FORMULA:

Single phase Inductance=10-7[1+4log (d/r)]

Capacitance=3.14*8.854*10-12/log (d/r)
Three phase Inductance=10-7 [0.5+2log (d/r)]
Capacitance=2*3.14*8.854*10-12 /log (d/r)
Dequivalent = [d1*d2*d3]1/3
Where
d=Spacing of conductors
r=radius of conductor
THEORY:
An AC transmission line has resistance, inductance and capacitance uniformly
distributed along its length. These are known as constants or parameters of the line.
The performance of a transmission line depends to a considerable extent upon these
constants. For instance, these constants determine whether the efficiency and voltage
regulation of the line will be good or poor. Therefore, a sound concept of these
constant is necessary in order to make the electrical design of a transmission line a
technical success. Constants of transmission line are resistance, inductance and
capacitance uniformly distributed along the whole length of the line.
RESISTANCE:
It is the opposition of line conductors to current flow. The resistance is
distributed uniformly along the whole length of the line.
INDUCTANCE:
An alternating current flows throw a conductor, a changing flux is setup which
links the conductor. Due to this flux linkage, the conductor possesses inductance.
Inductance defined as the flux linkage per ampere.
CAPACITANCE:
The capacitance between the conductors is the charge per unit potential
difference.
SINGLE PHASE - 2 WIRE SYSTEM:
D

Fig.1.1. Conductor arrangement

GMD = D
GMR = re-1/4 = r
r = radius of conductor
THREE PHASE - SYMMETRICAL SPACING:
A

Fig.1.2. Conductor Arrangement

THREE PHASE - ASYMMETRICAL TRANSPOSED:
A

DAB

DCA

B
DBCA

Fig.1.3. Conductor Arrangement

GMD = Geometric mean of the three distances of the unsymmetrically placed
conductors
GMD=

3 D AB D BC DCA

GMR = re-1/4 = r
r = radius of conductors
BUNDLE CONDUCTORS:
EHV lines are constructed with bundle conductors. Bundle conductors
improves power transfer capacity and reduces corona loss, radio interference and
surge impedance.

D
D

2
D

D
D

Fig.1.4. Examples of bundle conductors

The GMR of a bundle conductor is normally calculated using
GMR for two subconductor,
GMR for three subconductor,
GMR for four subconductor,

Dsb = D s xd
1

Dsb =( D s x d 2) 3
1

D sb =1.09(D s x d 3 )4

Where Ds is the GMR of each subconductor and d is the bundle spacing

ALGORITHM:
1. Find that given transmission line is single phase or three phases.
2.

If it is single phase get the distance between the conductors.

3. Get the radius of the conductor.

4. Using the appropriate formula find inductance and capacitance.
5. If the given system is three phase classify weather it is symmetrical or
unsymmetrical.
6. If symmetrical get the distance between the conductors and radius of the
conductor
7. Using the appropriate formula find inductance and capacitance.
8. If unsymmetrical get the distance between the conductors and radius of the
conductor.
Using the appropriate formula find inductance and capacitance.
FLOW CHART:

PROGRAM:
clear all
clc
ph=input('single-1or 3ph-3:-')
if ph==1
4

D=input('Distance between cond in mtrs=')

R=input('Radius_cond in mtrs=')
L=(10^(-7)*(1+4*log(D/R)))
C=((pi*(8.854*10^(-12))))/log(D/R)
else
if ph==3
spacing=input('Symmetrical-4 Unsymmetrical-5:')
if spacing==4
D=input('Distance between cond in mtrs=')
R=input('Radius_cond in mtrs=')
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/log(D/R)
L=10^(-7)*(0.5+2*log(D/R))
else
end
if spacing==5
D12=input('Distance between cond 1&2 in mtrs=')
D23=input('Distance between cond 2&3 in mtrs=')
D31=input('Distance between cond 3&1 in mtrs=')
R=input('Radious_cond in mtrs=')
D=(D12*D23*D31)^(1/3)
L=10^(-7)*(0.5+2*log(D/R))
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/log(D/R)
else
end
end
end

