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HomiJ.Bhabha
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

NottobeconfusedwithHomiK.Bhabha.
HomiJehangirBhabha(/bb/)(30October190924
January1966)wasanIndiannuclearphysicist,founding
director,andprofessorofphysicsattheTataInstituteof
FundamentalResearch.[2]Colloquiallyknownas"fatherof
theIndiannuclearprogramme",[3]Bhabhawasthefounding
directoroftwowellknownresearchinstitutions,namelythe
TataInstituteofFundamentalResearch(TIFR)andthe
TrombayAtomicEnergyEstablishment(nownamedafter
him)bothsiteswerethecornerstoneofIndiandevelopment
ofnuclearweaponswhichBhabhaalsosupervisedasits
director.[3]

HomiJehangirBhabha
FRS

Contents
1 Earlylife
2 AttheUniversityofCambridge
2.1 ResearchinNuclearphysics
3 ReturntoIndia
4 Career
5 AtomicEnergyinIndia
6 VisionarybehindIndia'sThreeStageNuclear
PowerProgramme
7 Death
7.1 Assassinationconspiracytheories
8 Legacy
9 Trivia
10 Seealso
11 References
12 Externallinks

Born

30October1909
Bombay,BritishIndia
(presentdayIndia)

Died

24January1966(aged56)
MontBlanc,France

Residence

NewDelhi,India

Citizenship

India

Nationality

Indian

Fields

NuclearPhysics

Institutions

AtomicEnergyCommissionof
India
TataInstituteofFundamental
Research
CavendishLaboratory
IndianInstituteofScience
TurmbayAtomicEnergy
Establishment

Almamater

UniversityofMumbai
UniversityofCambridge

Doctoraladvisor

RalphH.Fowler

Otheracademic
advisors

PaulDirac

Knownfor

Indiannuclearprogramme

Earlylife
HomiJehangirBhabhawasbornintoawealthyand
prominentindustrialParsifamily,throughwhichhewas
relatedtoDinshawManeckjiPetit,andDorabjiTata.Hewas
bornon30October1909,inanillustriousfamilywithalong
traditionoflearningandservicetothecountry.Hisfather
wasJehangirHormusjiBhabha,awellknownlawyerandhis
motherwasMeheren.[4]Hereceivedhisearlyeducationat
Bombay'sCathedralandJohnConnonSchoolandentered
ElphinstoneCollegeatage15afterpassinghisSenior
CambridgeExaminationwithHonors.Hisfather'sname,
Jehangir,isfromPersian(),meaning"conquerorofthe
world."[5]
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HethenattendedtheRoyalInstituteofScienceuntil1927
beforejoiningCaiusCollegeofCambridgeUniversity.This
wasduetotheinsistenceofhisfatherandhisuncleDorab
Tata,whoplannedforBhabhatoobtainadegreein
MechanicalengineeringfromCambridgeandthenreturnto
India,wherehewouldjointheTataSteelMillsin
Jamshedpurasametallurgist.

AttheUniversityofCambridge

CascadeprocessofCosmic
radiations
pointparticles
BhabhaScattering
Notableawards

AdamsPrize (1942)
PadmaBhushan (1954)
FellowoftheRoyalSociety[1]

Bhabha'sfatherunderstoodhisson'spredicament,andheagreedtofinancehisstudiesinmathematicsprovided
thatheobtainfirstclassonhisMechanicalSciencesTriposexam.BhabhatooktheTriposexaminJune1930
andpassedwithfirstclass.Afterwards,heexcelledinhismathematicalstudiesunderPaulDiractocomplete
theMathematicsTripos.Meanwhile,heworkedattheCavendishLaboratorywhileworkingtowardshis
doctorateintheoreticalphysics.Atthetime,thelaboratorywasthecenterofanumberofscientific
breakthroughs.JamesChadwickhaddiscoveredtheneutron,JohnCockcroftandErnestWaltontransmuted
lithiumwithhighenergyprotons,andPatrickBlackettandGiuseppeOcchialiniusedcloudchambersto
demonstratetheproductionofelectronpairsandshowersbygammaradiation.
Duringthe19311932academicyear,BhabhawasawardedtheSalomonsStudentshipinEngineering.In1932,
heobtainedfirstclassonhisMathematicalTriposandwasawardedtheRouseBalltravelingstudentshipin
mathematics.Duringthistime,thenuclearphysicswasattractingthegreatestmindsanditwasoneofthemost
significantlyemergingfieldsascomparedtotheoreticalphysics,theoppositiontowardstheoreticalphysics
attackedthefieldsasitwaslenienttowardstheoriesratherthanprovingthenaturalphenomenonthrough
experiments.Conductingexperimentsonparticleswhichalsoreleasedtremendousamountofradiation,was
lifelongpassionofBhabha,andhisleadingedgeresearchandexperimentsbroughtgreatlaurelstoIndian
physicistswhoparticularlyswitchedtheirfieldstonuclearphysics,oneofthemostnotablebeingPiaraSingh
Gill.

