Instructor:

Dr. Istadi (http://tekim.undip.ac.id/staf/istadi )

Email: istadi@undip.ac.id

Course Syllabus: (Part 1)

1.

2.

3.

4.
5.
6.
7.

Denitions of Natural Gas, Gas Reservoir, Gas Drilling

and Gas production (Pengertian gas alam, gas reservoir,
gas drilling, dan produksi gas)
Overview of Gas Plant Processing (Overview Sistem
Pemrosesan Gas) and Gas Field Operations and Inlet
Receiving (Operasi Lapangan Gas dan Penerimaan Inlet)
Gas Treating: Chemical Treatments (Pengolahan Gas:
secara kimia) and Sour Gas Treating (Pengolahan Gas
Asam)
Gas Treating: Physical Treatments (Pengolahan Gas:
secara sika)
Gas Dehydration (Dehidrasi Gas)
Gas Dehydration (Dehidrasi Gas)
Hydrocarbons Recovery (Pengambilan Hidrokarbon)

PHYSICAL ABSORPTION
! Absorption processes are generally most efficient when

the partial pressures of the acid gases are relatively

high, because partial pressure is the driving force for the
absorption.
! Heavy hydrocarbons are strongly absorbed by the
solvents used, and consequently acid gas removal is
most efficient in natural gases with low
concentrations of heavier hydrocarbons.
! Solvents can be chosen for selective removal of sulfur
compounds, which allows CO2 to be slipped into the
residue gas stream and reduce separation costs.
! Energy requirements for regeneration of the solvent
are lower than in systems that involve chemical
reactions.

! Separation can be carried out at near-ambient

temperature.
! Partial processes produce a water saturated product
stream that must be dried in most applications.
! Organic liquid (solvents) are used in these processes

to absorb H2S (usually) preferentially over CO2 at high

pressure and low temperatures.
! Regeneration is carried out by releasing the pressure to
the atmosphere and sometimes in vacuum with no heat.

Proper>es of Physical Solvents

SELEXOL PROCESS
! Selexol is a typical application of physical absorption

that uses a mixture of dimethyl ether and propylene

glycols as a solvent.
! A cool stream of natural gas is injected in the bottom of
the absorption tower operated at 1000 psia.
! The rich solvent is flashed in a high flash drum at 200
psia, where methane is flashed and recycled back to the
absorber and joins the sweet gas stream.
! The solvent is then flashed at atmospheric pressure and
acid gases are flashed off.

Selexol
! The solvent is then stripped by steam to completely

regenerate the solvent, which is recycled back to the

absorber; any hydrocarbons will be condensed and
any remaining acid gases will be ashed from the
condenser drum.
! This process is used when there is a high acid gas
partial pressure and no heavy hydrocarbons.
! DIPA (di-isopropanol amine) can be added to this
solvent to remove CO2 down to pipeline
specications

Selexol Process Schema>c

K-Value
! Rk Value = K-value methane /

K-value component

! The K-value is the ratio of the

mole fraction of the component

in the vapor phase (y) to its
mole fraction in the liquid
phase (x), K = y/x.
! High K-values indicate the

Ki = Pisat/P
yi.P = xi. Pisat

material is predominately in
the vapor phase, whereas low
K-values indicate a higher
concentration in the liquid
phase (x).

Rk Value - Selexol
! An Rk value greater than unity indicates the solubility of the

component in Selexol is greater than that of methane,

whereas a value less than unity indicates the opposite
Because RK for CO2 and H2S are 15 and 134, respectively, these gases
are preferentially absorbed (relative to CH4), and, consequently,
physical absorption is an eective technique for acid gas removal.
The process can reduce H2S to 4 ppmv, reduce CO2 to levels
below 50 ppmv, and essentially remove all mercaptans, CS2,
and COS.
RK values for hydrocarbons heavier than CH4 are fairly high
(6.4 for C2H6, 15.3 for C3H8, and 35 for n-C4H10), Selexol will
remove substantial quantities of these hydrocarbons, a feature that
can be either positive or negative, depending on the composition
of the gas being processed and the desired products.
Finally, the RK value of H2O is extremely high and
consequently, Selexol provides some dehydration

Solubility of various gases in Selexol solvent at

70F (21C) as a func>on of par>al pressure
! For an ideal system,

Henrys law assumes

a linear relation
between the
solubility of gas
component i and its
partial pressure,
! yi.P = Hi.xi
! where Hi is the
Henrys constant.

