1.

Paralanguage The voice has characteristics like tone, volume, and pitch The non-verbal
aspects of the spoken word are known as paralanguage. It includes the qualities of the voice,
the way we use our voice, as well as the sounds we make without uttering words. Chapter 9
2. 30. Speed and Stress Rapid speech indicates excitement. Reduce speed to explain idea
Correct pronunciation shows speakers carefulness and consideration for the audience
Dont carry the mother tongue intonation to a new language you learn Chapter 9
3. 31. Silence Silence can be a very effective way of communication. It is not a negative
absence of speech but a positive withdrawal of suspension of speech. Some feelings like
anger or displeasure can be expressed by keeping silent. The term dead silence, stony
silence, embarrassing silence, show that silence has a quality that communicates itself. In
a negotiation, silence and non-response is a useful strategy; it could make other person
speak more

3. Paralinguistics
Paralinguisticsreferstovocalcommunicationthatisseparatefromactuallanguage.Thisincludes
factorssuchastoneofvoice,loudness,inflectionandpitch.Considerthepowerfuleffectthattoneof
voicecanhaveonthemeaningofasentence.Whensaidinastrongtoneofvoice,listenersmight
interpretapprovalandenthusiasm.Thesamewordssaidinahesitanttoneofvoicemightconvey
disapprovalandalackofinterest.
Considerallthedifferentwayssimplychangingyourtoneofvoicemightchangethemeaningofa
sentence.Afriendmightaskyouhowyouaredoing,andyoumightrespondwiththestandard"I'm
fine,"buthowyouactuallysaythosewordsmightrevealatremendousamountofhowyouarereally
feeling.
Acoldtoneofvoicemightsuggestthatyouareactuallynotfine,butyoudon'twishtodiscussit.A
bright,happytoneofvoicewillrevealthatyouareactuallydoingquitewell.Asomber,downcast
tonewouldindicatethatyouaretheoppositeoffineandthatperhapsyourfriendshouldinquire
further.

o Paralanguage

o vocal characterizers (laugh, cry, yell, moan, whine, belch, yawn). These
send different messages in different cultures (Japan giggling indicates
embarrassment; India belch indicates satisfaction)
o vocal qualifiers (volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo, and tone). Loudness
indicates strength in Arabic cultures and softness indicates weakness;
indicates confidence and authority to the Germans,; indicates
impoliteness to the Thais; indicates loss of control to the Japanese.
(Generally, one learns not to shout in Asia for nearly any reason!).
Gender based as well: women tend to speak higher and more softly than
men.
o vocal segregates (un-huh, shh, uh, ooh, mmmh, humm, eh, mah, lah).
Segregates indicate formality, acceptance, assent, uncertainty.

silence
a. communicative values of silence
i.
positive value of silence: common in the East
(1) interpreted as leaving an option to the interlocutor
(2) a designated moment to understand what has been communicated, a moment to think and an
opportunity to respond in a well thought out manner. (e.g. in Japan)
ii.
negative value of silence: often Western bias in favour or speech rather than silence: short pauses,
short speaking turns; but notice saying Silence is golden
(1) interpreted as a sign of impoliteness, hostility, dumbness (in failure to provide an expected
response)
(2) means of concealing the truth

