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with LS-DYNA
Part 4 :
Material modeling
4.1
Content :
4.2
Main decisions :
is the structure 2D or 3D ?
is the material reversible or irreversible ?
Reversible
Elastic ML
Visco-elastic ML
2D (Shell)
3D (Solid)
Irreversible
(permanent
deformations)
Elasto-plastic ML
Part 4 :
Material Modeling :
Part 4.2 :
General notions :
4.4
xx xy xz
T
_ = yx yy yz =
zy
zz
zx
Since the stress tensor is symmetric, we can always find a
proper orthogonal matrix (=rigid body rotation) that
diagonalizes it :
1 0
T
R R = 0 2
0 0
Invariants :
xx + yy + zz
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
_ vm =
p
p
p
2
2
2
+
+
+
+
+
+
(
)
(
)
xx
yy
zz
xy
yz
xz
2
_
T
_ = R 0 R
_ p = p0
_ vm = vm0
4.6
= 0
0
0 0
0
0 0 = 0
0
0 0
=
vm = vm
p = p =
3
4.7
0
0
Invariant Space :
_ vm
3
1
p
Here :
- the horizontal axis corresponds to a hydrostatic loading
path
- the vertical axis is pure shear
- the line with tangent 1/3 is uniaxial compression
- the line with tangent -1/3 is uniaxial tension
- a line of constant von Mises stress is horizontal
- etc...
4.8
Uniaxial state-of-stress :
xx
= 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
p=
vm =
xx
3
2
2
3 2 xx
xx
+ 2
= xx
2 3
3
4.9
vm = 3 p _(compression)
= 3 p _(tension)
0 vm
Deviatoric Stresses :
_ s = + pI
s
xx
_ syx
s
zx
sxy
syy
szy
sxz xx xy xz p
syz = yx yy yz + 0
szz zx zy zz 0
0
p
0
_ vm =
3 2
2
sxx + syy
+ szz2 + 2 sxy2 + 2 sxz2 + 2 syz2
2
_ vm
= ( p, vm )
p
pI = ( p,0)
4.11
Remarks :
0
sxx
_ 0
sxy
0
0
0
sxx
0
0 0 0
0 + 0 0
0 0 syz
0 0
syz + 0
0 sxz
0 0 0
0 + 0 szz
0 0 0
szz
4.12
0 sxz
0 0 +
0 0
xy = yx 0
yy = xx < 0
4.13
Material law
Constitutive law
Shear
Change in shape
Equation of state
pressure
change in volume
4.14
x
L=
x
x
x
y
=
x
z
x
x
F=
x0
x0
y
=
x0
z
x
0
x
y
y
y
z
y
x
y0
y
y0
z
y0
x
z
y
z
z
z
x
z 0
y
z 0
z
z0
4.15
P 1
2
y
x
The velocity field must be evaluated in two points on an
axis parallel to x through P
x x 2 x1
x x 2 x1
4.16
x 0
1 u
v
E =
+
2 y 0 x 0
1 u + w
2 y
0 z 0
1 u
v
+
2 y 0 x 0
v
y 0
1 u w
+
2 y 0 z 0
1 u w
+
2 y 0 z 0
1 w v
+
2 y 0 z 0
z 0
T
1 ( x x0 ) ( x x0 )
+
E=
2 x 0
x 0
1 T
E = F + F 2I
2
4.17
_ if _:
_ x = Rx 0
x
_F = = R
x 0
1 T
1 T
_ E = ( F + F 2I ) = ( R + R 2I ) 0
2
2
Consequently the small strain tensor is not used at all in LSDYNA which is designed to treat large displacement
problems.
4.18
x
1
u1 = 0
u2 = l cos l
x01 = 0
x02 = l
Exx =
u2 u1
= cos 1
x0 2 x01
4.19
1 T
= L+L
2
x
1 x
y
=
+
2 y x
1 x
z
+
x
2 z
1 x
y
+
2 y x
y
y
z
1 y
+
2 z
y
1 x
z
+
2 z
x
1 z
y
+
2 y z
z
4.20
4.21
x
1
x1 = 0
x 2 = 0
x1 = 0
x2 = l
E xx =
x 2 x1
=0
x2 x1
4.22
u x
x
E xx =
xx =
=
t x 0 x 0
x
x x E
0
xx
xx
4.23
2
l0
E xx =
xx
u x 2 x1 x 2 0 + x10 l l0
=
x 0
x 2 0 x10
l0
l
x 2 x1
l
dl
= xx dt
dt = dt = = ln
x 2 x1
l
l
l0
l0
4.24
v =
v =
4.25
1
d = v I
3
d xy d xz xx
d xx
d yx d yy d yz = yx
zx
dzx
d
d
zy
zz
1 0 0
xy xz
1
yy yz v 0 1 0
3
zy zz
0 0 1
tr( ) = xx + yy + zz = v
tr( d ) = d xx + d yy + d zz = 0
The deviatoric strain rate thus has no volumetric
component.