ResearchinNuclearphysics
InJanuary1933,Bhabhareceivedhisdoctorateinnuclearphysicsafterpublishinghisfirstscientificpaper,
"TheAbsorptionofCosmicradiation".Inthepublication,Bhabhaofferedanexplanationoftheabsorption
featuresandelectronshowerproductionincosmicrays.ThepaperhelpedhimwintheIsaacNewton
Studentshipin1934,whichheheldforthenextthreeyears.Thefollowingyear,hecompletedhisdoctoral
studiesintheoreticalphysicsunderRalphH.Fowler.Duringhisstudentship,hesplithistimeworkingat
CambridgeandwithNielsBohrinCopenhagen.In1935,BhabhapublishedapaperintheProceedingsofthe
RoyalSociety,SeriesA,inwhichperformedthefirstcalculationtodeterminethecrosssectionofelectron
positronscattering.ElectronpositronscatteringwaslaternamedBhabhascattering,inhonorofhis
contributionsinthefield.
In1936,thetwopublishedapaper,"ThePassageofFastElectronsandtheTheoryofCosmicShowers"[6]in
theProceedingsoftheRoyalSociety,SeriesA,inwhichtheyusedtheirtheorytodescribehowprimarycosmic
raysfromouterspaceinteractwiththeupperatmospheretoproduceparticlesobservedatthegroundlevel.
BhabhaandHeitlerthenmadenumericalestimatesofthenumberofelectronsinthecascadeprocessat
differentaltitudesfordifferentelectroninitiationenergies.Thecalculationsagreedwiththeexperimental
observationsofcosmicrayshowersmadebyBrunoRossiandPierreVictorAugerafewyearsbefore.Bhabha
laterconcludedthatobservationsofthepropertiesofsuchparticleswouldleadtothestraightforward
experimentalverificationofAlbertEinstein'stheoryofrelativity.In1937,BhabhawasawardedtheSenior
Studentshipofthe1851exhibition,whichhelpedhimcontinuehisworkatCambridgeuntiltheoutbreakof
WorldWarIIin1939.

ReturntoIndia
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InSeptember1939,BhabhawasinIndiaforabriefholidaywhenWorldWarIIstarted,andhedecidednotto
returntoEnglandforthetimebeing.HeacceptedanoffertoserveastheReaderinthePhysicsDepartmentof
theIndianInstituteofScience,thenheadedbyrenownedphysicistC.V.Raman.Hereceivedaspecialresearch
grantfromtheSirDorabTataTrust,whichheusedtoestablishtheCosmicRayResearchUnitattheInstitute.
Bhabhaselectedafewstudents,includingHarishChandra,toworkwithhim.Later,on20March1941,hewas
electedaFellowoftheRoyalSociety.WiththehelpofJ.R.D.Tata,heplayedaninstrumentalroleinthe
establishmentoftheTataInstituteofFundamentalResearchinBombay.