Non-verbal communication
Any of the five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch can be used as a medium of communication. In practice
only visual, aural and tactile are used in both active (expressive) and passive (receptive) ways.
The term language is usually restricted to speech and writing (and sign, in the case of deaf sign language),
because these mediums of transmission display a highly sophisticated internal structure and creativity. Non-verbal
communication, by contrast, is relatively less complex and involves less creativity.
Still, non-verbal communication is rich enough to deserve its own dictionary:
see http://members.aol.com/nonverbal2/entries.htm#Entries.
Non-verbal communication may involve
1. physiological vocal reflexes: e.g., coughing and snoring
2. musical effects: e.g., whistling, also in some societies where whistling serves a more complex communicative
function
3. suprasegmental voice characteristics: voice quality, speech rate, pitch, volume
4. olfactory signals: communicating through smell, e.g. conscious use of perfumes, incense, cf. an old American
and Spanish dance in which man kept a handkerchief in his armpit while dancing and swept it in front of his
partners nose.Subconscious secretion of pheromones (from Greek "to transfer excitement) as in "women's
dormitory syndrome" - women living together synchronise their menstrual cycles.
5. gustatory signals: symbolism of food and communication function of chatting over coffee or tea, and oral
gratification, such as smoking or gum chewing
6. outlook (Clothing and hair styles; Artefacts and symbols: lapel pins, walking sticks, jewellery etc.; tattoos,
piercing)
7. use of chronemics: time symbolism (e.g. lateness, coming early; long or short speech or visit). Two types of the
use of time in communication
a. monochromatic: a time schedule in which issues are solved consecutively, not simultaneously. In
monochromatic societies, time is very important and viewed as something that can and should be used
wisely. It is important to be on time, meeting start and end on time. In individualistic cultures such as the US,
UK, Canada, Australia, and other Northern European countries, the culture adheres to monochromatic time.
b. polychromatic: A time schedule in which people tend to do several things at the same time and place
higher value on personal involvement than getting things on time. It is common to start meetings and finish
them late. Schedules are subordinate to personal relationships such as Latin America, Middle East and
Africa.
8. chromatics: communication of messages through colours. Colours mean one thing in the US, but something
different in Asia or Africa. E.g., in US you wear black when mourning, in India white. In Hong Kong traditional
bridal dresses are red, in Poland white. In Chile a yellow roses means I do no like you, in US the opposite.
9. body language
a. kinesic: study of human use of movement as a means of communication
i.
facial expressions (smiling, winking, and eyebrow flashing)
ii.
gestures (both intended and unintended; directed at someone else and self directed, e.g.
nervous
rubbing of hands, waving, gesturing rudely, blessing)
iii.
body postures (kneeling, bowing)
iv.
oculesics: communication through the eye contact, eye movement
In some cultures, staring or maintain continuous eye contact is frown; in the United Sates, it is good
manners to look at other person's eyes when talking. In the West it is usually a signal for
confidence or sincerity. The Japanese consider direct and constant eye contact a rude gesture that
means defiance or challenge. The Japanese may shift their eyes or look down to show respect to
another. Looking into someones eyes for long may mean a challenge, sexual attraction, reproach,
etc.
All of the above display varying levels of formality. Often, visual effects interact closely with speech:
movements of the hands and head tend to coincide with points of greatest spoken emphasis, and may

b.

convey particular nuances of meaning not easy to communicate in speech (such as the drawing of inverted
commas in the air to signal a special meaning).
proxemic: study of human use of space/touch as a means of communication
i.
the use of space as means of communication such as walking, standing, seating, and movement
distance. It is the way people use physical space to convey messages and interact with others.
Americans communicating with people from the Middle East or South America tend to violate their
intimate or personal distance zones. Office space: The more important you are, the larger the office
Hall's distance zones: Four distances that people use in communicating on a face-to-face are
distinguished:
(a) intimate distance: Distance between people that used for very confidential communications.
(b) personal distance: In communicating, the physical distance used for talking with family close
friends
(c) social, consultative distance: in communicating, the distance use to handle business
transactions, etc.
(d) public distance: in communicating, the distance used when calling across the room or giving
a talk to a group
ii.
tactile = haptic communication - (Canadians hand shake hands, Japanese bow, Middle
Easterners of the same sex kiss on the cheek, Latinos embrace). Tactile communication involves
touch (as in shaking hands, grasping someone's arm or shoulder, stroking, and punching) and the
manipulation of physical distance and body orientation in order to communicate indifference or
disagreement.

10. silence
a. communicative values of silence
i.
positive value of silence: common in the East
(1) interpreted as leaving an option to the interlocutor
(2) a designated moment to understand what has been communicated, a moment to think and an
opportunity to respond in a well thought out manner. (e.g. in Japan)
ii.
negative value of silence: often Western bias in favour or speech rather than silence: short pauses,
short speaking turns; but notice saying Silence is golden
(1) interpreted as a sign of impoliteness, hostility, dumbness (in failure to provide an expected
response)
(2) means of concealing the truth
b. functions of silence
i.
planning of utterances
ii.
marking boundaries of grammatical clauses
iii. signalling emphasis
iv. marking particular discourse types
v.
marking particular conversational styles

2. Touch
Question: Why do we touch, where do we touch, and what meanings do we
assign when someone else touches us?
Illustration: An African-American male goes into a convenience store
recently taken over by new Korean immigrants. He gives a $20 bill for
his purchase to Mrs Cho who is cashier and waits for his change. He is
upset when his change is put down on the counter in front of him.

