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Thorax:
Breast:
Coopers Ligaments- suspensory ligaments
Glands/Lobulesductssinusesnipple
Retromammary space- behind the breast- allows for movement
Blood Supply: Internal Thoracic Artery on anterior chest parasternal and Lateral
thoracic artery lateral anterior chest
Lymph Drainage: parasternal lymph nodes + apical lymph nodes (75% here)
Superficial Chest:
Cephalic vein (in deltopectoral triangle)
Medial/Lateral cutaneous vessels and nerves
Anterior Muscles:
Pectoralis
Major
Pectoralis
Minor
medial pectoral n.
External
intercostals
Internal
intercostals
Expiration/inspiration
(superiorlaterally)
Innermost
intercostal
Transversus
thoracis
pectoral branch of
thoracocromial trunk a.
Intercostal arteries
Intercostal nerves
internal thoracic a.
**on the left: inferior lobe is mostly seen posterior (aka if someone gets stabbed there)
and superior lobe is anterior
Great LAD
Middle PDA
Small RCA/right marginal
Coronary sinus is on the posterior drains into RA
Valves:
right atria to right ventricle = tricuspid valve with anterior, posterior and septal cusps
left atria to left ventricle = mitral/bicuspid valve with anterior and posterior cusps
Semilunar valves: aortic (left, right, posterior); pulmonic (anterior, left, right)
remember this by PLAR- circle the A for aortic, and you have PLR leftover (posterior,
left, right) and circle the P for pulmonic, and you have LAR leftover (left, anterior, right)
Cusps are held by chordae tendinea which attach to papillary muscles in the ventricles
In the atria the rough looking muscles are pectinate muscles
In the ventricles they are trabeculae carnea
Fossa Ovale embryonic remnant of physiological shunt to left atrium
In the right atria there is a Crista Terminale which is a smooth ridge separating the
pectinate muscles from the smooth muscle also there is a conus arteriosus
(infundibulum) that leads to pulmonary trunk: Netter Plate 216)
SA Node (pacemaker of the heart) is in the right atrium fibers go to the AV node in
the bottom part of the right atrium fibers to interventricular septum right bundle
branch moderator band and Purkinje fibers (left bundle branch to left ventricle)
conducts impulses to papillary muscles
Diastole= relaxed ventricles - tri and bicuspids open semilunars closed
Systole= contracted ventricles semilunars open tri and bi open
Posterior Thorax/Wall:
Vertebrae are the most posterior with descending aorta and esophagus, azygos veins on
top (**thoracic duct runs in between azygos and esophagus)
Azygos Veins- azygos are on the right, hemiazygos on the lower left, and accessory
azygos on the upper left
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve comes down (branching off the vagus) and goes
posterior to the ligamentum arteriosum (remnant of the ductus arteriosus) and then goes
back up to larynx
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve comes down under the right subclavian artery and back
up
Vagus (CN X) nerve runs down medial to the phrenic and wraps into a plexus around the
esophagus and branches to the heart then sends parasympathetics to the thorax (and then
abdomen)
-PNS has long preganglionics, and short postganglionics (innervates viscera)
Thoracic duct- runs with (posterior) esophagus from the abdomen (from the cysterna
chyli) delivering lymph into the left subclavian vein (where it gives off the left internal
jugular vein)
Sympathetic Trunk- (T1-L2) runs lateral to the vertebral bodies on the posterior wallcontains sympathetic fibers and ganglia (cell bodies) connects to ventral rami
(intercostal nerves) by rami communicates (grey=post/ white=pre) starts at the
superior cervical ganglia in brain (NOT the spinal cord-only connects to spinal cord)
and ends in lumbar splanchnicssend off greater, lesser, and least splanchnics in the
thorax (all preganglionic sympathetics)
-SNS has short preganglionics, and long post ganglionics (innervates blood vessels and
glands)
Nervous System:
AfferentDorsal
HornDorsal Root
GangliaDorsal
RootSensoryInfo to
CNS
EfferentVentral
HornVentral
RootMotorAway from
CNS
Somatic
GSA: touch, temp,
proprioception, sharp pain
only part in the abdomen
is the omenta
Visceral
GVA: all of viscera (organs)
in the gut: dull pain
(bellyache)
Dermatomes represent the area of the skin supplied by the nerve root- these are segmental
Cutaneous innervation is different it represents different nerve sensory areas on the skin
Back and Spinal Cord:
33 vertebrae 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccyx
C1 = atlas (has no body)
C2 = axis (with dens/odontoid process)
C2, 3 have bifid spinous processes
Vertebral artery runs through transverse
foramen
Spinal nerves run through vertebral
foramen
Vertebra and all its parts:
Note connections to ribs discussed in
thorax (above)
Intervertebral Disc- consists of nucleus pulposis (squishy inside; remnant of notochord)
and annulus fibrosus (fibrous outside)
Ligaments:
Nuchal ligament: from occipital bone of skull to first couple spinous processes
Muscle Name
Trapezius
Intrinsic
(innervated by
posterior/dorsal rami)
Extrinsic
Superficial
Intermediate
Deep
Latissimus
Dorsi
Levator
Scalpulae
Rhomboid
Minor
Rhomboid
Major
Serratus
Posterior
Superior
Serratus
Posterior
Inferior
Spinotransversales:
1. Splenius
capitus
2. Splenius
Cervicis
Erector Spinae:
1. Iliocostalis
2. Longissimus
3. Spinalis
Muscle
Function
elevate,
depress,
adduct, &
medially rotate
scapula
extend, adduct,
& medially
rotate humerus
Nerve
Innervation
Arterial
Supply
accessory
spinal nerve
(CN XI)
transverse cervical
Thoracodorsal
thoracodorsal
dorsal
scapular
dorsal
scapular
dorsal
scapular
dorsal scapular
elevate ribs
ventral rami
Intercostal a.
depress ribs
ventral rami
Intercostal a.
elevate scapula
retract scapula
retract scapula
together: pull
head back,
extend neck;
individually:
move head to
same side as
contraction
maintain
upright
posterior, bend
back
dorsal rami
Transverse
cervical
dorsal scapular
segmentally:
deep cervical,
intercostal,
subcostal, lumbar
dorsal rami
Bone Structures:
Scapula (spine, coracoid, acromion, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, suprascapular
notch, superior, medial, lateral, inferior borders)
Suprascapular notch- suprascapular artery goes over the ligaments in it, the nerve goes
through the notch (remember the army goes over, the navy goes under)
Suboccipital Triangle- underneath the trapezius in the back of the neck this holds the
vertebral artery, posterior arch of C1, and the greater occipital nerve (off of C2)
Spinal Cord:
Extends from brain to L1/L2 in adult (the whole spinal column in infants)
There are two enlargements: cervical (for extra tissue for upper limbs) and lumbosacral
(extra tissue for lower extremity)
**Spinal nerves exit the transverse foramen above the vertebra for the cervical nerves,
and below for all the rest
Though there are 33 vertebrae there are only 31 spinal nerves (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5
lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)
Vertebral houses the spinal cord in the vertebral canal- spinal cord is protected by layers
of connective tissue membranes (meninges) and spaces:
Pia mater: adhered to spinal cord (like a viscera) extends inferiorly into the filum
terminale and medially into denticulate ligaments
Subarachnoid Space: between the pia and arachnoid maters holds the CSF (this is
where we do lumbar punctures
Arachnoid mater: thin, shiny membrane on the surface of the dura mater
Subdural Space: between the arachnoid and the dura maters this is where you often get
subdural hematomas even though this is a potential space
Dura mater: thickest, most external, white membraneoffers good protection
Epidural Space: this is where we do epidurals contains fat with vessels
Arterial supply to the spinal cord starts superior with the vertebral artery branches to
anterior spinal artery / segmental arteries Artery of Adamkiewicz is very important
because it supplies a huge portion of the thoracic spinal cord arteries occlusion here
would cause a major effect on spinal cord
There is an extensive venous plexus drainage system segmental veins go to IVC
Scapula and Deltoid Region:
Muscles:
Muscle Name
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Posterior
Scapula
Muscle
Function
Abduct arm to
first 15 degrees
Lateral Rotation
of arm
Nerve
Innervation
Arterial
Supply
Suprascapular
Suprascapular
Suprascapular
Suprascapular
Origin
Insert
Superior
Scapula
inferior
scapula
Top of
Humerus
middle
humerus
Teres Minor
Lateral Rotation
of arm
Axillary Nerve
Posterior
circumflex
humoral artery
Lateral
scapula
greater
tubercle
Teres Major
medial rotation
and extension of
arm
Inferior
subscapular
nerves
circumflex
scapular artery
posterior
scapula
anterior
humerus
Anterior
and
posterior
Anterior
scapula
Deltoid
Major Abductor of
the arm after first
15 degrees
Subscapularis
medial rotation of
arm
Serratus
Anterior
Rotation/protracti
on of scapula
Axillary Nerve
Upper/lower
subscapular
nerves
Long Thoracic
Nerve
Post. Circumflex
humoral artery,
deltoid branch of
thoracoacromial
clavicle
middle of
humerus
subscapular
artery
lesser
tubercle
anterior
side of
humerus
Lateral Thoracic
artery
ribs 8-9
scapula
Remember: a Lat between two Majors on the humerus insertions are: pec major, lat.
Dorsi, teres major (lateral to medial)
Muscles of Rotor Cuff: SITS : supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor
subscapularis
Bone Structure:
Humerus: greater tubercle (for SIT), lesser tubercle (for subscap), deltoid tuberosity
(for deltoid), radial groove (for radial nerve), intertubercular groove (for long head of
biceps tendon), anatomical (upper) and surgical necks (lower) inferior humerus is in
arm (below)
Quadrangular space: Axillary nerve runs with post. circumflex humeral artery
Borders: long head of triceps, teres minor, teres major, humerus
Upper triangular space: circumflex scapular vessels
Lower triangular space: radial nerve and deep branchial artery
Borders: long head of triceps, teres major, medial head of triceps
Shoulder joint:
Bursa: sacs with fluid so that they help slide the joint
Glenohumeral ligaments
Coracoacromial ligament
Acromioclavicular ligament
Glenoid Fossa
Vessels in shoulder have lots of anastomosis- so can bypass a blockage more easily
Brachial Plexus:
Axilla:
Anterior: pec major/minor
Posterior: subscapularis
Medial: serratus anterior/ribs/intercostals
Axillary Sheath: contains arteries, vessels, nerves
Plexus: C5-T1 roots
Really Thirsty? Drink Cold Beer roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches
End branches are MARMU
(musculocut, axillary, radial, median,
ulnar)
Really you just need to know how to
draw it, with the small branchesInnervation of Brachial Plexus:
Dorsal Scapular
Long thoracic
Suprascapular
Nerve to subclavius
Lateral pectoral
Musculocutaneous
Medial pectoral
Medial cutaneous of arm
Medial cutaneous of
forearm
Median
Ulnar
Superior subscapular
Thoracodorsal
Inferior subscapular
Axillary
Radial
Rhomboid major/minor
Serratus anterior
Supra and infraspinatus
Subclavius
Pec. major
anterior compartment of arm
Pec. major/minor
Arm:
Bone Structure:
Humerus: medial and lateral epicondyles, coronoid fossa (anterior), olecranon fossa
(posterior), trochlea (medial), capitulum (lateral)
Forearm: ulna (olecranon)- by the pinky finger / radius (styloid process)- by the thumbarticulates with the scaphoid and lunate
-interosseus membrane goes between two bones
Muscle
Group
Anterior
Muscle
Name
Biceps
brachii
brachialis
flex forearm
Coracobrachialis
Nerve
Innervation
Arterial Supply
brachial
Musculocutaneous
brachial + radial
recurrent
brachial
Posterior
Triceps
brachii
radial
profunda brachii
Superficial
Posterior
Brachioradialis
Accessory flexor of
elbow
Extensor carpi
ulnaris
Extensor digiti
minimi
Extensor
digitorum
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Deep
Posterior
Radial nerve
Posterior
interosseous
(a continuation
of the deep
branch of radial
nerve)
Radial recurrent
Ulnar artery
Interosseous
recurrent from ulnar
interosseous
recurrent & posterior
interosseous
Deep branch of
radial
Radial artery
Radial nerve
Radial artery
Anconeus
Abduction of ulna in
pronation; accessory
extensor of elbow
Radial nerve
interosseous
recurrent
Supinator
Supination
Extensor
indicis
Extensor
pollicis longus
Extensor
pollicis brevis
Abductor
pollicis longus
Hand:
Bone Structure:
Phalanges (3)
Metacarpal (1)
Carpals (8)
DIP: distal interphalangeal joint
PIP: proximal interphalangeal joint
MCP: metacarpophalangeal joint
Posterior
interosseous
(continuation of
deep branch of
radial nerve)
recurrent
interosseous
Posterior
interosseous
Muscle
Group
Muscle Name
Palmaris brevis
Thenar
(FAO)
Intrinsic
Hypothe
nar
(FAO)
Lumbricals
Dorsal
interossei
(4 bipennate)
Palmar
interossei
(4 unipennate)
Adductor
pollicis
Opponens
metacarpal
pollicis
Abductor
pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis
brevis
Opponens digiti
minimi
Abductor digiti
minimi
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis
Medial
(bipennate)
Lateral
(unipennate)
Nerve
Innervati
on
ulnar
Arterial Supply
ulnar artery
palmar
metacarpal
deep palmar
arterial arch
Recurrent
branch of
median
Radial artery
ulnar
ulnar artery
ulnar
median
superficial palmar
arterial arch
Palmar aponeurosis membrane that helps keep the cup part of the palm
Extensor retinaculum membrane covering the extensor muscles
Flexor retinaculum membrane covering the flexor muscles
Carpal Tunnel: covered by the transverse carpal ligament-contains flexor pollicis
longus (in its own sheath), flexor digitorum superficialis (2 on top of two- digits 3 and 4
on top of 2 and 5) and profundus (4 in a row)median nerve also runs here
Abdomen:
Regions of the abdomen:
Abdominal Wall
Muscles:
Muscle
Name
External
Oblique
Internal
Oblique
Transversus
Abdom-inis
Rectus
Abdominis
Pyramidalis
Psoas
major
Posterior Abdominal Wall
Nerve
Innervation
Arterial Supply
superior epigastric,
intercostal, subcostal, inferior
epigastric
Ventral rami L1
(L1 =
iliohypogastric &
ilioinguinal)
ventral rami T12L4;
T12=subcostal
nerve
Psoas
minor
Quadratus
lumborum
Iliacus
Femoral
iliolumbar
Diaphragm
Phrenic
Bone Structure:
Lumbar vertebrae- posterior
Iliac crest and Ilium bone inferior
-anterior superior iliac spine
Ribs- superior
Pubic tubercle
Abdominal Wall:
lumbars
In the testes--layers:
Tunica albuginea- white adherent fascia
Tunica vaginalis- loose anterior sac
Internal oblique cremasteric muscle
External oblique external spermatic fascia
Transversalis abdominis nothing (ends before testes)
Transversalis fascia internal spermatic fascia
Flow of sperm: STEVE seminephrous tubules epididymis (superior-posterior)
vas deferens ejaculatory duct
Abdomen GI:
Greater omentum- from stomach/transverse colon hanging down over intestines
Colon: ascending (from cecum/appendix) right colic flexure transverse colon
splenic/ left colic flexure descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anus
-colon has haustra (pocket-appearance by semilunar folds) made by tenia coli muscles
(lead to appendix)
Lesser omentum- stomach to liver-creates lesser sac/epiploic foramen (IVC-posterior,
portal vein-anterior)
Small intestine: order: Dow Jones Industrial
duodenum- C-shaped, ampulla of vater (where bile duct comes in), ligament
of Treitz holds duo to diaphragm-has semi-circular folds
jejunum-feathery appearance due to lots of semi-circular folds ileum-smooth with solitary lymph tissue (peyers patches)
Stomach: regions: cardiac, fundus, body, pyloric (antrum then canal) greater and lesser
curvatures
-Rugae folds in the stomach
Retroperitoneal Structures: AC/DC Rocker Kids Party Down Asc. and desc. Colon,
rectum, kidneys, pancreas, duodenum
Enteric Nervous System: motor and sensory neurons in the GI in two plexuses:
independent systems but can be influenced by autonomics (SNS/PNS)
-Myenteric/Auerbachs and Submucosal/Meissners- both help in GI functions
Peripheral Visceral Nerves: efferent = PNS/SNS (pre and post ganglionic) // afferent =
one fiber
Liver: most of liver is under ribs
4 lobes: right (biggest), left, caudate (top posterior), quadrate (bottom posterior)
Right and left lobes are separates by the falciform ligament (attaches liver to anterior
abdominal wall) and ligamentum teres hepatis (embryonic remnant)
Abdominal Veins:
Colles Fracture- fracture of the scaphoid (most common falling on your hand fracture)
Hand Dislocation most common dislocation is the lunate
Carpal tunnel syndrome- median nerve is squeezed and get apehand (above)
Caput medusa- in portal HTN get this pouching out of the umbilicus because these
vessels connect systemic and portal system
Inguinal HerniasDirect=medial to inferior epigastrics in the hesselbachs triangle or through
abdominal wall
Indirect=lateral to inferior epigastrics in spermatic cord
-often from persistent processus vaginalis
Varicose Vein/Varicocele- of the pamp. plexus cause infertility because no temperature
regulation
GERD- gastroesophageal reflux disease-acid reflux
Hiatal Hernia- esophageal hernia into thorax
Stomach Cancer
Ulcers- irritations of GI lining- can go all the way through and eat into pancreas from
stomach or to gastroduodenal artery from duodenum
Crohns Disease- inflammation of intestines
Diverticulosis- outpocketing of intestines- mainly in descending/sigmoid colon
Meckels Diverticulum- remnant of the vitelline duct- in the ileum (look at embryo)
Portal Hypertension- an increase in portal vein pressure because of liver cirrhosis or
blockage in liver can get enlarged spleen causes systemic/portal anastomoses to
open up esophagus, umbilical, rectal, intestinal (colon)
Pancreatic Cancer- aggressive tumor, no real symptoms until its to late
Pancreatitis- inflammation of the pancreas
Horseshoe Kidney-sometimes to get one big kidney shaped like horseshoe, stops at the
IMA
Kidney Stones- crystal calcifications in the kidney