2
2
I (2)
a 1/3 ( I a a I b a I c ) I b /3 ( a a )
I (0)
Va(0) = - Z0 I (0)
a = 0 ,
a = 0
Since
(1)
Further
I (2)
a Ia
From eqn. (27)
(29)
(30)
(2)
(0)
Va(0) a 2 Va(1) a Va(2) Z f ( a 2 I (1)
a Va(1) a 2 Va(2)
a a I a ) Va
2
(2)
( a 2 a ) Va(1) Z f ( a 2 a ) I (1)
a ( a a) Va
(2)
Thus Va(1) Z f I (1)
a Va
(31)
(1)
(2)
(1)
From the above eqn. Ea n Z1 I (1)
a Zf I a Z 2 I a Z 2 I a
Ea n ( Z1 Z 2 Z f ) I (1)
a
i.e.
Therefore
I (1)
a
Ea n
Z1 Z 2 Z f
(32) 29
Therefore
I (1)
a
Ea n
(32)
Z1 Z 2 Z f
(1)
I (2)
a = - Ia
and I (0)
a = 0;
Va(0) = 0
Zf
Z1
+
Ea n
Z2
I (1)
a
Z0
I (2)
a
Va(1)
Va(2)
I (0)
a
Va
(0)
=0
Fig. 12
30
Ia
+
E
_ an
Eb n
Zn
Ib
Ec n
Ic
Zf
Fig. 13
The fault conditions are
Ia 0 ;
Vb Z f ( I b I c ) and
Vc Z f ( I b I c )
(33)
31
Ia 0 ;
Vb Z f ( I b I c ) and
Vc Z f ( I b I c )
(33)
(0)
Because of I (0)
,
1/3
(
I
I
)
I
3
I
a
a
b
c
b
c
a
Therefore
Vb 3 Z f I (0)
a
(34)
Vc 3 Z f I (0)
a
(35)
Therefore
Va(1) Va(2)
(36)
32
i.e.
Va(1) ( Z 0 3 Z f ) I (0)
a
(37)
(1)
(2)
From eqn. (33) I (0)
i.e.
a Ia Ia 0
Va(1)
Va(2)
(1)
Ia
0
Z 0 3Z f
Z2
i.e.
Va(1)
Va(1)
(1)
Ia
0
Z 0 3Z f
Z2
Z 2 Z 0 3Z f
1
1
) Va(1)
Z 0 3Z f Z 2
Z 2 ( Z 0 3Z f )
Z 2 ( Z 0 3 Z f ) (1)
Ia
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
Z 2 ( Z 0 3 Z f ) (1)
I (1)
Z
Ia
a
1
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
Ea n
Z ( Z0 3 Zf )
Z1 2
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
Therefore I (1)
Va(1) (
a
i.e.
Va(1)
i.e.
Ea n
Thus
I (1)
a
(38)
(39)
33
Thus
(1)
a
Ea n
Z ( Z0 3 Zf )
Z1 2
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
(39)
Z 2 ( Z 0 3 Z f ) (1)
Ia
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
Z0 3 Zf
(40)
Z2 Z0 3 Zf
Again substituting eqn. (37) in eqn. (38)
Z 2 ( Z 0 3 Z f ) (1)
Z2
(0)
(1)
I
I
I
Thus
(41)
( Z 0 3 Z f ) I (0)
a
a
a
a
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
For this fault, the sequence networks are to be connected as shown in Fig. 14.