What is the problem? Traditional Korean (and many other Asian

countries) dont touch strangers., especially between members of the
opposite sex. But the African-American sees this as another example of
discrimination (not touching him because he is black).
Basic answer: Touch is culturally determined! But each culture has a clear
concept of what parts of the body one may not touch. Basic message of touch
is to affect or control protect, support, disapprove (i.e. hug, kiss, hit, kick).
o USA handshake is common (even for strangers), hugs, kisses for
those of opposite gender or of family (usually) on an increasingly more
intimate basis. Note differences between African-Americans and Anglos
in USA. Most African Americans touch on greeting but are annoyed if
touched on the head (good boy, good girl overtones).
o Islamic and Hindu: typically dont touch with the left hand. To do so is
a social insult. Left hand is for toilet functions. Mannerly in India to
break your bread only with your right hand (sometimes difficult for nonIndians)
o Islamic cultures generally dont approve of any touching between
genders (even hand shakes). But consider such touching (including hand
holding, hugs) between same-sex to be appropriate.
o Many Asians dont touch the head (Head houses the soul and a touch
puts it in jeopardy).
Basic patterns: Cultures (English , German, Scandinavian, Chinese, Japanese)
with high emotional restraint concepts have little public touch; those which
encourage emotion (Latino, Middle-East, Jewish) accept frequent touches.
3. Smell

o USA fear of offensive natural smells (billion dollar industry to mask

objectionable odors with what is perceived to be pleasant ) again
connected with attractiveness concept.
o Many other cultures consider natural body odors as normal (Arabic).

o Asian cultures (Filipino, Malay, Indonesian, Thai, Indian) stress frequent

bathing and often criticize USA of not bathing often enough!

o Paralanguage

o vocal characterizers (laugh, cry, yell, moan, whine, belch, yawn). These
send different messages in different cultures (Japan giggling indicates
embarrassment; India belch indicates satisfaction)
o vocal qualifiers (volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo, and tone). Loudness
indicates strength in Arabic cultures and softness indicates weakness;
indicates confidence and authority to the Germans,; indicates
impoliteness to the Thais; indicates loss of control to the Japanese.
(Generally, one learns not to shout in Asia for nearly any reason!).
Gender based as well: women tend to speak higher and more softly than
men.
o vocal segregates (un-huh, shh, uh, ooh, mmmh, humm, eh, mah, lah).
Segregates indicate formality, acceptance, assent, uncertainty.

silence as auditor

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Pitch helps convey meaning, regulate conversational flow, and communicate the intensity of a
message. Even babies recognize a sentence with a higher pitched ending as a question. We also learn
that greetings have a rising emphasis and farewells have falling emphasis. Of course, no one ever
tells us these things explicitly; we learn them through observation and practice. We do not pick up on
some more subtle and/or complex patterns of paralanguage involving pitch until we are older.
Children, for example, have a difficult time perceiving sarcasm, which is usually conveyed through
paralinguistic characteristics like pitch and tone rather than the actual words being spoken. Adults
with lower than average intelligence and children have difficulty reading sarcasm in another persons
voice and instead may interpret literally what they say.Peter A. Andersen, Nonverbal
Communication: Forms and Functions (Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, 1999), 26.
Paralanguage provides important context for the verbal content of speech. For example, volume
helps communicate intensity. A louder voice is usually thought of as more intense, although a soft
voice combined with a certain tone and facial expression can be just as intense. We typically adjust
our volume based on our setting, the distance between people, and the relationship. In our age of
computer-mediated communication, TYPING IN ALL CAPS is usually seen as offensive, as it is
equated with yelling. A voice at a low volume or a whisper can be very appropriate when sending a
covert message or flirting with a romantic partner, but it wouldnt enhance a persons credibility if
used during a professional presentation.
Speaking rate refers to how fast or slow a person speaks and can lead others to form impressions
about our emotional state, credibility, and intelligence. As with volume, variations in speaking rate
can interfere with the ability of others to receive and understand verbal messages. A slow speaker
could bore others and lead their attention to wander. A fast speaker may be difficult to follow, and
the fast delivery can actually distract from the message. Speaking a little faster than the normal 120
150 words a minute, however, can be beneficial, as people tend to find speakers whose rate is above
average more credible and intelligent.David B. Buller and Judee K. Burgoon, The Effects of Vocalics
and Nonverbal Sensitivity on Compliance, Human Communication Research 13, no. 1 (1986): 126
44. When speaking at a faster-than-normal rate, it is important that a speaker also clearly articulate
and pronounce his or her words. Boomhauer, a character on the show King of the Hill, is an example

