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1. Sustainable Glycemic efficacy: has saxagliptin any
advantage over other drugs?
2. Diabetes and CKD: what is the effect of Saxagliptin on
Proteinuria and other markers?
DPP4
SU
SGLT2
Insulin
Glucosidase
Inhibitor
Orlistat
TZD
Change in Body
Weight (kg)
Overall
Hypoglycemia
Mean
Diff.
Mean
Diff.
OR
Sulfonylureas
-0.82*
2.17*
8.86*
Meglitinides
-0.71*
1.40*
10.51*
TZDs
-0.82*
2.46*
0.45
AGIs
-0.66*
-1.01*
0.40
DPP-4 Inhibitors
-0.69*
0.23
1.13
GLP-1R agonists
-1.02*
-1.66*
0.92
Basal insulin
-0.88*
1.38*
4.77*
Premixed insulin
-1.07*
3.41*
17.78*
* significant vs PBO
Liu, Sung-Chen et al. Diab Obes & Metab 2012; 14:810-820.
Change in Body
Weight (kg)
Overall
Hypoglycemia
Mean
Diff.
Mean
Diff.
OR
Sulfonylureas
-0.82*
2.17*
8.86*
Meglitinides
-0.71*
1.40*
10.51*
TZDs
-0.82*
2.46*
0.45
AGIs
-0.66*
-1.01*
0.40
DPP-4 Inhibitors
-0.69*
0.23
1.13
GLP-1R agonists
-1.02*
-1.66*
0.92
Basal insulin
-0.88*
1.38*
4.77*
Premixed insulin
-1.07*
3.41*
17.78*
* significant vs PBO
Liu, Sung-Chen et al. Diab Obes & Metab 2012; 14:810-820.
Change in Body
Weight (kg)
Overall
Hypoglycemia
Mean
Diff.
Mean
Diff.
OR
Sulfonylureas
-0.82*
2.17*
8.86*
Meglitinides
-0.71*
1.40*
10.51*
TZDs
-0.82*
2.46*
0.45
AGIs
-0.66*
-1.01*
0.40
DPP-4 Inhibitors
-0.69*
0.23
1.13
GLP-1R agonists
-1.02*
-1.66*
0.92
Basal insulin
-0.88*
1.38*
4.77*
Premixed insulin
-1.07*
3.41*
17.78*
* significant vs PBO
Liu, Sung-Chen et al. Diab Obes & Metab 2012; 14:810-820.
DPP-4 INHIBITORS
Administration:
Orally
GLP-1 concentrations:
Physiologic
HbA1c reduction:
-0.8% to -1.8%
Insulin secretion:
Glucagon suppression:
++
Gastric emptying:
+/-
Weight:
Neutral effect
No
Potential immunogenicity:
No
Risk of hypoglycemia:
Minimal
DPP4i: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, GLP: Glucagon-like polypeptide, HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin
8
Mono
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
plus Met
plus SU
plus TZD
plus INS
A1c<8%
A1c 8-9%
A1c 9-10%
A1c >10%
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
Adapted from: Jadzinsky M et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009; 11: 611 - 22
A1C:
Linagliptin vs SU
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
-1.25
-1.50
Linagliptin
+ MET (n = 477)
-0.35
Glimepiride
+ MET (n =458)
-0.53
Saxagliptin vs SU
Sitagliptin vs SU
-0.74
Glipizide
+ MET (n = 293)
-0.80
Sitagliptin
Glipizide
+ MET (n = 382) + MET (n = 411)
-0.67
-0.67
* Significant vs comparator
11
* Significant vs comparator
Gallwitz B et al. Lancet 2012;380:475-483.. Goke B et al. Int J Clin Pract 2010;64:1619-31. Nauck M et al. Diab Obes Metab 2007;9:194-205.
126-LB
1Hadassah
Addition/increase in
antihyperglycemic medication
P<0.001
29.3
30
25
23.7
20
15
P<0.001
10
7.8
5.5
Saxagliptin
Scirica BM, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013.10.1056/NEJMoa1307684.
Placebo
14
OAD Up Titration
Insulin Up Titration
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
P<0.0001
-35
Leibowitz G et al. Diabetes obesity and Metabolism. 2015
A1c worsening
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
P<0.0001
-40
0
Standard Care
P<0.0001
Saxagliptin
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
BL 4 8 12
Patients:
SAXA 5mg + MET
PBO + MET
PBO + MET
20
30
37
50
63
76
89
102
89
52
70
33
58
25
25
15
Weeks
191
179
146
111
116
72
99
60
Take Home
Compared to placebo, treatment with saxagliptin improved glycemic
indices and attenuated glycemic instability over time, irrespective of
baseline anti-hyperglycemic regimens.
Saxagliptin minimized the deterioration of -cell function observed
in placebo-treated patients; in patients not taking any oral anti-diabetic
drugs or when added to other oral anti-diabetic drugs.
These findings suggest that inhibition of DPP-4 with saxagliptin may
slow the natural progression of T2D, as reflected by a slower decline
in -cell function.
