HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; also heating, ventilation, and air

conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to
provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a sub
discipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid
mechanics, and heat transfer. Refrigeration is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation
as HVAC&R or HVACR, (heating, ventilating and air-conditioning & Refrigeration) or
ventilating is dropped as in HACR (such as the designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).
HVAC is important in the design of medium to large industrial and office buildings such
as skyscrapers, onboard vessels, and in marine environments such as aquariums, where
safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity,
using fresh air from outdoors.
Ventilating or ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the process of "exchanging" or replacing air in
any space to provide high indoor which involves temperature control, oxygen
replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, and
carbon dioxide. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces
outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior air.
Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within
the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air
quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided
into mechanical/forced and natural types.
Amount of Light = Lumen
Light Level = Lux
CFL Type : 1 Watt = 66 Lumen
HID Type : 1 Watt = 120 Lumen
Formula of Lamp Lux ==== Lumen / Area of the Room
To know the Lumen, you have to know the exact Watt of the light existing in the room.
Suppose, Watt of the Lamp = 50 Watt
Then, For CFL Type: Lumen = 50 x 66 = 3300 Lumen

For HID Type : Lumen = 50 x 120 = 6000 Lumen

A Psychrometric Chart is an important tool for HVAC engineers to

carry out heat load or cooling load calculations and find solutions
to various air condition related problems. Read an overview of the
components included in a psychrometric chart.

The series of articles on properties of air discussed

important properties of air like relative humidity, dry bulb
temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature,
sensible heat and latent heat. We shall now see how the air
behaves when it is subjected to changes in temperature and
humidity to suit the various applications for which the air
conditioning is meant. The behavior of the air can be studied very
conveniently and accurately by using a psychrometric chart.

What is Psychrometric Chart?

Psychrometric charts are graphic representations of the
psychrometric properties of air. By using psychrometric charts
HVAC engineers can graphically analyze different types of
psychrometric processes and find solution to many practical
problems without having to carry out long and tedious
mathematical calculations.
The psychrometric chart looks complicated with vast numbers of
lines and curves in it, but is very easy to understand if you know
the basic properties of air. You will also understand its worth when
you actually use it considering the fact that you wont have to use
any formulae to find the properties of air in different conditions,
all you will have to know is two parameters of air and the rest are
easily found on the chart.

Various Lines and Curves in the Psychrometric Chart

All the properties of air indicated in the psychrometric chart are
calculated at the standard atmospheric pressure. For other
pressures relevant corrections have to be applied. The
psychrometric chart looks like a shoe. The various lines shown in
the chart are as follows (please refer the figs below):

1) Dry Bulb (DB) Temperature Lines:

The dry bulb temperature scale is shown along the base of the
shoe shaped psychrometric chart forming the sole. The DB
temperature increases from the left to the right. The vertical lines
shown in the chart are the constant DB temperature lines and all
the points located along a particular vertical line have same DB
temperature.

2) Moisture Content:
Moisture content is the water vapor present in the air and is
measured in gram per kg of dry air (gm/kg of dry air). The
moisture present within the air is indicated by the vertical scale
located towards the extreme right. The horizontal lines starting
from this vertical scale are constant moisture lines.

3) Wet Bulb (WB) Temperature Lines:

The outermost curve along the left side indicates the Wet Bulb
(WB) temperature scale. The constant WB temperature lines are
the diagonal lines extending from WB temperature curved scale
downwards towards the right hand side of the chart. All the points
located along the constant WB temperature line have the same
temperature.

4) Dew Point (DP) Temperature Lines:

Since the dew point temperature of the air depends on the
moisture content of the air, constant moisture lines are also
constant DP temperature lines. The scale of the DP and WB
temperature is the same, however, while the constant WB
temperature lines are diagonal lines extending downwards, the
constant DP temperature lines are horizontal lines. Thus the
constant DP and WB temperature lines are different.

Building Services

Lighting definitions, accessories, fixtures, calculations

Lighting

Natural & Artificial Lighting

Types of lamps

1. Incandescent Lamps:
a. Tungsten-halogen Lamps
2. Fluorescent Lamps
a. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
3. High Intensity Discharge Lamps
a. Mercury Vapor lamps
b. Metal-halide lamps
c. High-pressure Sodium Lamps (HPS)

1. Incandescent lamps

Incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light

globe

Contains tungsten filament that gives off light when heated to

incandescence by the passage of an electric current.

The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is
filled with inert gas or evacuated.

Provides point sources of light, have low efficacy, render color well and are
easy to dim with rheostats

The modern incandescent lightbulb, with a coiled filament of tungsten, was

commercialized in the 1920s developed from the carbon filament lamp
introduced in about 1880.

Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output,

and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts.

Incandescent lamp glass bulb - components

Characteristics of Incandescent lamps

Advantages:
a. Require no external regulating equipment.
b. Have low manufacturing costs.
c. Works equally well on either alternating current or direct current (AC/DC).
d. Thus are used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting
such as table lamps, car headlamps and flashlights, and for decorative and
advertising lighting.
Disadvantages:
a. Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of lighting.
b. Efficiency of converting electricity to visible light is lesser than 5% , with the
remaining energy being converted into heat.
c. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt,
compared to the 60 lm/W of a compact fluorescent bulb.
d. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat
generated by the filament.
e. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights
for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes,
lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Incandescent bulbs also have short
lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1000 hours for home
light bulbs versus up to 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and up to
100,000 hours for LED lamps.
f.

Because of their inefficiency, incandescent light bulbs are gradually being

replaced in many applications by other types of electric lights, such as
fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent

lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps

(LED).

Types of incandescent lamps

General (A)

Globe (G)

Decorative (D) (Flame, teardrop and other shapes)

Reflectorized incandescent bulbs have a reflective coating inside the bulb

that directs the light in one direction rather than all around.

Reflector (R) bulbs put approximately double the amount of light

(footcandles) on the subject as General Service (A) of same wattage.

Parabolic Reflector (PAR) bulbs control light more precisely. They produce
about four times the light of General Service (A) and are used in recessed and
track lighting. Weatherproof casing makes them suitable for outdoor spot and
flood fixtures.

1.a. Tungsten-halogen lamps

Have a tungsten filament and a quartz bulb containing a small amount of a

halogen that vaporises on heating and redeposits any evaporated tungsten
particles back onto the filament.

Produces a brighter and whiter light than other incandescent bulbs.

Have a longer life and provide more light per watt than standard
incandescent bulbs, making them a more efficient choice.

Halogen bulbs are available in two types: line voltage (120 watt) and low
voltage (12 volt).

PAR (16, 20, 30 & 38): Reflectorized bulbs provide better beam control
than regular incandescent PAR bulbs.

T-3 Double-Ended : bulbs are available in a variety of base types and are
used in wall sconces, torchieres and outdoor flood lights. The direction of the
light is controlled by the fixture.

T-4 Single-Ended bulbs come in both "mini-can" and "bayonet" base types
and are used in wall sconces, bath brackets, torchieres and pendants. The
direction of the light is controlled by the fixture.

MR8, MR11 and MR16 (mini-reflectors) provide excellent beam control, and
their miniature size allows them to be used in smaller track and recessed
fixtures. They are also used in outdoor landscape accent lighting fixtures.

PAR36 bulbs provide superior beam control, especially over long distances.
They are used in track, recessed and outdoor landscape accent fixtures.

T-4 Bi-Pin bulbs are miniature bulbs used in pendants, halogen desk lamps
and linear, low-voltage track systems. They are widely used in cove lighting
and undercabinet lighting.

2. Fluorescent Lamps

Fluorescent lamps are tubular discharge lamps in which light is produced by

the fluorescence of phosphorus coating the inside of the tube.

They provide linear sources of light and have an efficacy of 50 to 80 lumens

per watt. Their ability to render color varies.

Fluorescent bulbs produce light when an electric arc passes between

cathodes to excite mercury and other gases producing radiant energy, which
is then converted to visible light by a phosphor coating.

They use 1/5 to 1/3 as much electricity as incandescents with comparable

lumen ratings and last up to 20 times longer.

Uses: Recessed downlights, wall sconces, close-to-ceiling fixtures, and track

light.

Warm white tones best duplicate the colour of incandescent. Also few are
made to produce warm tones of light similar to those of incandescent.

2.a. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)

Are small, improved efficiency fluorescent lamps having a single, double, or

U-shaped tube, with an adapter for fitting an incandescent lamp holder.

Can replace an incandescent lamp; some types fit into light fixtures
formerly used for incandescent lamps.

The lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an
incandescent bulb, and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the
lamp.

Like all fluorescent lamps, CFLs contain mercury, which complicates their
disposal.

CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different from that of

incandescent lamps. Improved phosphor formulations have improved the
perceived color of the light emitted by CFLs.

3. High-Intensity Discharge Lamps

These are electrical gas-discharge lamp which produces light by means of an

electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or
transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube.

This tube is filled with both gas and metal salts for facilitating the arc's initial
strike.

Once the arc is started, it heats and evaporates the metal salts forming a
plasma, which greatly increases the intensity of light produced by the arc and
reduces its power consumption. High-intensity discharge lamps are a type of
arc lamp.