PROBLEM:
1. Find the inductance Per Km of a three phase transmission line using 1.24cm
diameter conductors when these are placed at the corners of an equilateral
triangle of each side 2m. (Note: 1cm =0.01m)
OUTPUT SINGLE PHASE:
5

single-1or 3ph-3:-1
ph =

Distance between cond in mtrs=2

D=

Radius_cond in mtrs=0.0062
R = 0.0062
L = 2.4105e-06
C = 4.8154e-12
MANUAL CALCULATION:

2.

A single phase transmission line has two parallel conductors 3m apart, radius of
each being 1cm. calculate the capacitance of the line per km.

OUTPUT SINGLE PHASE:

single-1or 3ph-3:-1
ph =

Distance between cond in mtrs=3

6

D=

Radius_cond in mtrs=0.01
R = 0.0100
L = 2.3815e-06
C = 4.8767e-12
MANUAL CALCULATION:

3.

The three conductors of a 3 phase line are arranged at the corners of a triangle
and the distance between the conductors of 2m. Calculate the inductance per km
of the line. The diameter of each conductor is 1.24cm.

OUTPUT THREE PHASE SYMMENTRICAL:

single-1or 3ph-3:-3
ph =

3
7

Symmetrical-4 Unsymmetrical-5:4
spacing =

Distance between cond in mtrs=2

D=

Radius_cond in mtrs=0.0062
R = 0.0062
C = 9.6309e-12
L = 1.2053e-06
MANUAL CALCULATION:

4.

The three conductors of a 3 phase line are arranged at the corners of a triangle of
sides 2 m, 2.5m and 4.5m. Calculate the inductance per km of the line when the
conductors are regularly transposed. The diameter of each conductor is 1.24cm.

OUTPUT THREE PHASE UNSYMMENTRICAL:

single-1or 3ph-3:-3
ph =

3
8

Symmetrical-4 Unsymmetrical-5:5
spacing =

Distance between cond 1&2 in mtrs=2

D12 =

Distance between cond 2&3 in mtrs=2.5

D23 =

2.5000

Distance between cond 3&1 in mtrs=4.5

D31 =

4.5000

Radious_cond in mtrs=0.0062
R = 0.0062
D=

2.8231

L = 1.2742e-06
C = 9.0885e-12
MANUAL CALCULATION:

TO FIND THE PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINE:

clear all
clc
RW=input('Enter the receiving end Power in KW')
RV=input('enter the receiving end voltage in KV')
Rpf=input('enter the receiving end Power factor ')
r=input('Enter the resistance of the line')
9

x=input('Enter the reactance of the line')

rv=RV*10^3/sqrt(3)
I=RW*10^3/(3*rv*Rpf)
Rv=rv+(j*0)

%taking reciving end voltage with reference phasor

%
Ir=I*(Rpf-(j*sin(acos(Rpf))))

%taking w.r.t referance phasor%

type=input('Enter the type of transmission line:Short=1;End

condensor Method=2;Nominal"T"Method=3;Nominal Pi
Method=4 ::')
if type==1
Z=r+(j*x)
SV=Rv+(Ir*Z)
Sv=abs(SV)
Reg=(Sv-rv)*100/rv
LL=3*I*I*r

%Sending end voltage%

%sending end voltage Magnitude%
%Regulation%
%Line losses%

Effi=(RW*10^3*100)/((RW*10^3)+LL) %efficiency of the line%

elseif type==2
sus=input('enter the susceptance value')
l=input('enter the length of the transmission line')
R=r*l
XL=x*l
Y=sus*l
Z=R+(j*XL)
Ic=j*Y*rv
Is=Ir+Ic
IS=abs(Is)