(1)
I (2)
a Ia
Therefore
Z2
Z1
Ea n
+
_
I (1)
a
Va(1)
Z0
I (2)
a
(2)
a
I (0)
a
Va(0)
3 Zf
Fig. 14
34
I a = I (0)
a +
+
I (1)
a
I (2)
a
Va(2) = - Z 2 I (2)
a
2 (1)
+ a I (2)
I b = I (0)
a + a Ia
a
Va(0) = - Z 0 I (0)
a
+ a I (1)
+ a 2 I (2)
I c = I (0)
a
a
a
Z1
Ia
I (1)
a
+
Va(1)
_
Ea n
Ib
Zf
Z2
Ic
(2)
a
Z0
I (0)
a
+
Va(2)
_
3 Zf
+
Va(0)
_
35
(1)
a
Ea n
Z1 Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
(1)
I (2)
I
a
a ;
(1)
I (0)
I
a
a
I a , I b and I c
(1)
I
3
I
Fault current f
a
a
Va(1) = E a - Z 1 I (1)
a
Va(2) = - Z 2 I (2)
a
Va(0) = - Z 0 I (0)
a
Va , Vb and Vc
36
Ia
Ia = 0
Ib
Ic = - Ib
Zf
Vb - Z f I b = Vc
Ic
Zf
Z1
Ea n
Z2
I
(1)
a
Z0
I (2)
a
Va(1)
I (0)
a
Va(2)
37
(1)
a
Ea n
Z1 Z2 Zf
(1)
I (2)
I
a
a ;
I (o)
a 0
Va(2) = - Z 2 I (2)
a
Va(0) = - Z 0 I (0)
a
Va , Vb and Vc
38
Ia 0
Ib
Vb ( I b I c ) Z f
Zf
Ic
Z1
Ea n
Vc ( I b I c ) Z f
Z2
I (1)
a
Va(1)
Z0
I (2)
a
(2)
a
I (0)
a
Va(0)
3 Zf
39
(1)
a
(0)
a
Ea n
Z 2 ( Z0 3 Zf )
Z1
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
(1)
a
Z2
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
(1)
I (2)
I
a
a
Z 0 3 Zf
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
(0)
Fault current I f I b I c 3 I a
Va , Vb and Vc
40
Example 2
The reactances of an alternator rated 10 MVA, 6.9 kV are
X 1 = X 2 = 15 % and X g0 = 5 %. The neutral of the alternator is
grounded through a reactance of 0.38 . Single line to ground
fault occurs at the terminals of the alternator. Determine the line
currents, fault current and the terminal voltages.
Solution
= 0.15 p.u.
10
= 0.0798 p.u.
X n = 0.38 x
6.9 2
X1
X2
X 0 = X g0 +3 X n
(2)
I (1)
a = Ia
I (0)
a
Ib
Ic
=0
41
10 x 1000
Base current =
3 x 6.9
Ia
If
= 836.7 A
= - j 4258.8 A ;
Ia
Ib
Ic
=0
= - j 4258.8 A
= 0;
Vb
6.9
3
= 4.5359 130.38 0 kV ;
Vc
= 4.5359 130.38 0 kV
42
Example 3
The reactances of an alternator rated 10 MVA, 6.9 kV are
X 1 =15 %; X 2 = 20 % and X g0 = 5 %. The neutral of the
alternator is grounded through a reactance of 0.38 . Line to line
fault, with fault impedance j 0.15 p.u. occurs at the terminals of
the alternator. Determine the line currents, fault current and
the terminal voltages.
Solution
X1
= 0.15 p.u. ;
I (1)
a =
I (2)
a
X2
= 0.2 p.u. ;
XF
= 0.15 p.u.
X0
=?
=-
I (1)
a
= j 2 p.u.
and
I (0)
a
=0
Ib
= - 3.4641 p.u. ;
Ic
= 3.4641 p.u.
43
Ia
=0;
Fault current
Ib
= - 2898.4 A
If
Ib
= - 2898.4 A ;
Ic
= 2898.4 A
Va
= 1.1 ;
Vb
= 0.6083
Multiplying by
6.9
3
= 4.3821 kV
= 2.4233 154.72 0 kV
154.72 0 kV
Vc = 2.4233
Vb
44
Example 4
An unloaded, solidly grounded 10 MVA, 11 kV generator has
positive, negative and zero sequence impedances as j 1.2 ,
j 0.9 and j 0.04 respectively. A double line to ground fault
occurs at the terminals of the generator. Calculate the currents in
the faulted phases and voltage of the healthy phase.
Solution
11 2
Base impedance =
= 12.1 ;
10
Z1
= j 0.09917 p.u. ;
Z2 Z0
Z2 Z0
Z2
= j 0.07438 p.u. ;
Z1
I (1)
a
Z0
= j 0.00331 p.u.
= j 0.10234 p.u.
(2)
a
0.00331
= j 9.7714
= j 0.4163 p.u.
0.07769
(0)
a
0.07438
= j 9.7714
= j 9.3551 p.u.
0.07769
45
I (1)
a
(2)
a
0.00331
= j 9.7714
= j 0.4163 p.u.
0.07769
(0)
a
0.07438
= j 9.7714
= j 9.3551 p.u.