of a speaker whose fast rate of speech combines with a lack of articulation and pronunciation to
create a stream of words that only he can understand. A higher rate of speech combined with a
pleasant tone of voice can also be beneficial for compliance gaining and can aid in persuasion.
Our tone of voice can be controlled somewhat with pitch, volume, and emphasis, but each voice has a
distinct quality known as a vocal signature. Voices vary in terms of resonance, pitch, and tone, and
some voices are more pleasing than others. People typically find pleasing voices that employ vocal
variety and are not monotone, are lower pitched (particularly for males), and do not exhibit
particular regional accents. Many people perceive nasal voices negatively and assign negative
personality characteristics to them.Peter A. Andersen, Nonverbal Communication: Forms and
Functions (Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, 1999), 71. Think about people who have very distinct
voices. Whether they are a public figure like President Bill Clinton, a celebrity like Snooki from
the Jersey Shore, or a fictional character like Peter Griffin from Family Guy, some peoples voices
stick with us and make a favorable or unfavorable impression.
Verbal fillers are sounds that fill gaps in our speech as we think about what to say next. They are
considered a part of nonverbal communication because they are not like typical words that stand in
for a specific meaning or meanings. Verbal fillers such as um, uh, like, and ah are common in
regular conversation and are not typically disruptive. As we learned earlier, the use of verbal fillers
can help a person keep the floor during a conversation if they need to pause for a moment to think
before continuing on with verbal communication. Verbal fillers in more formal settings, like a public
speech, can hurt a speakers credibility.
The following is a review of the various communicative functions of vocalics:

Repetition. Vocalic cues reinforce other verbal and nonverbal cues (e.g., saying Im not
sure with an uncertain tone).

Complementing. Vocalic cues elaborate on or modify verbal and nonverbal meaning (e.g.,
the pitch and volume used to say I love sweet potatoes would add context to the meaning of

the sentence, such as the degree to which the person loves sweet potatoes or the use of
sarcasm).

Accenting. Vocalic cues allow us to emphasize particular parts of a message, which helps
determine meaning (e.g., She is my friend, or She is my friend, or She is my friend).

Substituting. Vocalic cues can take the place of other verbal or nonverbal cues (e.g., saying
uh huh instead of I am listening and understand what youre saying).

Regulating. Vocalic cues help regulate the flow of conversations (e.g., falling pitch and
slowing rate of speaking usually indicate the end of a speaking turn).

Contradicting. Vocalic cues may contradict other verbal or nonverbal signals (e.g., a person
could say Im fine in a quick, short tone that indicates otherwise).

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Understanding Interpersonal Communication: Making Choices in Changing Times

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Silence is the lack of audible sound or presence of sounds of very low intensity. By analogy, the
word silence can also refer to any absence of communication or hearing

Tactile communication refers to what we communicate through the sense of

touch -- through touching, or not touching each other in various ways. Touch
may be the most primal or basic form of communication, since it's the way
things are communicated to infants, way before infants have learned anything
about other modes of communication.
Tactile messages tend to convey aspects of emotional and attitudinal states.
Touch can convey anger, love, warmth, coldness, hostility, etc. The absence of
touch also can communicate.
While tactile communication is basic to human beings, that doesn't mean that
culture and context don't enter into the equation of meaning. While we all
respond to touch regardless of culture, HOW we react to a touch will vary
depending on culture, life experience, and so on, making it more difficult to
interpret tactile communication than one would think. Again, there's no
universal meanings.