%capacitive current%
%Sending End Current%
%magnitude of sending end current%

Vd=Is*Z

%Voltage drop%

SV=Rv+Vd

%Sending end voltage%

Sv=abs(SV)
Reg=(Sv-rv)*100/rv
LL=3*I*I*r

%Sending end voltage Magnitude%

%Regulation%
%Line losses%

Effi=(RW*10^3*100)/((RW*10^3)+LL) %efficiency of the line%

elseif type==3
sus=input('enter the susceptance value')
l=input('enter the length of the transmission line')
10

R=r*l
XL=x*l
Y=sus*l
Z=R+(j*XL)
V1=Rv+(Ir*(Z/2))

%voltage across capacitor%

Ic=j*Y*V1

%charging current%

Is=Ir+Ic
IS=abs(Is)

%Sending End current%

%magnitude of sending end current%

SV=V1+(Is*Z/2)

%sending end voltage%

Sv=abs(SV)

%Sending end voltage Magnitude%

Reg=(Sv-rv)*100/rv

%Regulation%

LL=3*I*I*R

%Line losses%

Effi=(RW*10^3*100)/((RW*10^3)+LL) %efficiency of the line%

elseif type==4
sus=input('enter the susceptance value')
l=input('enter the length of the transmission line')
R=r*l
XL=x*l
Y=sus*l
Z=R+(j*XL)
Ic1=Rv*j*(Y/2)

%charging current at the receiving end%

IL=Ir+Ic1

%Line current%

SV=Rv+(IL*Z)

%Sending end voltage%

Sv=abs(SV)
Ic2=j*SV*Y/2

%Sending end voltage Magnitude%

% Charging current at the sending end%

Is=IL+Ic2
IS=abs(Is)

% Sending end current%

% Sending end current magnitude%

Reg=(Sv-rv)*100/rv
LL=3*I*I*R

% Regulation%
%Line losses%

Effi=(RW*10^3*100)/((RW*10^3)+LL) %efficiency of the line%

end
ReceivingEndVoltage=Rv
Impedance=Z
LineCurrent=Ir
SendingEndVoltage=SV
11

SendingEndVoltageMagnitude=Sv
Regulationinpercentage=Reg
Linelosses=LL
Efficiency=Effi

PROBLEM:
1.

An overhead 3-phase transmission line delivers 5000KW at 22KV at 0.8p.f

lagging. The resistance and reactance of each conductor is 4 ohms and 6 ohms
respectively. Determine the (i) Sending end voltage (ii) percentage regulation
(iii) transmission efficiency.

OUTPUT TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS:

Enter the receiving end Power in KW5000, RW =

5000

enter the receiving end voltage in KV22, RV = 22

enter the receiving end Power factor 0.8, Rpf =
Enter the resistance of the line4, r =

Enter the reactance of the line6, x =

0.8000

rv = 1.2702e+04
I = 164.0200
Rv = 1.2702e+04
Ir = 1.3122e+02 - 9.8412e+01i
Enter the type of transmission line:Short=1;End condensor
Method=2;Nominal"T"Method=3;Nominal Pi Method=4 :: 1
type =

Z = 4.0000 + 6.0000i
SV = 1.3817e+04 + 3.9365e+02i
Sv = 1.3823e+04
Reg =

8.8251

LL = 3.2283e+05
Effi = 93.9350
Receiving End Voltage = 1.2702e+04
Impedance = 4.0000 + 6.0000i
Line Current = 1.3122e+02 - 9.8412e+01i
Sending End Voltage = 1.3817e+04 + 3.9365e+02i
Sending End Voltage Magnitude = 1.3823e+04
12

Regulation in percentage =

8.8251

Line losses = 3.2283e+05

Efficiency = 93.9350
MANUAL CALCULATION:

2.