0.07769
=0;
Ib
Base current =
10 x 1000
3 x 11
Va(2)
Va(0)
= 542.86 A
Va(1)
Ic
Ib
= 8998.3 122.16 0 A
Ic
= 8998.3 57.84 0 A
Va
= 0.09288
11
3
= 0.5899 kV
46
Obtain the bus admittance matrix of the transmission system with the
following data.
Line data
Line Between
Off nominal
Line Impedance
HLCA
No.
buses
turns ratio
12
0.08 + j 0.37
j 0.007
---
32
j 0.133
0.909
Admittance j 0.0096
HLCA
Yp q / a
Yp q / a2
-----
----
1-2
0.5583 j 2.582
j 0.007
32
- j 7.5188
----
- j 8.2715 - j 9.0996
2
3
0.5583 j 2.575
0.5583 j 2.582
0.5583 j 2.582
0
2.
In a three bus power system, bus 1 is slack bus and buses 2 and 3 are P-Q
buses. Its bus admittance matrix is
2 j 6 2.7 j 8 0.7 j 2
2
3 1 j 3 0.7 j 2 1.7 j 5
The slack bus voltage is 1.04 0 0 . At bus 2, real power generation is 0.7,
real power load is 0.2, reactive power generation is 0.1 and reactive power
load is 0.3. Taking flat start and using Gauss Seidel method, find the bus
voltage V2 after first iteration.
2.
V1 = 1.04 0 0 ;
V2 = 1.0 0 0 ;
V3 = 1.0 0 0
1 PI2 QI 2
[
Y2 1 V1 Y2 3 V3 ]
(0) *
Y22
V2
1
[ (0.5 j 0.2) (2 j 6) (1.04) (0.7 j 2)
2.7 j 8
Thevenins
equivalent
impedance
between the fault point and the
reference bus in the positive sequence
network is Z 1
Thevenins
equivalent
impedance
between the fault point and the
reference
bus
in
the
negative
sequence network is Z 2
Thevenins
equivalent
impedance
between the fault point and the
reference bus in the zero sequence
network is Z 0
51
Note that the Thevenins equivalent circuit of different sequence networks will
be similar to the sequence networks of the generator. Thevenins equivalent
circuit of the sequence networks are interconnected, much similar to the case
of fault occurring at the generator terminals, to represent different types of
faults.
This method is not suitable for large scale power systems as it involves
network reduction in positive, negative and zero sequence networks.
52
a
p
a,b,c
pq
b
p
c
q
c
p
b
q
Vqa
Fig. 15
It can be described as
v a,p qb,c z a,p qb,c i a,p qb,c i.e.
v ap q
b
v p q =
v cp q
z ap aq
ba
z p q
z cpaq
z ap bq
z bp bq
z cpbq
z ap cq
z bp cq
z cpcq
(42)
i ap q
b
i p q
i cp q
(43)
53
Vpa
Vqa
(44)
Vpa,b,c Vpb ;
Vqa,b,c Vqb
Vpc
Vqc
Considering the impedance of each three phase element as z a,p qb,c , using building
algorithm, the bus impedance matrix of transmission-generator can be obtained
as
1
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z a,busb,c
a,b,c
Z a,N2b,c
N Z N1
The bus impedance matrix
Since
element
1
2
impedance
a,b,c
11
a,b,c
21
of
a,b,c
12
a,b,c
22
any
Z
where Z a,i jb,c i
a,b,c
Z NN
Z a,busb,c will be normally full
a,b,c
1N
a,b,c
2N
in
sequence
Z ai ja
ba
Z i j
Z ci ja
Z ai jb
Z bi jb
Z ci jb
Z ai jc
Z bi jc
Z ci jc
frame, z p0,1,2
q
is
decoupled,
0,1,2
computationally it is advantage to use the matrix Z bus
instead of Z a,busb,c .