19
G1
Normal or High
G2
Mildly decreased
60-89
G3a
Mildly to moderately
decreased
45-59
G3b
Moderately to severely
decreased
30-44
G4
Severely decreased
15-29
G5
Kidney failure
A1
A2
A3
Normal to mildly
increased
Moderately
increased
Severely increased
<30 mg/g
<3 mg/mmol
30-300 mg/g
3-30 mg/mmol
>300 mg/g
>30 mg/mmol
90
<15
High risk
22
Is Albuminuria Preventable?
IRMA-2
Normoalbuminuria
Microalbuminuria
20-199
RENAAL
IDNT
Macroalbuminuria
>_200
ESRD
GFR>50
N= 13916
GFR 3050ml/min
N= 2240
GFR<30 ml/min
N= 336
Frequency of progressive
microalbuminuria by completion of
follow-up according to renal function
(n=12,360)
5380
5241
5000
p <0.0001
4139
4000
3000
2000
1000
559
Total
Improved
120
775
p =0.037
758
547
519
Worsened
Placebo
96
p= 0.61 (NS)
76
80
600
72
60
500
400
40
300
200
94
100
0
110
100
700
No Change
790
682
448
Saxagliptin
900
4008
134
73
166
0
Total
Improved
Saxagliptin
No Change
Placebo
Worsened
17
20
Total
17
11
Improved
Saxagliptin
No Change
13
Worsened
Placebo
Jacob A. Udell et al; Saxagliptin in DM Patients and Renal Impairment; Diabetes Care, DOI: 10.2337/dc14-1850,
published online January 12, 2015
Changes in Microalbuminuria
14
12
10
11.4
12.4
13.3
6
4
2
Year 1
Year 2
End of treatment
Saxagliptin
Placebo
14
10
9.4
Improved* microalbuminuria
16
12
18
Worsening* microalbuminuria
15.9
16
14.2
18
11.8
11.1
9.6
10.7
9.2
8.7
8
6
4
2
0
Year 1
Year 2
End of treatment
*Treatment difference in the number and proportion of patients with albumin/creatinine ratios that worsened, did
not change, or improved is defined as a shift from baseline category (<3.4, 3.4 to 33.9, or >33.9 mg/mmol).
P<0.001 vs placebo; P = 0.0058 vs placebo.
Scirica BM, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013.10.1056/NEJMoa1307684.
26
P<0.0001
30
28
26
24
22
20
Saxa
Placebo
Standard antidiabetic
drug
28
Summary
DPP4i have sustainable glycemic efficacy equal to other OADs. SAVOR study has
demonstrated positive effect on beta cell function in largest RCT.
This can result in reduced requirement to up-titrate existing medications in long standing
T2DM
These benefits are in addition to weight neutral effects and low risk of hypoglycemia with
DPP4i class of drugs
Reversal of Proteinuria and positive effect on ACR with saxagliptin in SAVOR study
suggests this molecule may have some benefit in halting CKD progression in T2DM
patients
API: Onglyza
For the use of a registered medical practitioner or a hospital or laboratory only
BRIEF SUMMARY OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
ONGLYZA
(Saxagliptin) film-coated tablets 2.5 mg & 5 mg
INDICATIONS AND USAGE:
Monotherapy and Combination Therapy
ONGLYZA is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in
adults with type 2 diabetes.
Important Limitations of Use
ONGLYZA should not be used in patients with type 1 diabetes or for the treatment of
diabetic ketoacidosis, as it would not be effective in these settings.
ONGLYZA has not been studied in patients with a history of pancreatitis. It is unknown
whether patients with a history of pancreatitis are at an increased risk for the development of
pancreatitis while using ONGLYZA.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION:
Recommended Dosing
The recommended dose of ONGLYZA is 2.5 mg or 5 mg once daily taken regardless of
meals.
Patients with Renal Impairment
No dosage adjustment for ONGLYZA is recommended for patients with mild renal
impairment (creatinine clearance [CrCl] >50 mL/min.
The dose of ONGLYZA is 2.5 mg once daily for patients with moderate or severe renal
impairment, or with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring hemodialysis (CrCl50
mL/min, approximately corresponding to serum creatinine levels of 1.7 mg/dL in men and
1.5 mg/dL in women).
Strong CYP3A4/5 Inhibitors
The dose of ONGLYZA is 2.5 mg once daily when coadministered with strong cytochrome
P450 3A4/5 (CYP3A4/5) inhibitors.
Concomitant Use with an Insulin Secretagogue (e.g., Sulfonylurea) or with Insulin
When ONGLYZA is used in combination with an insulin secretagogue (e.g., sulfonylurea)
or with insulin, a lower dose of the insulin secretagogue or insulin may be required to
minimize the risk of hypoglycemia. [See Warnings and Precautions]
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
History of a serious hypersensitivity reaction to ONGLYZA, such as anaphylaxis,
angioedema, or exfoliative skin conditions.