A three phase 50Hz overhead line 100km long has the following constants:
Resistance/km/phase =0.1
Inductive reactance/km/phase=0.2
Capacitive susceptance/km/phase=0.04*10-4siemen
Determine (i) sending end current (ii) sending end voltage (iii) sending end
power factor and (iv) transmission efficiency when supplying a balanced load of
10,000KW at 66 kv, p.f 0.8 lagging. Use nominal T method.
13

OUTPUT TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS:

Enter the receiving end Power in KW10000, RW =

10000

enter the receiving end voltage in KV66, RV = 66

enter the receiving end Power factor 0.8, Rpf =

0.8000

Enter the resistance of the line0.1, r = 0.1000

Enter the reactance of the line0.2, x = 0.2000
rv = 3.8105e+04
I = 109.3466
Rv = 3.8105e+04
Ir = 87.4773 -65.6080i
Enter the type of transmission line:Short=1;End condensor
Method=2;Nominal"T"Method=3;Nominal Pi Method=4:: 3
type =

enter the susceptance value0.04e-4, sus = 4.0000e-06

enter the length of the transmission line100, l = 100
R = 10
XL = 20
Y = 4.0000e-04
Z = 10.0000 +20.0000i
V1 = 3.9199e+04 + 5.4673e+02i
Ic = -0.2187 +15.6794i
Is = 87.2586 -49.9286i
IS = 100.5332
SV = 4.0134e+04 + 1.1697e+03i
Sv = 4.0151e+04
Reg =

5.3696

LL = 3.5870e+05
Effi = 96.5372
Receiving End Voltage = 3.8105e+04
Impedance = 10.0000 +20.0000i
Line Current = 87.4773 -65.6080i
Sending End Voltage = 4.0134e+04 + 1.1697e+03i
Sending End Voltage Magnitude = 4.0151e+04
Regulation in percentage =

5.3696
14

Line losses = 3.5870e+05

Efficiency = 96.5372
MANUAL CALCULATION:

3.

A 100km long 3 phase, 50Hz transmission line has the following line constants;
Resistance/phase/Km=0.1
Reactance/phase/km=0.5
Susceptance/phase/km=10*10-6S
If the line supplies a load of 20Mw at 0.9p.f lagging at 66kv at the receiving
end, calculate by Nominal method:

(i)

Sending end voltage (ii) percentage regulation (iii) transmission efficiency.

15

OUTPUT TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS:

Enter the receiving end Power in KW20000, RW =

20000

enter the receiving end voltage in KV66, RV = 66

enter the receiving end Power factor 0.9, Rpf =

0.9000

Enter the resistance of the line0.1, r = 0.1000

Enter the reactance of the line0.5, x = 0.5000
rv = 3.8105e+04
I = 194.3940
Rv = 3.8105e+04
Ir = 1.7495e+02 - 8.4734e+01i
Enter the type of transmission line:Short=1;End condenser
Method=2;Nominal"T"Method=3;Nominal Pi Method=4:: 4
type =

enter the susceptance value10e-6, sus = 1.0000e-05

enter the length of the transmission line300, l = 300
R = 30
XL = 150
Y=

0.0030

Z = 3.0000e+01 + 1.5000e+02i
Ic1 = 0.0000 +57.1577i
IL = 1.7495e+02 - 2.7577e+01i
SV = 4.7490e+04 + 2.5416e+04i
Sv = 5.3864e+04
Ic2 = -38.1238 +71.2354i
Is = 1.3683e+02 + 4.3659e+01i
IS = 143.6271
Reg = 41.3554
LL = 3.4010e+06
Effi = 85.4664
Receiving End Voltage = 3.8105e+04
Impedance = 3.0000e+01 + 1.5000e+02i
Line Current = 1.7495e+02 - 8.4734e+01i
Sending End Voltage = 4.7490e+04 + 2.5416e+04i
Sending End Voltage Magnitude = 5.3864e+04
16

Regulation in percentage = 41.3554

Line losses = 3.4010e+06
Efficiency = 85.4664
MANUAL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus the transmission line parameters with their performance were determined
by MATLAB simulation.

17