CELL is the basic structural & functional unit of life of all the organisms.

On the basis of presence of no. of cell, organisms are of two types

1. unicellular (single cell)
unicellular
1. organisms having single
cell
2. No division of labour all
the functions are performed
by the single cell only.
3. life span is less

2. Multicellular (many cell)

multicellular
1. organisms having large
no. of cells.
Cell are specialized to
perform many functions,
division of labour among
different cells.
3. life span is more

IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES:
ROBERT HOOKE- 1st non living cell from the cork cell.
LEEUWENHOCK- 1st living cell from bacteria.
ROBERT BROWN- discover the nucleus.
PURKINJE- Term protoplasm.
R. VIRCHOW All organisms have evolved from the pre-existing ones.
1. Prokaryotic
Primitive type of nucleus is
present i.e. nucleiod is not
surrounded by nuclear
membrane.
2. it contain single
chromosomes
3. nucleolus is absent
4. membrane bond organelles
are absent.

1. Eukaryotic
True nucleus is present i.e.
nuclear material is
surrounded by nuclear
membrane.
2. it contain many
chromosomes
3. nucleolus is present
4. membrane bond
organelles are present.

Nucleus
Double membranous nuclear
membrane is present

Nucleiod
Absent

DNA + Histone protein

DNA is without histone

protein

STRUCTURE OF A CELL
DIAGRAM of animal & plant cell
1. Plasma membrane- thin, living, delicate & selectively permeable. Mainly made up
of phospholipids, some proteins, cholesterol
Fluid mosaic model- given by Singer & Nicolson acc. To this model the protein
molecules are the ice bergs floating in the sea of lipids. Membrane is made up of
bilayer of phospholipids & proteins which are completely span in lipid is called
intrinsic protein & the protein which are present on outer layer is called extrinsic
protein
Functions:
Diffusion, osmosis, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis.
DIFUSION
Can occur in any medium
SPM is not required

OSMOSIS
Occur in liquids only
SPM is required

Active transport is the process which require energy .

Endocytosis in this process membrane invaginate to take up the material & it is a
nutritive process.
Phagocytosis: in this process membrane grows around the particle as pseudopodia. It
is nutritive as well as defensive mechanism.
Exocytosis is the process in which the cell excretes the waste out of the body.
2. cell wall: it lies outside the plasma membrane. It is non living & secreted by the
cell for the protection of plasma membrane & inner part.
Mainly made up of cellulose (bundles of micro fibrils) together hold by pectin &
hemi cellulose.
Function:
Provide mechanical strength
Freely permeable to water & substances in solution.

Fine strands of cytoplasm are present in the pits called plasmodesmeta.

The order of membrane plasma membrane,

PLANT CELL
Generally small in size
Cell wall is absent
Plastids are absent
Centrosomes & centrioles
are present.

NUCLEUS:

ANIMAL CELL
Larger in size
Cell wall is present
Plastids are present
Centrosomes & centrioles
are absent.

Nucleus is bounded by nuclear membrane called nuclear envelop. It separates

nucleus from cytoplasm.
The liquid present inside is called nucleoplasm. Within nucleus nucleolus &
chromatin fibre is present.