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READING
Mentally engaged
Motivated to learn
Phonics
o compatibility of letter to sound
Phonemic Awareness
o Schematic
o Language based
o Association of sound
Vocabulary Development
o Comprehend words meaning
o Increased vocabulary = good reading speed
and fluency
Reading Fluency
o Speed of reading
o Ability to decode written text
Reading Comprehension
o Create or make meaning
o Express idea in own words
NATURE AND SCOPE
Orthography
o Structure and arrangement
o Writing system of a given language
o Culturally-dependent
o Reading depends on writing
Cognition
o Schemata or background knowledge
o Reading is a matter of cognition
o Intelligence influences speed and
comprehension
o Includes attention and memory
Linguistic
o Unnecessary words or inconsistency of
language
o Language-based
o Sentences from texts and discourses
o Association of letters from words when
combined turn as phrases/clauses/sentences
READING STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
O
M
P
R
E
H
E
N
S
I
O
N
5
4
3
2
1
0
Pre-school
Elementary
Middle School
High School
College
Stage
o
o
o
o
o
o
Stage
o
o
o
Stage
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Stage
o
o
o
Stage
o
o
o
Stage
o
o
o
o
o
0: Pre-reading
reading readiness
oral language development
Sound letter
Conscious of sound
Familiarity
Aid of pictures
1: Initial Reading
Decoding
Aware of phonics
Sound-symbol correspondence
2: Confirmation and Fluency
Accuracy in word recognition
Development in speed reading
Critical stage
Glued to the print
Fluency
Able to decode reading materials
Recognize language patterns
Developed speed of reading
3: Reading for Learning the New
Expand vocabulary
Gaining knowledge
Capable of reading relevant materials for
successful information gathering
4: Multiple Viewpoints
Analyze texts critically
Comprehend multiple POVs
Analytical readers
5: Construction and Reconstruction
Highest level
Selective reading
Opinions
Analysis and synthesis
Creative writers/ learners
IMPORTANCE OF READING
Increase vocabulary
Skimming
o Main idea
o Gist, overview
o Fast reading (fastest type)
o Rapid-survey reading
Speed reading
o Super rapid rate
o Skimming and scanning
o Not for deep understanding of text
Sub-vocalized
o Sounding words in mind
o Stress, intonation, phrasing
o Prevents quick reading
Proofreading
o Looking for typographical errors
o Delays understanding
o Prevents comprehending fully
Multiple Intelligence
o Understanding/ appreciation for text is also
enhanced by practical intelligence
Musical - music
Spatial - art
TEXT TYPES
(Literary)
Narrative
o Tells a story (myths, fairytales, science
fiction)
Poetry
o Tells a story of the feelings or ideas of the
author (epic, ballad, ode)
Drama
o Tells a story that needs to be performed
(tragedy, comedy, dramatic monologue)
(Factual)
Procedural/Instructional
o Instructions (manual, recipes)
Explanatory
o Explains (essays, debates, articles)
Expository/ Argumentative
o Presents both sides of an issue (editorials,
legal documents)
Information Report
o Classify, describe, and present information
(technical, business and police reports)
Recount
o Retell series of events in chronological order
(narrative reports, diaries, journals)
Persuasive
o Persuades, convinces audience
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE READING
COMPREHENSION
Reader
Text
Fluency
READING PROCESSES
Bottom-up (letters letter cluster words phrasessentences paragraphs longer texts meaning
COMPREHENSION)
o builds meaning from the smallest unit to
achieve comprehension
o Analyzing structure form, stress or other
features of language to get clues to the
meaning of the text
o No stock knowledge
o Meanings only depend on data on the page
o Limited to visible symbols
Interactive/ Schema
o Both textual and non-textual simultaneously
or alternately
o All levels of thinking interact/ influence one
another