Career
StartinghisnuclearphysicscareerinGreatBritain,BhabhahadreturnedtoIndiaforhisannualvacationbefore
thestartofWorldWarIIinSeptember1939.WarpromptedhimtoremaininIndiaandacceptedapostof
readerinphysicsattheIndianInstituteofScienceinBengaluru,headedbyNobellaureateC.V.Raman.[7]
Duringthistime,BhabhaplayedakeyroleinconvincingtheCongressParty'sseniorleaders,mostnotably
JawaharlalNehruwholaterservedasIndia'sfirstPrimeMinister,tostarttheambitiousnuclearprogramme.As
partofthisvision,BhabhaestablishedtheCosmicRayResearchUnitattheInstitute,begantoworkonthe
theoryofpointparticlesmovement,whileindependentlyconductingresearchonnuclearweaponsin1944.[3]In
1945,heestablishedtheTataInstituteofFundamentalResearchinBombay,andtheAtomicEnergy
Commissionin1948,servingasitsfirstchairman.[3]In1948,NehruledtheappointmentofBhabhaasthe
directorofthenuclearprogramandtaskedBhabhatodevelopthenuclearweaponssoonafter.[3]Inthe1950s,
BhabharepresentedIndiainIAEAconferences,andservedasPresidentoftheUnitedNationsConferenceon
thePeacefulUsesofAtomicEnergyinGeneva,Switzerlandin1955.Duringthistime,heintensifiedhis
lobbyingforthedevelopmentofnuclearweapons.SoonaftertheSinoIndowar,Bhabhaaggressivelyand
publiclybegantocallforthenuclearweapons.[7]
Bhabhagainedinternationalprominenceafterderivingacorrectexpressionfortheprobabilityofscattering
positronsbyelectrons,aprocessnowknownasBhabhascattering.Hismajorcontributionincludedhisworkon
Comptonscattering,Rprocess,andfurthermoretheadvancementofnuclearphysics.HewasawardedPadma
BhushanbyGovernmentofIndiain1954.[8]HelaterservedasthememberoftheIndianCabinet'sScientific
AdvisoryCommitteeandprovidedthepivotalroletoVikramSarabhaitosetuptheIndianNationalCommittee
forSpaceResearch.InJanuary1966,BhabhadiedinaplanecrashnearMontBlanc,whileheadingtoVienna,
AustriatoattendameetingoftheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency'sScientificAdvisoryCommittee.[7]

AtomicEnergyinIndia
WhenHomiJehangirBhabhawasworkingattheIndiaInstituteof
Science,therewasnoinstituteinIndiawhichhadthenecessary
facilitiesfororiginalworkinnuclearphysics,cosmicrays,highenergy
physics,andotherfrontiersofknowledgeinphysics.Thispromptedhim
tosendaproposalinMarch1944totheSirDorabjiJamsetjiTata.Tata
Trustforestablishing'avigorousschoolofresearchinfundamental
physics'.Inhisproposalhewrote:

ThereisatthemomentinIndianobigschoolof
researchinthefundamentalproblemsofphysics,both
theoreticalandexperimental.Thereare,however,
scatteredalloverIndiacompetentworkerswhoarenot
doingasgoodworkastheywoulddoifbroughttogether
inoneplaceunderproperdirection.Itisabsolutelyin
theinterestofIndiatohaveavigorousschoolof
researchinfundamentalphysics,forsuchaschoolforms
thespearheadofresearchnotonlyinlessadvanced
branchesofphysicsbutalsoinproblemsofimmediate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homi_J._Bhabha

BhabhaattheInternational
ConferenceonthePeacefulUsesof
AtomicEnergyinGeneva,
Switzerland,August20,1955

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practicalapplicationinindustry.Ifmuchoftheapplied
researchdoneinIndiatodayisdisappointingorofvery
inferiorqualityitisentirelyduetotheabsenceof
sufficientnumberofoutstandingpureresearchworkers
whowouldsetthestandardofgoodresearchandacton
thedirectingboardsinanadvisorycapacity...
Moreover,whennuclearenergyhasbeensuccessfully
appliedforpowerproductioninsayacoupleofdecades
fromnow,Indiawillnothavetolookabroadforits
expertsbutwillfindthemreadyathand.Idonotthink
thatanyoneacquaintedwithscientificdevelopmentin
othercountrieswoulddenytheneedinIndiaforsucha
schoolasIpropose.
Thesubjectsonwhichresearchandadvancedteaching
wouldbedonewouldbetheoreticalphysics,especially
onfundamentalproblemsandwithspecialreferenceto
cosmicraysandnuclearphysics,andexperimental
researchoncosmicrays.Itisneitherpossiblenor
desirabletoseparatenuclearphysicsfromcosmicrays
sincethetwoarecloselyconnectedtheoretically.[9]