54
0
Z bus
2
(0)
Z 12
;
Z (0)
22
Z 1bus
1
(1)
1 Z 11
(1)
2 Z 21
2
(1)
1
Z 12
2
;
Z
bus
Z (1)
2
22
1
2
(2)
(2)
Z 11
Z 12
(2)
(2)
Z 21 Z 22
Then
1
1
0,1,2
Z bus
0
(0)
0 Z 11
1
(1)
Z 11
(1)
Z 12
0 Z (0)
21
1
(2)
Z 11
2
2
0
(0)
Z 12
(2)
Z 12
(45)
Z (0)
22
Z (1)
21
Z (1)
22
Z (2)
21
0
2
, Z1bus and Z bus
Normally Z bus
Z (2)
22
are constructed and stored independently. It is
0,1,2
evident that as compared to Z a,busb,c , construction of Z bus
requires less computer
time and less core storage. For a 100 bus system, Z a,busb,c will be a 300 x 300 full
0,1,2
matrix; whereas for Z bus
, we need 3 numbers of 100 x 100 matrices. Thus only
0,1,2
1/3 rd of the core storage is required for Z bus
as compared to Z a,busb,c . Hence for
0,1,2
unsymmetrical fault analysis, use of Z bus
is more advantages than Z a,busb,c .
55
56
Example 5
Consider the system described in Example 1. Obtain the matrices
0
2
.
Z bus
, Z1bus and Z bus
Solution
Required bus impedance matrices can be constructed using bus impedance
building algorithm.
First consider the zero sequence network shown in Fig. 8(a).
1
j0.08
j0.52
j0.05
j0.09
j0.06
j0.12
j0.66
j0.96
Reference
57
Element 0 2 is added:
Element 0 3 is added:
0
Z bus
j 1 1.01
0
Z bus
j
0
Z bus
j
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
0
1.01
0
0.08
1
2
3
0
0
1.01
0
0.08
0
0
0
0.09
1
Z
0
bus
2
3
1
2
3
0
0
0
1.01
0
0.08
0
0.08
0
0
0.09 0.09
0
Eliminating the th bus, Z bus
j
1
2
3
1
2
3
0
0
1.01
0
0.07
0.01
0
0.01 0.08
0
Element 0 4 is added: The final Z bus
is obtained as
1
Z
0
bus
2
3
1
2
3
4
0
0
0
1.01
0
0.07
0.01
0
0
0.01 0.08
0
0
0
0
0.72
59
j0.08
1
j0.2
Eg
j0.09
j0.18
2
j0.55
j0.27
Em1
+ +
Em 2
Reference
1 0.2
1
Element 0 1 is added: Z bus
j
1
Element 1 2 is added: Z bus
j
1
Element 2 3 is added: Z bus
j
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.28
1
2
3
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.2 0.28 0.28
1
Element 3 4 is added: Z
1
bus
2
3
4
Element 0 4 is added:
1
1
Z bus
2
3
1
2
3
4
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.2 0.28 0.28 0.28
0.2
0.28
0.46
0.55
1
2
3
4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.2
0.28
0.46
0.46 0.46
0.2
0.28
0.46
0.55
0.55
Z bus = j
3 0.0740 0.1036
4 0.0493 0.0690
1
is obtained as
Z bus
3
4
0.0740 0.0493
0.1036 0.0690
0.1701 0.1134
0.1134 0.1356
61
j0.08
j0.18
j0.09
j0.25
j0.27
j0.55
Reference
0
2
Its bus impedance Z bus
can be obtained as
1
2
3
4
1 0.1699 0.1442 0.0866 0.0577
2 0.1442 0.1904 0.1143 0.0761
2
Z bus = j
3 0.0866 0.1143 0.1765 0.1177
0,1,2
6 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS USING Z bus
MATRIX
0,1,2
1
For unsymmetrical fault analysis using Z bus
the first step is to construct Z bus
,
2
0
and Z bus
by considering the positive sequence, negative sequence and zero
Z bus
sequence network of the power system. They are
1
2
1
Z bus
p
N
1
(1)
Z 11
(1)
Z 21
(1)
Z p1
(1)
Z N1
2
p
(1)
(1)
Z 12
Z 1p
Z (1)
Z (1)
22
2p
Z (1)
Z (1)
p2
pp
(1)
Z (1)
N2
Np
N
(1)
Z 1N
Z (1)
2N
(1)
Z pN
(1)
Z N N
(46)
63
2
Z bus
0
Z bus
1
(2)
1 Z 11
(2)
2 Z 21
p Z (2)
p1
(2)
N Z N1
1
(0)
1 Z 11
(0)
2 Z 21
p Z (0)
p1
(0)
N Z N1
2
p
(2)
(2)
Z 12
Z 1p
Z (2)
Z (2)
22
2p
Z (2)
Z (2)
p2
pp
Z (2)
Z (2)
N2
Np
2
p
(0)
(0)
Z 12
Z 1p
Z (0)
Z (0)
22
2p
Z (0)
Z (0)
p2
pp
Z (0)
Z (0)
N2
Np
N
(2)
Z 1N
Z (2)
2N
and
(2)
Z pN
(2)
Z N N
(47)
N
(0)
Z 1N
Z (0)
2N
Z (0)
pN
(0)
Z N N
(48)
64
Suitable assumptions are made so that prior to the occurrence of the fault, there
will not be any current flow in the positive, negative and zero sequence networks
and the voltages at all the buses in the positive sequence network are equal to
Vf .