HENRYS LAW
! Pi = H.Xi or Xi = (Yi / H).P
! This implies that acid gas absorbed in liquid

phase (Xi) is proportional to its gas mole fraction (Yi)

and inversely to Henrys constant (which is constant
for a given temperature).
! Much more importantly, the solubility is proportional
to the total gas pressure (P).
! This means that at high pressure, acid gases will
dissolve in solvents, and as the pressure is released,
the solvent can be regenerated.

Example: Composi>on of Inlet and

Outlet Gas in a Selexol Unit

FLUOR PROCESS
! This process uses propylene carbonate to remove CO2,

H2S, C2+, COS, CS2, and H2O from natural gas.

! Thus, in one step, the natural gas can be sweetened and
dehydrated.

Purisol Process
! This process uses N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone also known as

NMP as a solvent (licensed by Lurgi).

! The solvent removes H2S, CO2, H2O, RSH, and
hydrocarbons and elastomers.
! The feature of this solvent is that it is highly selective for
H2S.
! It has a boiling point of 396 oF, which is rather low to be used
in amine mixed solvents.
! Regeneration is accomplished by two strippers, where
dissolved hydrocarbons are stripped off as fuel gas nitrogen in
the first drum
! and acid gases are stripped in the second stripper;
! regenerated NMP is recycled back to the absorber.

Purisol Process Scheme

Sulnol/Claus Process
! This process uses a solvent which is 40% sulfolane (tetrahydrothiophene
!

!
!
!
!

1-1 dioxide), 40% DIPA (di-isopropanolamine), and 20% water.

Enhancing amine selectivity by adding a physical solvent such as sulfolane.
Sulfolane is an excellent solvent of sulfur compounds such as H2S,
COS, and CS2. Aromatics, heavy hydrocarbons, and CO2 are soluble to a
lesser extent.
Sulfinol is usually used for H2S/CO2 ratios greater than 1:1 or where CO2
removal is not required to the same extent as H2S.
The sour gas components are removed from the feed gas by countercurrent
contact with a lean solvent stream under pressure.
The absorbed impurities are then removed from the rich solvent by stripping
with steam in a heated regenerator column.
The hot lean solvent is then cooled for reuse in the absorber absorber. Part
of the cooling may be by heat exchange with the rich solvent for partial
recovery of heat energy.

Sulnol/Claus Process

Comparison of Physical Solvents

! Purisol has the highest capacity for absorption of acid

gases and it is the most selective; however, it is the most

volatile.
! Selexol is more selective than Fluor solvent, but it
dissolves propane.
! All solvents exhibit significant affinity for heavy paraffins,
aromatics, and water.
! Water absorption make them good dessicants.
! The loading capacity of physical solvent is much higher
than amines.
! From Figure: At partial pressure of H2S 200 psia, the
loading (mol H2S/gal solvent) of MEA (20% solution) is
about 11.5, and at the same time, sulfolane (physical
solvent) is about 18 and sulfinol (which is a mixed
solvent) is about 19.

Equilibrium solvent loadings

HYBRID PROCESSES
! The strengths and weaknesses of amine and physical

solvent system
! To take advantage of the strengths of each type, a number
of hybrid processes commercially used, and under
development, combine physical solvents with amines
! Depending upon the solventamine combination, nearly
complete removal of H2S, CO2, and COS is possible
! Sulnol: The process uses a combination of a physical
solvent (sulfolane) with DIPA or MDEA.
! Like the physical solvent processes, the hybrid systems
may absorb more hydrocarbons, including BTEX, but that
property can be adjusted by varying water content.

ADSORPTION
! Acid gases, as well as water, can be effectively removed

by physical adsorption on synthetic zeolites

! Applications are limited because water displaces acid

gases on the adsorbent bed

! From typical isotherms for CO2 and H2S on molecular

sieve, indicates that at ambient temperatures substantial

quantities of both gases are adsorbed even at low partial
pressures
! Molecular sieve can reduce H2S levels to the 0.25 gr/

100 scf (6 mg/m3) specification.