ThetrusteesofSirDorabjiJamsetji.TataTrustdecidedtoacceptBhabha'sproposalandfinancialresponsibility
forstartingtheInstituteinApril1944.BombaywaschosenasthelocationfortheprosedInstituteasthe
GovernmentofBombayshowedinterestinbecomingajointfounderoftheproposedinstitute.Theinstitute,
namedTataInstituteofFundamentalResearch,wasinauguratedin1945in540squaremetersofhiredspacein
anexistingbuilding.In1948theInstitutewasmovedintotheoldbuildingsoftheRoyalYachtclub.When
Bhabharealizedthattechnologydevelopmentfortheatomicenergyprogrammecouldnolongerbecarriedout
withinTIFRheproposedtothegovernmenttobuildanewlaboratoryentirelydevotedtothispurpose.Forthis
purpose,1200acresoflandwasacquiredatTrombayfromtheBombayGovernment.ThustheAtomicEnergy
EstablishmentTrombay(AEET)startedfunctioningin1954.ThesameyeartheDepartmentofAtomicEnergy
(DAE)wasalsoestablished.[10]HerepresentedIndiainInternationalAtomicEnergyForums,andasPresident
oftheUnitedNationsConferenceonthePeacefulUsesofAtomicEnergy,inGeneva,Switzerlandin1955.He
waselectedaForeignHonoraryMemberoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesin1958.[11]

VisionarybehindIndia'sThreeStageNuclearPowerProgramme
BhabhaisgenerallyacknowledgedasthefatherofIndiannuclearpower.Moreover,heiscreditedwith
formulatingastrategyoffocussingonextractingpowerfromthecountry'svastthoriumreservesratherthanits
meagreuraniumreserves.[12][13]Thisthoriumfocusedstrategywasinmarkedcontrasttoallothercountriesin
theworld.TheapproachproposedbyBhabhatoachievethisstrategicobjectivebecameIndia'sthreestage
nuclearpowerprogramme.
Bhabhaparaphrasedthethreestageapproachasfollows:

ThetotalreservesofthoriuminIndiaamounttoover500,000tonsinthereadilyextractable
form,whiletheknownreservesofuraniumarelessthanatenthofthis.Theaimoflongrange
atomicpowerprogrammeinIndiamustthereforebetobasethenuclearpowergenerationas
soonaspossibleonthoriumratherthanuranium...Thefirstgenerationofatomicpower
stationsbasedonnaturaluraniumcanonlybeusedtostartoffanatomicpowerprogramme...
Theplutoniumproducedbythefirstgenerationpowerstationscanbeusedinasecond
generationofpowerstationsdesignedtoproduceelectricpowerandconvertthoriumintoU
233,ordepleteduraniumintomoreplutoniumwithbreedinggain...Thesecondgenerationof
powerstationsmayberegardedasanintermediatestepforthebreederpowerstationsofthe

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thirdgenerationallofwhichwouldproducemoreU233thantheyburninthecourseof
producingpower.[14]

Death
HediedwhenAirIndiaFlight101crashednearMontBlancon24January1966.[15]

Assassinationconspiracytheories
Manypossibletheorieshavebeenadvancedfortheaircrash,includingaconspiracytheoryinwhichtheCentral
IntelligenceAgency(CIA)isinvolvedinordertoparalyzeIndia'snuclearprogram.[16]WhileanIndian
diplomaticbagcontainingnewspapers,calendarsandapersonalletterwasrecoverednearthecrashsitein
2012,itwasa"TypeC"diplomaticbagcontainingnodocumentsofimportance.[17][18]
GregoryDouglas,ajournalistwhotapedhisinterviewswithformerCIAoperative,RobertCrowley,overa
periodof4years,recordedtheirtelephonicconversationsandlaterpublishedtheirtranscribesinabooktitled
ConversationswiththeCrow.CrowleyclaimedthatCIAwasresponsibleforeliminatingDr.HomiBhabha,
IndiannuclearscientistwhoseplanecrashedintoAlps,whenhewasgoingtoattendaViennaconferenceand
LalBahadurShastri,whodiedatTashkentsummitin1966.Crowleysaidthatabombinthecargosectionof
theplanewentoffinmidair,bringingdownthecommercialBoeing707airlinerinAlpswithlittleevidence
lefttoberetrieved.CrowleyclaimedthatU.S.waswaryofIndiannuclearprogressandthedefeatoftheirally
Pakistan,in1965war.U.S.wasworriedthatIndiacouldwellbethechiefinSouthAsiancontinentalongwith
Russianthinktanks,ifIndiadevelopsnuclearcapabilities,thusbringinginstabilitytotheregion.[19]