The currents flowing out of the original balanced system from phases a, b and c
at the fault point are designated as I f a , I f b and I f c . We can visualize these
currents by referring to Fig. 16 which shows the three lines a, b and c of the
three phase system where the fault occurs.
P
a
If a
b
If b
c
Fig. 16
If c
65
The
currents
flowing
out
in
hypothetical
stub
are
I f a , I f b and I f c .
The
(1)
(2)
corresponding sequence currents are I (0)
f a , I f a and I f a . These sequence currents
(2)
(0)
I (1)
f a , I f a and I f a are flowing out as shown in Fig. 17. The line to ground voltages
at any bus j of the system during the fault are Vj a , Vj b and Vj c . Corresponding
(1)
(2)
sequence components of voltages are Vj(0)
,
and
V
V
a
ja
ja .
- Vf +
- Vf +
- Vf +
Positive
sequence
network
having
bus
impedance
matrix
2
p
I (1)
fa
N
Z (1)
bus
66
1
Negative
sequence
network
having
bus
impedance
matrix
Zero
sequence
network
having
bus
impedance
matrix
2
p
I (2)
fa
Z (2)
bus
Z (0)
bus
2
p
I (0)
fa
Fig. 17
67
p
N
V1a(1)
(1)
V2a
(1)
Vp a
(1)
VN a
(49)
68
It is to be noted that
1
2
I (1)
bus
0
0
(1)
I f a
and
pre-fault voltage =
1
1
1 V
1 f
1
(50)
(1)
Z 12
Z (1)
22
Z (1)
p2
Z (1)
N2
(1)
Z 1p
Z (1)
2p
Z (1)
pp
Z (1)
Np
(1)
Z 1N
Z (1)
2N
Z (1)
pN
(1)
Z N N
Vf
0
1
0
1
Vf
(1) + Vf =
Vf
I fa
1
0
1
Vf
(1) (1)
Z 1p
If a
(1)
Z (1)
I
2p f a
(1)
Z (1)
I
pp f a
(1)
(1)
Z N p I f a
69
(51)
(2) (2)
V
Z
2p I f a
2a
(2) =
(2) (2)
V
Z
pa
pp If a
(2)
(2)
(2)
VN a
Z N p I f a
and
V1a(0)
(0)
V2a
(0) =
Vp a
(0)
VN a
(0) (0)
Z 1p
If a
(0) (0)
Z
2p I f a
(0) (0)
pp If a
(0)
(0)
Z N p I f a
(52)
70
When the fault occurs at bus p , it is to be noted that only the p th column of
1
2
0
, Z bus
and Z bus
are involved in the calculations. If the symmetrical
Z bus
(2)
(0)
I (1)
f a , I f a and I f a , are known, than the
sequence voltages at any bus j can be computed from
(0)
Vj(0)
Z (0)
a
jp I f a
(53)
(1)
Vj(1)
Vf Z (1)
a
jp I f a
(54)
(2)
Vj(2)
Z (2)
a
jp I f a
(55)
(2)
(0)
It is important to remember that the I (1)
f a , I f a and I f a are the symmetrical
component currents in the stubs hypothetically attached to the system at the
fault point. These currents take on values determined by the particular type of
fault being studied, and once they are calculated, they can be regarded as
negative injection into the corresponding sequence networks.
71
72
PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS
1. Draw the positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence
networks.
2. Using bus impedance building algorithm, construct ZBus
(1)
, ZBus(2) and
ZBus(0).
DATA REQUIRED
Type of fault, fault location (Bus p) and fault impedance (Zf)
TO COMPUTE FAULT CURRENTS I f a , I f b and I f c
1. Extract the columns of ZBus
(1)
faulted bus.