4.26
eff =
2
d :d
3
Or :
eff =
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
+ dzz
+ 2dxy
+ 2dyz
+ 2dzx
dxx + dyy
_
3
4.27
0
xx
0
xx
0
v = xx (1 2 )
2 0 0
xx
(1 + ) 0 1 0
d =
3
0 0 1
eff = xx
2
(1 + )
3
4.28
= 0.5 eff = xx
The consider a cyclic uniaxial loadcase :
eff , xx
4.29
eff = eff dt = xx dt
Then consider a cyclic uniaxial loadcase :
eff , xx
4.30
=
ed +
e =
ev I
pd +
p =
pv I
4.31
The second and third strain rate invariants will not often be
used, more commonly the second invariant of the plastic
strain rate tensor is defined as follows :
p = e
p =
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
pdxx + pdyy
+ pdzz
+ 2pdxy
+ 2pdyz
+ 2pdzx
_
3
p = p dt
The last two equations are the definitions for the equivalent
(or effective) plastic strain rate and equivalent plastic strain
respectively.
4.32
yye
yy yyp
=
=
xxe
xx xxp
Similarly we can introduce a plastic Poisson coefficient based
upon plastic deformations only :
yyp
p =
xxp
And a total Poisson coefficient based on total deformations
(the only one we can measure ) :
yy
t =
xx
4.33
eff = 0.866 xx
= t = 0.3
p = 0.
For plastic metals we have that :
= 0 .3
p = 0 .5 t
0.866 xx eff xx
p = p , xx
= 0 .3
p = 0.5 t
eff xx
p = p , xx xx
sin ce
xx p , xx >> e , xx
So whereas in the plastic regime effective strain and
equivalent plastic strain are always nearly equal, the same is
not true for effective strain rate and equivalent plastic strain
rate due to the oscillatory nature of the elastic strain rates.
4.34
2
3
= p =t 0
2
p = p , xx
3
eff = xx
= p =t 0
2
3
xx
2
= xx
3
E
eff = xx
2
3
p = p , xx
4.35
Remarks :
e p = vm p
4.36
s = 2Gd
V
p = Kv = K
V
V
p = K ln = K ln
V0
0
4.37
_ =
E
+
v I
(1 + ) (1 2 )
With :
E
2( 1 + )
E
K=
3(1 2 )
G=
_ = E
and every stress component is proportional to the
corresponding strain component : the individual stress
components are uncoupled.
4.38
t(n)
t(n+1/2)
t(n+1)
n +1 / 2
n +1
4.39
(
xx , n + yy , n + zz , n )
pn =
n
3
sn = n + pn I
v , n +1 / 2 = xx , n +1/ 2 + yy , n +1 / 2 + zz ,n +1 / 2
n +1/ 2
1
d ,n +1/ 2 = n +1/ 2 v , n +1/ 2 I
3
p = Kv
p n +1 p n
= Kv ,n +1 / 2
t
p n +1 = p n K v
4.40
s = 2G d
sn +1 sn
= 2G d ,n +1 / 2
t
sn +1 = sn + 2G d
n +1
= s n +1 p n +1 I
4.41
Note that :
3
s :s
2
2
Eeff =
Ed : Ed
3
vm = 3GEeff
s = 2GEd
vm =
Svm
Svm
3G
Eeff
Exx
4.42
vm y 0
Under uniaxial loading :
4.43
) (
+ = 2G d dp + K v vp I
taking symmetrie into account, this is a system
of 6 equations with 12 unknowns : 6 stresses and
6 plastic strain rates.
4.44
3
s
p = p
2 vm
p =
2
dp : dp
3
p =
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
+ dpzz
+ 2dpxy
+ 2dpyzx
+ 2dpzx
dpxx + dpyyx
3
4.45
p s
vp 0.
p =
2
p : p
3
(
p = K (
)
)
s = 2G d dp = 2G d p
v
vp
becomes_:
s = 2Gd 2G p
2
s
3 vm
p = Kv
Thus :
The pressure depends upon the volumetric strain (density)
only and is not affected by the plasticity. Thus a nonlinear
EOS relating pressure and density can be used without
adding complexity.
The deviatoric stresses are obtained from an elastic
increment minus a stress reduction that is applied parallel to
the deviatoric stress vector. To determine the stress
reduction we need to know the equivalent plastic strain.
4.47
f ( , y ) = vm y 0.
_ vm
vonMises
f ( , Ai ) =
_ vm
2
vm
A0 A1 p A2 p 2 0.
Drucker-Prager
4.49
_ n ,
1
n+
2
n +1
yn , pn y ( n +1) , p ( n +1)
The usual way to solve this problem in explicit codes is by
using the radial return algorithm.
d =
1
d ,n +
2
v =
v ,n +
1
2
v ,n +1 = v ,n + v
Assume the total strain increment to be elastic :
se ,n +1 = sn + 2G d
pe ,n+1 = pn K v
or _:
pe ,n+1 = pe ,n +1 v ,n +1
(EOS)
4.51
f ( e ,n +1 , yn ) 0.
3
_ vm ,e ,n +1 =
se ,n+1 : se ,n+1
2
_ vm ,e ,n +1 y ,n 0 ?
If this condition is fulfilled, the process is elastic
and the numerical treatment ends here.