Legacy
Afterhisdeath,theAtomicEnergyEstablishmentatBombaywas
renamedastheBhabhaAtomicResearchCentreinhishonour.
Inadditiontobeinganablescientistandadministrator,Bhabhawasalso
apainterandaclassicalmusicandoperaenthusiast,besidesbeingan
amateurbotanist.HeisoneofthemostprominentscientiststhatIndia
haseverhad.Bhabhaalsoencouragedresearchinelectronics,space
science,radioastronomyandmicrobiology.Thefamedradiotelescope
atOoty,Indiawashisinitiative,anditbecamearealityin1970.The
HomiBhabhaFellowshipCouncilhasbeengivingtheHomiBhabha
Fellowshipssince1967Othernotedinstitutionsinhisnamearethe
HomiBhabhaNationalInstitute,anIndiandeemeduniversityandthe
HomiBhabhaCentreforScienceEducation,Mumbai,India.

Trivia
BustofHomiBhabhawhichisplaced
On13March2014,TheTimesofIndiareportedthatTheNational
inthegardenofBirlaIndustrial&
CentreforthePerformingArts(NCPA)hadissuedapublicnotice
TechnologicalMuseum,Kolkata
invitingdevelopersandinvestorsinterestedinpurchasingMehrangir,
thesprawlingcolonialbungalowatMalabarHillwhereBhabha,spent
mostofhislife.Thebungalowhasabuiltupareaof13,953sqfeetandaplotmeasuring17,150sqfeet.

AfterBhabhadiedin1966,hisbrotherJamshedbecamethecustodianoftheBhabhaestate.Beinganavid
patronofartsandculture,JamshedBhabha,whodiedin2007,aged93,hadwilledthepropertyalongwith
paintings,jewellery,artefactsandfurnituretotheNCPA,whichhehadestablished.Locatedatastone'sthrow
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fromHangingGardens,thepropertyisestimatedtobevaluedatoverRs257crore(asofMarch2014)[20]and
wassoldtoGodrejfamilyforRs372crore[21]bytheNCPAon18June2014.
TheemployeesandscientistsworkingforDepartmentofAtomicEnergyandTataInstituteofFundamental
Research,whichBhabhafounded,haveprotestedagainstthesaleofthebungalowtoprivatedevelopersasthey
believethatthebungalowshouldbepreservedasamemorial.[22]HoweverNCPAchairmanKNSuntooksaid
thatsuchsentimentsweremisplaced.HesaidthatthatHomiBhabha,thearchitectofIndiasnuclearpower
programme,wasonlyapartownerofthepropertyandafterhisdemise,thepropertydevolvedsolelyuponhis
brotherJamshed,whobequeatheditabsolutelytotheNCPAbyhiswill,whichhassincebeenprobated.
SuntooksaidhewassadthateminentscientistsweresupportingthismovementandthatBARChaslotoffunds
andtheycouldhaveusedthattobidforthebungalow.Whiletherewereeightbiddersoriginally,threeturned
upfortheauction.SuntookaddedthatHomiBhabhawasagreatloverofculturehimselfandbothbrothers
wouldhavebeendisappointedwiththeoppositiontotheauction.
ThepresentownerofMehrangir(SmitaCrishnaGodrej,Godrejfamily)whohadpurchasedMehrangir,Homi
BhabhashomeinMumbai,haditdemolisheditduringthefirstweekofJune2016.Aspereminentscientists
opposedtoauction,thecentralorstategovernmentscouldhavesavedMehrangirbycompensatingtheNCPA
byareasonableamount.Howeverthisdidnothappen,thebungalowwasauctionedoffin2014anddemolished
inJune2016,bringingmuchdismaytothosewhowanteditdeclaredaheritagestructure.[23]