2. Depending on the type of fault interconnect the sequence networks.
3. Calculate I f a(1), I f a(2) and I f a(0)
4. Compute the corresponding phase components I f a. I f b and I f c using
I f a
1 1
2
I f b = 1 a
I f c
1 a
1
a
a 2
I f a (0)
(1)
Ifa
I (2)
fa
73
Vpa
1 1
1 a 2
V
=
p
b
V p c
1 a
1
a
a 2
Vp a (0)
(1)
V
pa
V (2)
pa
74
i.e V j a, V j b and V j c
1 a 2
=
V
jb
V jc
1 a
1
a
a 2
V j a (0)
(1)
Vj a
V (2)
ja
75
Vf
Z (1)
pp
Vp(1)a
I
Z
(2)
(0)
I (1)
f a = If a = If a
(2)
fa
3 Zf
(2)
pp
Vp(2)a
I (f 0)a
Z (0)
pp
Vp(0)a
76
Zf
Z (2)
pp
Z (1)
pp
+
Vf
I (1)
fa
I (2)
fa
Vp(1)a
I (0)
fa
Vp(2)a
77
Z (1)
pp
+
Vf
Z (2)
pp
I (1)
fa
Vp(1)a
Z (0)
pp
I (2)
fa
Vp(2)a
I (0)
fa
Vp(0)a
3 Zf
78
Zf
If a
If b
If c
Fig. 18
If b 0
If c 0
(56)
Vp a Z f I f a
79
Using the above conditions ( similar to conditions for the LG fault at generator
terminals through impedance ) and also knowing that
(1)
Vp(1)a Vf Z (1)
pp If a
(57)
(2)
Vp(2)a Z (2)
pp If a
(58)
(0)
Vp(0)a Z (0)
pp If a
(59)
from eqns. (51) and (52), similar to eqns. (22) and (23), we can get the relations
I (1)
= I (2)
= I (0)
and
fa
fa
fa
(60)
(61)
Therefore
I (1)
fa
(1)
pp
(2)
pp
Vf
Z (0)
p p 3 Zf
(62)
I (f 1)a
+
Vf
Z (1)
pp
Vp(1)a
I
Z
(2)
(0)
I (1)
f a = If a = If a
(2)
fa
3 Zf
(2)
pp
Vp(2)a
I (f 2)a
Z (0)
pp
Vp(0)a
Fig. 19
(2)
(0)
Once the currents I (1)
,
and
I
I
fa
fa
f a are known, the sequence components of
voltage at the faulted bus are calculated as
(1)
Vp(1)a Vf Z (1)
pp If a
(2)
Vp(2)a Z (2)
pp If a
(63)
(0)
Vp(0)a Z (0)
pp If a
j 1,2,....... N
(0)
(0)
Vj(0)
a Z jp I f a
jp
(64)
Phase components of voltage and current can be calculated from the relations
Va , b , c A V0 , 1 , 2
I a , b , c A I 0 , 1, 2
82
Example 6
The positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence bus impedance
matrices of a power system are shown below.
(2)
j
Z (1)
bus Z bus
1
2
3
4
Z (0)
j
bus
1
2
3
4
1
0.1437
0.1211
0.0789
0.0563
1
0.1553
0.1407
0.0493
0.0347
2
3
4
0.1211 0.0789 0.0563
0.1696 0.1104 0.0789
0.1104 0.1696 0.1211
2
3
4
0.1407 0.0493 0.0347
0.1999 0.0701 0.0493
0.0701 0.1999 0.1407
A bolted single line to ground fault occurs on phase a at bus 3. Determine the
fault current and the voltage at buses 3 and 4.