If not, the stress must be returned to the yield
surface
4.52
s = 2Gd 2G p
3
s
2 vm
sn +1 sn se , n +1 sn
3
=
2G
1 se, n +1
t
2 e, vm, n +1 p , n + 2
t
3
sn +1 = se , n +1 1 2G p
2 vm, e, n +1
4.53
_ pn+1 = pe ,n+1
_ sn +1 = kse ,n+1
_ vm,n+1 = kvm,e ,n+1
_ k 1.
We determine k directly from the yield condition
at time n+1 if the material is perfectly plastic :
_ vm,n+1 y ,n+1 = 0
_ k vm,e ,n+1 y ,n = 0
_k =
y ,n
vm,e ,n+1
4.54
The deviatoric stresses are scaled by the yield stress over the
new trial elastic von Mises stress.
The radial return is radial in deviatoric space :
R = vm,e ,n +1
s3
Se,n+1
R = y ,n+1
Sn+1
s2
s1
4.55
_ vm
vm,e ,n +1
e ,n+1
n+1
vm,n +1
p n + 1 = p e , n +1
The stress projection depends upon the flow rule only and is
independent of the choice of yield surface. Material laws 10,
3 , 12, 24 and many others are all based on the same
metallic flow rule.
4.56
Algorithmic Setup :
se ,n+1 = sn+1 + 2Gd ,n+1/ 2 t
pn+1 = pn+1 ( v ,n+1 )
?
3
vm,e,n+1 =
se ,n+1 : se ,n+1 y
2
IF _ YES _ :
n+1 = se,n+1 pn+1 I
IF _ NO _ :
n+1
= se,n+1
y
vm,e ,n+1
4.57
pn+1 I
vm y ( p ) 0
Under uniaxial loading :
_ y = y ( p )
y
_ y =
p = H p
p
_ y ,n+1 = y ,n + H p ,n+1/ 2 t
If the hardening rule is assumed linear in the equivalent
plastic strain rate, all numerical algorithms simplify
considerably.
4.59
4.60
vm ,n +1 =
3
s n +1 : s n +1
2
vm ,n +1 =
3
3
1
2
G
s
:
s
p
e , n +1
e , n +1
2
2 vm ,e ,n +1
vm ,n +1 = vm ,e ,n +1 1 2G p
vm ,n +1 = vm ,e ,n +1 3G p
4.61
2 vm,e, n +1
3
_ vm , n +1 y , n +1 = 0
3G
_ vm ,e, n +1 1
p y , n H p = 0
vm ,e, n*1
_ vm ,e, n +1 3G p y , n H p = 0
_ p =
vm,e , n +1 y , n
3G + H
y ,n+1
_k =
vm,e,n+1
4.63
Algorithmic Setup :
se , n +1 = sn +1 + 2G d , n +1 / 2 t
pn +1 = pn +1 ( v , n +1 )
3
se, n +1 : se , n +1 ? y , n
2
IF _ YES _ :
n +1 = se, n +1 pn +1I
vm,e , n +1 =
IF _ NO _ :
p =
vm,e , n +1 y , n
3G + H
y , n +1 = y , n + H p
y , n +1
n +1 = se, n +1
pn +1I
vm,e , n +1
4.64
4.65
s e = 2G d = s e ,n +1 s n
p = K v = p n +1 p n
vm ,e,n +1 =
3
s e, n +1 : s e,n +1
2
y ,n +1
s n +1 = s e,n +1
vm,e,n +1
zz ,n +1 = zz
y ,n +1
= 2G d , zz
+ K v = 0 ?
vm,e,n +1
zz = ( xx + yy )
(Assume a fully plastic increment).
4.66
i +1
zz
i 1
zz
i 1
zz
i-1
zzi zzi 1
zzi zzi 1
i+1
(set on CONTROL_SHELL)
4.67
t/2
t =
zz
dt
t / 2
4.68
visco-plasticity
4.69
n +1 =
t
vm ,n +1 A0 n + ,
=0
e
n + ,
vm
=0
,n +1 3G A0
s n+1
3G p
= 1
se,n+1
vm ,e ,n +1
4.70
vm
=0
,n +1 3G A0 n + ,
e
vm
3
G
=0
,n +1
y ,n
t
e
vm
,n +1 y ,n
=
3G + H +
t
4.71
3
s = 2G d 2G p
s
2vm
se ,n +1 sn
sn +1 sn
3
=
2G
p,n + 1sn +1
t
t
2vm ,n +1
2
3
sn +1 1 + G p
= se ,n +1
vm ,n +1
4.72
3
2
2
vm ,n +1 1 + G p
vm ,e ,n +1
vm ,n +1
2
2
( vm ,n +1 + 3G p ) = vm
,e ,n +1
2
2
2
2
vm
+
6
G
+
9
G
,n +1
p vm ,n +1
p
vm ,e ,n +1
3
G
A
+
,
=0
vm
,n +1
0 n
sn + 1
se ,n +1
=
3G p
1 +
vm ,n +1
3G p
= se ,n +1 1
vm ,e ,n +1
4.73
4.74