Seealso
India'sthreestagenuclearpowerprogramme

References
1.Penney,L.(1967)."HomiJehangirBhabha19091966".BiographicalMemoirsofFellowsoftheRoyalSociety.13:
3526.doi:10.1098/rsbm.1967.0002.
2."HomiJehangirBhabha".PhysicsToday.19(3):108101.1966.doi:10.1063/1.3048089.
3.Richelson,JeffreyRichelson."U.S.IntelligenceandtheIndianBomb".TheNationalSecurityArchive,TheGeorge
WashingtonUniversity.PublishedthroughNationalSecurityArchiveElectronicBriefingBookNo.187.Retrieved
24January2012.
4.<http://www.igcar.ernet.in/press_releases/press29.htm>
5.fa:
6.Bhabha,HomiJ.WaltherHeitler(1937)."Thepassageoffastelectronsandthetheoryofcosmicshowers".
ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.SeriesA,MathematicalandPhysicalSciences.159(898):432458.
Bibcode:1937RSPSA.159..432B.doi:10.1098/rspa.1937.0082.
7.Sublette,Carey."Dr.HomiJ.Bhabha:IndianOppenheimer".nuclearweaponarchive.nuclearweaponarchive(Indian
nuclearprogram).Retrieved24January2012.
8."PadmaAwards"(PDF).MinistryofHomeAffairs,GovernmentofIndia.2015.RetrievedJuly21,2015.
9.HomiJehangirBhabha(http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/bhabha/BHABHANEW.HTM).
Vigyanprasar.gov.in.Retrievedon20150630.
10.Guha,Ramachandra(2008).IndiaAfterGandhi.HarperPerennial.p.216.ISBN0060958588.
11."BookofMembers,17802010:ChapterB"(PDF).AmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences.Retrieved25June
2011.
12.Rahman,Maseeh(1November2011)."HowHomiBhabha'svisionturnedIndiaintoanuclearR&Dleader".
Mumbai:Guardian.Retrieved1March2012.
13."Afutureenergygiant?India'sthoriumbasednuclearplans".Physorg.com.1October2010.Retrieved4March2012.
14.Venkataraman,Ganesan(1994).Bhabhaandhismagnificentobsessions.UniversitiesPress.p.157.
ISBN8173710074.
15.Haine,EdgarA.(2000).DisasterintheAir.AssociatedUniversityPresses.pp.146147.ISBN9780845347775.
16.HomiBhabha:Thephysicistwithadifference(http://news.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cpdocumentid=3433120&page=
1).News.in.msn.com(23June2015).Retrievedon30June2015.
17."BBCNewsIndiadiplomaticbagfoundinFrenchAlpsafter46years".Bbc.co.uk.30August2012.Retrieved
21September2012.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homi_J._Bhabha

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18."BBCNewsDiplomaticbagcontentsrevealed".Bbc.co.uk.Retrieved21September2012.
19."ConversationwithCrowley".
20.Mehta,Rajshri(13March2014)HomiBhabha'sMalabarHillbungalowupforsale(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.co
m/city/mumbai/HomiBhabhasMalabarHillhomeupforsale/articleshow/31912441.cms).
Timesofindia.indiatimes.com.Retrievedon30June2015.
21."GodrejFamilyBuysBhabhaBungalowForRs.372Cr".BloombergTVIndia.
22."ProtestinginMemoriam".OpenMagazine.23April2014.
23.Parthasarathy,K.S.(20160625)."AWreathofWhiteRosesOvertheRuinsofMehrangir,HomiBhabha'sHome".
Retrieved20160626.

Externallinks
AnnotatedBibliographyforHomiJ.BhabhafromtheAlsos
DigitalLibraryforNuclearIssues(http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.as
px?browse=people/Bhabha,Homi).
TheWoodrowWilsonCenter'sNuclearProliferationInternational
HistoryProject(http://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/npihppartner
sreleasenewdocumentsindiannuclearhistory).NPIHPhasa
seriesofprimarysourcedocumentsaboutandbyHomiBhabha.

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