WARNINGS & PRECAUTION:
Pancreatitis
There have been postmarketing reports of acute pancreatitis in patients taking ONGLYZA. If
pancreatitis is suspected, ONGLYZA should promptly be discontinued and appropriate
management should be initiated.
Hypersensitivity Reactions
There have been postmarketing reports of serious hypersensitivity reactions (including
anaphylaxis, angioedema, and exfoliative skin conditions) in patients treated with
ONGLYZA. If a serious hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, discontinue ONGLYZA,
assess for other potential causes for the event, and institute alternative treatment for diabetes.
API: KombiglyzeTM
For the use of a Registered Medical Practitioner or a Hospital or a Laboratory only.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION KOMBIGLYZETM XR (Saxagliptin / Metformin
HCl
extended-release) tablets. COMPOSITION: KombiglyzeTM XR is available as lm-coated tablets in the
dosage strengths 5 mg/500 mg, 5 mg/1000 mg, 2.5 mg/1000 mg for oral administration. INDICATIONS
AND USAGE: KombiglyzeTM XR is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycaemic
control
in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus when treatment with both saxagliptin and metformin is appropriate.
IMPORTANT LIMITATIONS OF USE: KombiglyzeTM XR should not be used for the treatment of type 1
diabetes mellitus or diabetic ketoacidosis; it has not been studied in patients with a history of pancreatitis.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Generally should be administered once daily with the evening meal,
with
gradual dose titration to reduce the gastrointestinal side effects associated with metformin. The
recommended starting dose in patients who need 5 mg of saxagliptin and who are not currently treated
with metformin is 5 mg saxagliptin/500 mg metformin extended-release. In patients treated with
metformin, the dose should provide metformin at the dose already being taken, or the nearest
therapeutically appropriate dose. Patients who need 2.5 mg saxagliptin in combination with metformin
extended-release may be treated with KombiglyzeTM XR 2.5 mg/1000 mg. The maximum daily
recommended dose is 5 mg for saxagliptin and 2000 mg for metformin extended-release. When
coadministered with strong CYP3A4/5 inhibitors, limit the dose to 2.5 mg/1000 mg once daily. When
KOMBIGLYZETM XR is used in combination with an insulin secretagogue (e.g. sulphonylurea) or with
insulin,
a lower dose of the insulin secretagogue or insulin may be required to minimise the risk of hypoglycaemia.
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Renal impairment, hypersensitivity to metformin hydrochloride, acute or chronic
metabolic acidosis (including diabetic ketoacidosis), history of a serious hypersensitivity reaction to
KombiglyzeTM XR or saxagliptin (such as anaphylaxis, angioedema, or exfoliative skin conditions).
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR USE: Lactic acidosis - It is a rare, but serious complication that
can
occur due to metformin accumulation during treatment with KombiglyzeTM XR. If acidosis is suspected,
KombiglyzeTM XR should be discontinued and the patient hospitalised immediately. Pancreatitis - There
have been postmarketing reports of acute pancreatitis in patients taking saxagliptin. If pancreatitis is
suspected, KombiglyzeTM XR should promptly be discontinued and appropriate management should be
initiated. KombiglyzeTM XR is contraindicated in patients with renal impairment and not recommended in
patients with hepatic impairment. Use with Medications Known to Cause Hypoglycemia - Insulin or
insulin secretagogues, such as sulphonylureas, cause hypoglycaemia. Therefore, when used in
combination with saxagliptin, a lower dose of the insulin or insulin secretagogue may be required to
reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia. Hypersensitivity Reactions - There have been postmarketing
reports of serious hypersensitivity reactions in patients treated with saxagliptin which include
anaphylaxis, angioedema, and exfoliative skin conditions. If a serious hypersensitivity reaction is
suspected, discontinue KombiglyzeTM XR, assess for other potential causes for the event, and institute
alternative treatment for diabetes. ADVERSE REACTIONS: Diarrhoea, nausea/vomiting, upper
respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, headache, nasopharyngitis, hypersensitivity
reactions, infections, dose-related mean decrease in absolute lymphocyte count, acute pancreatitis.
Hypoglycaemia was seen in patients on insulin, insulin secretagogues such as sulphonylureas, and in
renally impaired patients.
USE IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS: Pregnancy Category B: KombiglyzeTM XR, like other
antidiabetic medications, should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Nursing Mothers:
Because many drugs are secreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when KombiglyzeTM
XR is administered to a nursing woman.
Paediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness of KombiglyzeTM XR in paediatric patients have not been
established. Geriatric Use: Because metformin is contraindicated in patients with renal impairment,
carefully monitor renal function in the elderly and use KombiglyzeTM XR with caution as age
increases.
PRESENTATION: Each carton contains 4 blister cards of 7 lm-coated tablets in Alu/Alu blisters.
STORAGE: Store below 30C. MARKETED BY: AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd., Manyatha Tech
Park, Nagavara- Bangalore-24
PLEASE REFER TO THE PACKAGE INSERT FOR COMPLETE PRESCRIBING INFORMATION.
API issued on: January 2013 (Based on package insert version 6 dated 18 December 2012).