! However, this reduction requires regeneration of the

bed at 600F (315C) for extended time ?????

Schema>c of integrated natural

gas desulfuriza>on plant

! Dashed line denotes regeneration gas stream.

CRYOGENIC FRACTIONATION
! Distillation ! the most widely used process to

separate liquid mixtures

! It seems a good prospect for removing CO2 and H2S
from natural gas, because the vapor pressures of the
principal components are dierent
! However, problems are associated with the separation
of CO2 from methane, CO2 from ethane, and CO2
from H2S

Dierence of Vapor Pressures

Dis>lla>on: CO2 from methane

! Relative volatilities (KC1/KCO2) at typical distillation

conditions are about 5 to 1. Therefore one would

expect simple fractionation to work.
! However, because the liquid CO2 phase freezes when
it becomes concentrated, the practical maximum-
vapor concentration of methane is only 85 to 90 mol
%.

Dis>lla>on: CO2 from ethane

! In addition to solidication problems, CO2 and

ethane form an azeotrope (liquid and vapor

compositions are equal) and
! consequently, complete separation of these two by
simple distillation is impossible

Dis>lla>on: CO2 from H2S

! The distillation is dicult
! The mixture forms a pinch at high CO2

concentrations.
! This separation by conventional distillation is
complicated by the need to have an overhead product
that has roughly 100 ppmv H2S if the stream is
vented.
! The bottoms product should contain less than two-
thirds CO2, assuming the stream is feed to a Claus
unit.

Membrane Separa>on
! Membranes are used in natural gas processing for dehydration, fuel-gas

conditioning, and bulk CO2 removal, but presently CO2 removal is by far
the most important application
! Polymeric membranes separate gases by selective permeation of gas
species in these membranes.
! The gas dissolves at the contact surface of the membrane and permeate
across the membrane under the partial pressure gradient across the
membrane wall.
! The basic idea of the process is to flow sour gas on one side of the
membrane where only acid gases diffuse across the membrane to the
permeate side and the rest of the gas exits as sweet gas

Rate of Permea>on
! The rate of permeation of gas A(qA) can be expressed

as:

! where PM is the gas permeability in the membrane,

Am and t are the surface area and thickness of the

membrane, respectively, and PA is the partial
pressure of gas A across the membrane.

CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL

FROM NATURAL GAS
! For CO2 removal, the industry standard is presently

cellulose acetate.
! These membranes are of the solution-diusion type, in
which a thin layer (0.1 to 0.5 m) of cellulose acetate is on
top of a thicker layer of a porous support material.
! Permeable compounds dissolve into the membrane,
diuse across it, and then travel through the inactive
support material.
! The membranes are thin to maximize mass transfer and,
thus, minimize surface area and cost, so the support layer
is necessary to provide the needed mechanical strength.

Hollow Fiber Membrane

Spiral Wound Membrane

Gas ow paths for spiral-wound module

Single Stage CO2/CH4 Membrane Separa>on

Two-stage Membrane process

Feed Gas Pretreatment

! Because membranes are susceptible to degradation

from impurities, pretreatment is usually required.

! The impurities possibly present in natural gas that
may cause damage to the membrane

ADVANTAGES OF MEMBRANE
SYSTEMS
! Low capital investment when compared with

solvent systems
! Ease of installation: Units are normally skid
mounted
! Simplicity: No moving parts for single-stage units
! High turndown: The modular nature of the system
means very high turndown ratios can be achieved
! High reliability and on-stream time
! No chemicals needed
! Good weight and space eciency
! Ease of operation: process can run unattended

DISADVANTAGES OF MEMBRANE SYSTEMS

! Economy of scale: Because of their modular nature, they

oer little economy of scale

! Clean feed: Pretreatment of the feed to the membrane to
remove particulates and liquids is generally required
! Gas compression: Because pressure dierence is the
driving force for membrane separation, considerable
recompression may be required for either or both the
residue and permeate streams
! For natural gas:
! Generally higher hydrocarbon losses than solvent systems
! H2S removal: H2S and CO2 permeation rates are roughly the

same, so H2S specications may be dicult to meet

! Bulk removal: Best for bulk removal of acid gases;
membranes alone cannot be used to meet ppmv
specications