83
Solution
(2)
(0)
I (1)
I
I
=
=
fa
fa
fa =
Z (1)
33
Vf
(0)
Z (2)
33 Z 33
Let Vf 1.0 0 0
Then I
(1)
fa
= I
(2)
fa
= I
(0)
fa
1.00 0
=
= j1.8549
j (0.1696 0.1696 0.1999 )
(1)
(2)
(1)
The fault current I f a I (0)
f a I f a I f a 3 I f a = - j 5.5648; I f b = I f c = 0
84
V3 a
1 1
1 a 2
=
V
3
b
V3 c
1 a
1
a
a 2
0.3708
0.6854 =
0.3146
0
1.0292 122.710
1.0187 122.710
V4 a
1 1
1 a 2
V
=
4
b
V4 c
1 a
1
a
a 2
0.2610
0.7754 =
0.2246
0.2898 00
1.0187 121.8 0
1.0187 121.8 0
85
b
If b
Zf
c
(
If c
Fig. 20
Fault conditions are
I fa 0
If b If c 0
Vp b Z f I f b Vp c
(65)
86
(66)
(0)
Vp(0)a Z (0)
pp If a
I (0)
fa 0
(67)
(2)
I (1)
I
fa
fa
(68)
(2)
Vp(1)a Z f I (1)
f a Vp a
(69)
and hence
I (1)
fa
(1)
pp
Vf
Z (2)
pp Zf
(70)
87
Zf
Z
Vf
Z (0)
pp
Z (2)
pp
(1)
pp
I (1)
fa
Vp(1)a
I (2)
fa
I (0)
fa
Vp(2)a
Fig. 21
(2)
(0)
Once I (1)
are calculated,
f a , I f a and I f a
(2)
(0)
eqn. (63). Thereafter Vj(1)
a , Vj a and Vj a for j 1,2,...., N ; j p can be calculated
using eqn. (63). The corresponding phase components are then calculated using
the symmetrical component transformation matrix.
88
Example 7
Consider the power system described in example 6. A bolted line to line fault
occurs at bus 3. Determine the currents in the fault, voltages at the fault bus
and the voltages at bus 4.
Solution
For line to line fault I (0)
fa 0
(2)
I (1)
I
fa
fa
Vf
1.0
j 2.9481
(1)
(2)
j 0.1696 j 0.1696
Z33 Z33
I f c I f b 5.1061
V3(0)a 0 ;
(2)
V3(1)a V3(2)a Z (2)
3 3 I f a ( j 0.1696 ) (j 2.9481 ) 0.5
89
b
If b
If c
Zf
Fig. 22
The relations at the fault bus are
I fa 0
Vp b Z f ( I f b I f c )
Vp c Z f ( I f b I f c )
(71)
91
(72)
(0)
Vp(0)a Z (0)
pp If a
Using eqns. (71) and (62) the following relations can be obtained.
Vp(1)a Vp(2)a
Vp(1)a Vp(0)a 3 Z f I (0)
fa
(1)
(2)
I (0)
I
fa
fa
fa 0
I (1)
fa
Z (1)
pp
Vf
(0)
Z (2)
pp ( Zpp 3 Zf )
(73)
(0)
Z (2)
Z
pp
pp 3 Zf
92
Z (1)
pp
I (1)
fa
Vf
Z (2)
pp
Vp(1)a
Z (0)
pp
I (2)
fa
Vp(2)a
I (0)
fa
Vp(0)a
3 Zf
(0)
The sequence currents I (2)
f a and I f a
(2)
fa
(1)
fa
(0)
fa
(1)
fa
Z (0)
p p 3 Zf
Z
(2)
pp
(0)
pp
3 Zf
(74)
3 Zf
(75)
Z (2)
pp
Z
(2)
pp
(0)
pp
Fig. 23
can be obtained from
93
(2)
(0)
Knowing I (1)
,
and
sequence components of voltage at fault point are
I
I
fa
fa
fa
calculated from
(1)
Vp(1)a Vf Z (1)
I
pp
fa
(2)
Vp(2)a Z (2)
pp If a
(76)
(0)
Vp(0)a Z (0)
pp If a
j 1,2,....... N
(0)
(0)
Vj(0)
a Z jp I f a
jp
(77)
Va,b, c A V0,1, 2
(78)
94
Example 8
The positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence bus impedance
matrices of a power system are shown below.
(2)
j
Z (1)
bus Z bus
1
2
3
4
1
j
Z (0)
bus
2
3
4
1
0.1437
0.1211
0.0789
0.0563
2
3
4
0.1211 0.0789 0.0563
0.1696 0.1104 0.0789
0.1104 0.1696 0.1211
1
2
3
4
0
0
0
0.19
0
0.08
0.08
0
0
0.08 0.58
0
0
0
0
0.19
95
A double line to ground fault with Z f 0 occurs at bus 4. Find the fault
current and voltages at the fault bus.
