Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Fundamentals
Tenth Edition
Floyd
Chapter 1
2008 Pearson
Education
2009 Pearson Education, Upper
Saddle River,
NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Analog Quantities
P.M .
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Analog and Digital Systems
Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to
take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player
accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an
analog signal for amplification.
CD drive
10110011101
Digital data
Digital-to-analog
converter
Linear amplifier
Analog
reproduction
of music audio
signal
Speaker
Sound
waves
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which
are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
VH(max)
HIGH
VH(min)
Invalid
VL(max)
LOW
VL(min)
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH
levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.
HIGH
HIGH
Rising or
leading edge
LOW
Falling or
trailing edge
t0
t1
Falling or
leading edge
LOW
Rising or
trailing edge
t0
t1
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Pulse Definitions
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time,
fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude
tW
50%
Pulse width
10%
Ringing
Base line
Undershoot
tr
tf
Rise time
Fall time
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Periodic Pulse Waveforms
1
T
f
1
1
313 ps
f 3.2 GHz
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Pulse Definitions
Amplitude (A)
Pulse
width
(tW)
Time
Period, T
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Timing Diagrams
A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between
two or more digital waveforms,
Clock
A
B
C
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Serial and Parallel Data
t0
t1
t2
t3
t 4 t5
t6
t7
Computer
Modem
1
Computer
Printer
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
t0
t1
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic Logic Functions
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
And, or, and not elements can be combined to form
various logic functions. A few examples are:
The comparison function
Comparator
A> B
Two
binary
numbers
A= B
B
A< B
Adder
A
Two
binary
numbers
B
Carry in
Outputs
Cout
Sum
Carry out
Cin
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
HIGH
7
4
+/
9
6
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Encoder
Binary code
for 9 used for
storage and/or
computation
Calculator keypad
Binary input
7-segment display
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
The data selection function
Multiplexer
A
t1
B
Demultiplexer
Data from
A to D
Data from
B to E
Data from
C to F
Data from
A to D
t1
t2
t3
t 1
D
t1
E
t2
C
t2
t3
t3
Switching
sequence
control input
Switching
sequence
control input
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
The counting function
Counter
2
3
4
Input pulses
Parallel
output lines
Binary
code
for 1
Binary
code
for 2
Binary
code
for 3
Binary
code
for 4
Binary
code
for 5
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
One type of storage function is the shift register,
that moves and stores data each time it is clocked.
Serial bits
on input line
0101
010
01
0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Integrated Circuits
Plastic
case
Pins
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Integrated Circuits
An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The circuit
is wired using DIP chips and tested.
DIP chips
In this case, testing can
be done by a computer
connected to the system.
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Integrated Circuits
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Integrated Circuits
End view
SOIC
End view
PLCC
End view
LCCC
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments
The front panel controls for a general-purpose oscilloscope
can be divided into four major groups.
VERTICAL
CH 1
CH 2
HORIZONTAL
TRIGGER
BOTH
SLOPE
POSITION
POSITION
VOLTS/DIV
VOLTS/DIV
+
LEVEL
POSITION
SEC/DIV
SOURCE
CH 1
CH 2
5V
2 mV
5V
2 mV
5s
5 ns
EXT
LINE
COUPLING
COUPLING
AC-DC-GND
AC-DC-GND
TRIG COUP
DC
DISPLAY
PROBE COMP
5V
CH 1
CH 2
AC
EXT TRIG
INTENSITY
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Vertical section
Signal coupling
Volts/Di v
AC
DC
Ch 1
GND
Amp
Display section
Conversion/storage
(Digital scopes only)
DC
GND
Vertical
position
Amp
Analog
only
Intensity
Conversion/storage
(Digital scopes only)
Digital
only
Horizontal
section
Trigger section
External trigger
coupling
External
trigger
Trigger
source
AC
DC
Ch 1
Ext
Line
AC
Power supply
Ch 2
Trigger
level and
slope
Trigger
circuits
Time base
Horizontal
position
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments
The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of digital
information or show data in tabular form.
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
0.01 V
V
Hz
V
mV
Range
Autorange
Touch/Hold
1s
1s
10 A
V
Voltage
40 m A
COM
Fused
Resistance
Current
In digital work, DMMs are useful for checking power
supply voltages, verifying resistors, testing continuity,
and occasionally making other measurements.
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Programmable Logic
Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are an alternative to
fixed function devices. The logic can be programmed for a
specific purpose. In general, they cost less and use less
board space that fixed function devices.
A PAL device is a form of PLD that uses a
combination of a programmable AND array and a
fixed OR array:
Programmable
AND array
Fixed OR
array and
output logic
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
c. three
d. ten
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
c. period
d. pulse width
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
c. 2 GHz
d. 20 GHz
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
c. data selectors
d. all of the above
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
c. data selector
d. counter
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
Answers:
1. a
6. c
2. b
7. d
3. d
8. a
4. b
9. d
5. c
10. b
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved