Network & Internet Concepts

Why Learn About Telecommunications and Networks?

Need to access data wherever it resides:
Fast, reliable communications
Exchange messages
Upload/download data and software

Route business transactions

Connect to remote databases
Send output to printers

Telecommunications: electronic transmission of signals for communications

Telephone, radio, and television
Communications can be Synchronous or Asynchronous
Synchronous communications: receiver gets message instantaneously
Asynchronous communications: receiver gets message after some delay
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INTRANET
A network inside an organization that uses Internet technologies to provide
an Internet-like environment within the enterprise for information sharing,
communications, collaboration, and the support of business processes

Business Value of Intranets

Communications and Collaboration

includes email, voicemail, paging, faxes,
and groupware

Web Publishing easy, attractive and lowcost way of publishing and accessing
multimedia business information

Business Operations and Management

platform for developing and deploying
critical business applications to support
business operations and managerial
decision making across the internetworked enterprise

EXTRANET
Network links that use Internet technologies to interconnect the intranet of a
business with the intranets of its customers, suppliers, or other business
partners

Business Value of Extranets

INTERNET
A network made up of millions of smaller private networks each with the
ability to operate independent of, or in harmony with, all the other millions of
networks connected to the Internet

Business Use of the Internet

Intranets and Extranets

Extranet: network based on Web technologies that links selected

resources of a companys intranet with its customers, suppliers, or
other business partners

Virtual private network (VPN): secure connection between two points

across the Internet

Intranet: internal corporate network built using Internet and World

Wide Web standards and products
Used by employees to gain access to corporate information
Reduces the need for paper

Telecommunications and Network Applications

Voice Mail

Users can send, receive, and store verbal messages for and from other people around the
world
Call management systems can be linked to corporate e-mail and instant messaging systems

Call center

Physical location where an organization handles customer and other telephone calls

Telecommuting

Saves money on office and parking space and office equipment

Reduces traffic congestion and air pollution
Telecommuters must work independently, manage time well, and balance work and home
life

Videoconferencing

Enables people to hold a conference by combining voice, video, and audio transmission
Reduces travel expenses and time
Increases managerial effectiveness through faster response to problems, access to more
people, and less duplication of effort in multiple sites
Systems usually combine video and phone call capabilities with data or document
conferencing
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Telecommunications and Network Applications (Cont..)

Electronic Data Interchange

Intercompany, application-to-application communication of data in a standard format

Permits recipient to perform a standard business transaction, such as processing purchase
orders.
Public Network Services

Give personal computer users access to vast databases, the Internet, and other services

Usually an initial fee plus usage fees

Fees are based on services used; can range from under $15 to over $500 per month
Electronic Funds Transfer
Transfers money from one bank account directly to another without the use of paper
money
Distance Learning
Use of telecommunications to extend the classroom

Instructors create course home pages on the Internet

Students access the course syllabus and instructor notes on the Web page

Student e-mail mailing lists allow students and the instructor to e-mail one another

Chat groups allow students to form virtual teams

Network Topologies
Star ties end user computers to a central computer

Ring ties local computer

processors together in a ring on
a relatively equal basis

Bus local processors share

the same communications
channel

TCP/IP Models
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a five layer
telecommunications protocol used by the Internet

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Telecommunications Network Components

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Types of Telecommunications Networks

Wide Area Network (WAN)

network that covers a large
geographic area

Local Area Network (LAN)

network connecting
information processing devices
within a limited physical area

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

secure network that uses the
Internet as its main backbone
network, but relies on network
firewalls, encryption, and
other security features of its
Internet and intranet
connections and those of
participating organizations
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Types of Telecommunications Networks

Client/Server PCs and

workstations, called clients are
interconnected by local area
networks and share application
processing with network servers

Network Computing Thin clients

provide a browser-based user
interface for processing small
application programs

Peer-to-Peer file-sharing
software connects each PC to a
central server or to another
online users PC
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Client/Server Computing on the Internet

Client computers running Web browser and other software can

access an array of services on servers over the Internet
These services may all run on a single server or on multiple
specialized servers
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Peer-to-Peer

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IP Addressing
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Figure 4-12

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Telecommunications Media
Twisted-Pair Wire copper
wire twisted into pairs

Coaxial Cable sturdy

copper or aluminum wire
wrapped with spacers to
insulate and protect it
Fiber Optics one or more
hair-thin filaments of glass
fiber wrapped in a
protective jacket
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Internet work Processors

Switch makes connections between telecommunications
circuits in a network
Router intelligent communications processor that
interconnects networks based on different protocols

Hub a port switching communications processor

Gateway connects networks using different communications
architectures

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Telecommunications Hardware
Modems convert digital signals from a computer into analog
frequencies that can be transmitted over ordinary telephone lines

How a Modem Works

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Communications Processors

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Basic Communications Channel Characteristics

Communication channels can be classified as:
Simplex channel: transmits data in only one direction

Half-duplex channel: transmits data in either direction,

but not simultaneously
Full-duplex channel: permits data transmission in both
directions at the same time

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Transmission Media Types

Communications signals guided along a solid medium

Guided Transmission Media Types

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Transmission Media Types

Communications signal broadcast over airwaves as a form of electromagnetic radiation

Wireless Technologies

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How the Internet Works

Internet transmits data from one computer (called a host) to another

If the receiving computer is on a network to which the first computer is

directly connected, it can send the message directly

If the receiving computer is not on a network to which the sending

computer is connected, the sending computer relays the message to
another computer that can forward it

Data is passed in chunks called packets

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): widely used transport layer protocol

that is used in combination with IP by most Internet applications

Uniform Resource Locator (URL): assigned address on the Internet for

each computer

Accessing the Internet

Connect via LAN server
Connect via Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)/Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
Connect via an online service
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How the Internet Works

Internet Growth

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Internet Service Providers

Internet service provider (ISP): any company that provides
individuals or organizations with access to the Internet
Most charge a monthly fee
Many ISPs and online services offer broadband Internet
access through digital subscriber lines (DSLs), cable, or
satellite transmission

Web browser: software that creates a unique, hypermediabased menu on a computer screen, providing a graphical
interface to the Web
Menu consists of graphics, titles, and text with hypertext links
Popular Web browsers: Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape
Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Computers Safari
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The World Wide Web

Also called the Web, WWW, or W3
Menu-based system that uses the client/server model
Organizes Internet resources throughout the world into a
series of menu pages, or screens, that appear on your
computer
Hypermedia: tools that connect the data on Web pages,
allowing users to access topics in whatever order they wish
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): standard page
description language for Web pages
Extensible Markup Language (XML): markup language for
Web documents containing structured information, including
words, pictures, and other elements

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Web browser & Web Services

Web browser: software that creates a unique, hypermediabased menu on a computer screen, providing a graphical
interface to the Web
Menu consists of graphics, titles, and text with hypertext links
Popular Web browsers: Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape
Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Computers Safari

Important components used in Web service applications:

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
WSDL (Web Services Description Language)
UDDI (Universal Discovery Description and Integration)

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Summary

Internet: collection of interconnected networks, all freely exchanging

information
Internet Protocol (IP): communication standard that enables traffic to be
routed from one network to another as needed
Packets: Internet data passed in chunks
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): widely used transport layer protocol
that is used in combination with IP by most Internet applications
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): assigned address on the Internet for
each computer
World Wide Web: menu-based system that organizes Internet resources
into a series of menu pages, or screens, that appear on your computer
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): standard page description language
for Web pages
Search engine: Web search tool
Internet and Web applications: e-mail, instant messaging, Internet cell
phones, Web logs, newsgroups, Web shopping, etc.
Network issues: management, service, speed, privacy, fraud, security, and
unauthorized Internet sites
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