Touch
"Haptic Communication" is a form of nonverbal communication through touch. We communicate through
touch on a daily basis, often without noticing it as it is such a natural action. Touch is incredibly useful as a
form of communication, as the messages are generally clearly received without confusion.
Haptic Communication can be used to express a number of messages. They be affectionate (a kiss),
professional (a handshake), congratulatory (high-five), or threatening (a push). There are many
opportunities to express oneself through touch, without requiring verbal explanation.
Extra caution must be taken when communicating through touch in different cultures, and there are
definite boundaries depending upon the cultural norm.
Haptic Communication is a large part of nonverbal communication between people, and has the ability to
carry immense indications without vocal accompaniement. For example, the difference between a hand
on someone elses shoulder and a hand on their thigh is much more easily interpretated than a gesture
such as a wink.

Nonverbal communication includes self-presentation cues, which are presented to

others and are based on physical appearance, use of time, and use of smells and
scents. 1. Physical appearance includes gender, race, body type, and facial
features, as well as clothing, grooming, and body decorations. 2. Use of time is how
people view and structure their time. 4. Olfactory communication is nonverbal
communication through smells and scents.

Non verbal message within intercultural communication(olfactics)

1. 1. NON-VERBAL MESSAGE WITHIN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION OLFACTICS
2. 2. WHAT IS OLFACTICS? o Olfactics is a sense of smell which use in nonverbal
communication. o According to Gibbons human can detect as many as 10 000 different
compounds by smell. o 1% of our genes are devoted to detecting odors. o Human have more
olfactory genes than other type of gene identified in mammalian DNA. o Gibbons suggest
that our lack of maybe because we lack of vocabulary for smell and are discourage talking
about smell.
3. 3. Social scientist discovering that olfactory sensation is a potent influence on social
interaction. Survey data indicate that a significant percentage of adult are conscious of and
influenced by smell in their environment. In their poll of more than 350 American adults, the
olfactory Research Fund found that 64% of respondents indicate that smell greatly influenced
the quality of their lives.
4. 4. CULTURAL DIFFERENCE IN OLFACTICS Based on study by Kate Fox(Anthropologist
and the Director of the Social Issues Research Center in Oxford, England on the cultural
differences in olfactics which emphasis on non-Western cultures, where by unlike western
cultures, smell is the emperor of the senses in many cultures. Example, Fox describes the
importance of smell among the Ongee people in Andaman Island, a group of island off the
south-east coast of India. Because their calendar based on the smell of flower that bloom at
different times of a year.
5. 5. Fox also describes smell ritual among the Bororo peoples of Brazil and the Serer Ndut of
Senegal (Western Africa). - Bororo, personal body smell indicates the life force of the
individual, whereas, ones breath odor indicates the stage of persons soul. -Ndut believe that
individual posses a physical smell, defined by ones body and breath odor, and spiritual
smell. The spiritual smell is thought to be reincarnated smell. For example, the Ndut can tell
which ancestor has been reincarnated by associating the smell of a child to that of a
deceased person.
6. 6. The exchange or mixing of odors among people is carefully prescribed. For example,
among the Amazonian Desana, members of a particular tribal group are thought to share a
similar odor. Marriage is only allowed between people of different odors. This is similarly to
the Batek Negrito of the malay Peninsula, people of similar odor group are prohibited from
engaging in sexual intercourse and even sitting too close to each other. The Batek Negrito

7.

8.

9.

10.

believe that the prolonged mixing of similar odors causes illness in the people themselves
and any children they may conceive.
7. Apart from that, Fox also writes that the Western smell preferences are not universal.
Example, the Dassanetch(a tribal cattle-raising group in Ethiopia) believe that the smell of
cows is the most pleasing of all smells. Dassanetch men routinely wash their hands in
cattle urine and smear their bodies with cuttle manure. Such smells are associated with
status and fertility. The Dogon people of Mali find the scent of onions very attractive,
especially for young men and women, who rub fried onions all over their bodies.
8. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQz6Y02Tor4 (olfactics)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akwNLPiFj0I (smell in communication) SOME VIDEO
ABOUT OLFACTICS
9. SUMMARY Example: Western culture fear of offensive natural smells (billion dollar
industry to mask objectionable odors with what is perceived to be pleasant ) again
connected with attractiveness concept. Many other cultures consider natural body odors
as normal (Arabic). Asian cultures (Filipino, Malay, Indonesian, Thai, Indian) stress frequent
bathing and often criticize western culture of not bathing often enough!
10. REFERENCE Olfactics CHAPTER 8(THE NONVERBAL CODE) INTERCULTURAL