Solution
Sequence components of fault current are
I (1)
fa
Z (1)
44
(2)
fa
(0)
fa
Vf
1.0
j 4.4342
(2)
(0)
(
j
0.1437
)
(
j
0.19
)
Z Z
j 0.1437
(2)44 44(0)
j 0.1437 j 0.19
Z 44 Z 44
(1)
fa
(1)
fa
Z (0)
j0.19
44
j4.4342
)
j2.5247
(2)
(0)
j0.1437
j0.19
Z 44 Z 44
Z (2)
j0.1437
44
j4.4342
)
j1.9095
(0)
j0.1437
j0.19
Z (2)
Z
44
44
96
97
1.
I a 7.031159.85 0
Ib 4.3733203.840
Ic 2.6810160.750
Obtain the corresponding sequence components of currents and draw
them to scale.
2.
3.
21 6 6
z
j 6 21 6
a,b,c
6 6 21
Calculate its sequence impedances.
98
4.
X2 = 0.35 p.u.
Xn = 0.02 p.u.
ii)
iii)
iv)
Denoting the neutral point as n and the ground as o , draw the phasor
diagram of line to neutral voltages.
5.
6.
7.
8.
99
9.
Two
synchronous
machines
are
connected
through
three-phase
T2
2
4
2
10.
T3
3
6
3
T2
4
2
X1 = X2 = 0.15
Transformer 1: X0 = X1 = X2 = 0.12
Transformer 2: X0 = X1 = X2 = 0.24
Transformer 3: X0 = X1 = X2 = 0.1276
Transmission line 2 3 X0 = 0.5671;
X1 = X2 = 0.18
X1 = X2 = 0.12
Draw the three sequence networks and determine Zbus0, Zbus1 and Zbus2.
101
11.
T2
3
S
4
Switch open
ii)
iii)
iv)
102
12.
In the power system described in Problem 10, a single line to ground fault
occurs at bus 2 with a fault impedance of j0.1. Determine the bus currents
at the faulted bus and the voltages at buses 1 and 2.
ANSWERS
1. Ia0 Ib0 Ic0 21200 ; Ia1 3.5300 ; Ib1 3.52700 ; Ic1 3.51500
Ia2 3600 ;
Ib2 31800 ;
Ic2 33000
Ib = 0
Ic = 0
If = -j 3586.1 A
Vb = 8.0694 102.220 kV
Vc = 8.0694 102.220 kV
Vab = 8.0694 77.780 kV; Vbc= 15.7724 900 kV; Vca= 8.0694 102.220 kV
5. Ia = 0
Ib = -2415.5 A
Va = 9.2948 kV
Vab = 13.9422 kV
Ic = 2415.5 A
Vb = -4.6474 kV
Vbc = 0
If = -2415.5 A
Vc = -4.6474 kV
103
6. Ia = 0
Ib = 4020.95 132.220 A
Va = 5.6720 kV
Vb = 0
Vab = 5.6720 kV
If = 5956.08 900 A
Vc = 0
Vbc = 0
7. Ia = 3347 900 A
Ic = 4020 47.780 A
Ib = 3347 1500 A
Ic = 3347 300 A
If = 3347 900 A
Va = Vb = Vc = 0
Vab = Vbc = Vca = 0
8.
0.9655
j0.08 2
j0.5
j0.04
j0.08
j0.04
j0.15
j0.15
104
Reference
j0.08
j0.15
j0.08
j0.2
j0.2
+
Reference
j0.08
j0.15
j0.2
j0.08
j0.2
Reference
105
1 0.19
2 0
= j
3 0
4 0
Zbus0
0
0
0.08 0.58
0
0
0
0.19
0
0
0.08 0.08
1
1
Zbus1 = Zbus2 = j
2
3
4
10.
0.1437
0.1211
0.0789
0.0563
j0.12 2
j0.5671
1
j0.4764
j0.075
j0.1276
j0.24
4
j0.072
j0.15
j0.225
j0.45
106
Reference
Zbus0 =
3
4
5
0
0
0
0
0.3
0
0
0
0.6
0
j0.12 2
j0.18
j0.12
j0.1276
j0.24
4
j0.25
j0.15
j0.2
Reference
107
Zbus1 = Zbus2 =
1
1
2
3
4
5
0.167640
0.128108
0.068808
0.031276
0.048041
0.025959
11.
12.
108