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239
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that the highest allowable deflection for a pipe determines the calculated behavior since the residual bending strain for an initial highly
deflected pipe is more than the residual strain for a low initial
deflected pipe.
Recommendation. Combined strain should be calculated as follows:
c
2tE
\DI\D
(4.25)
Chapter Four
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240
241
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Dead end
T=P(A,-A 2 )
Reducer
Wye
Figure 4.32 Thrust forces. (Reprinted from Thrust Restraint Design for Ductile Iron Pipe,
by permission of the Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association.}
Chapter Four
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242
Figure 4.33 Types of thrust blocking. (Reprinted from Handbook ofPVC Pipe,21 by permission of the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association.)
Restrained joint systems are subjected to the same thrust forces, but
these forces are resisted or distributed over the restrained pipe length.
The necessary length of restrained pipe interacting with the soil may
be determined by the design engineer. Referring to Fig. 4.34, the
restrained length on each side of the joint is L. The frictional resistance and bearing resistance are given by Fs and Rb, respectively.
Summation of forces results in the following:
A
or
L=
PA tan (6/2)
243
Fitting 90
elbow, Ibf
2,560
5,290
9,100
13,680
19,350
26,010
33,640
42,250
51,840
73,950
113,770
162,970
Fitting 45
elbow, Ibf
1,390
2,860
4,920
7,410
10,470
14,090
18,230
22,890
28,090
40,070
61,640
88,310
Valve tees
dead ends, Ibf
1,810
3,740
6,430
9,680
13,690
18,390
23,780
29,860
36,640
52,280
80,420
115,210
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Pipe size, in
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
TABLE 4.12
Soil type
Muck, peat, etc.
Soft clay
Sand
Sand and gravel
Sand and gravel with clay
Sand and gravel cemented with clay
Hard pan
lb/ft2
0
500
1000
1500
2000
4000
5000
Lcos -L
Figure 4.34 Free-body diagram for pipe with restrained joints. (Reprinted from Thrust
Restraint Design for Ductile Iron Pipe, by permission of the Ductile Iron Pipe Research
Association.}
244
Chapter Four
= internal pressure
= cross-sectional area of pipe
= frictional force
= bearing force
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where P
A
Fs
Rb
where W = 2We + Wp
We
Wp
f$
4>
where OA =
ay =
A =
f =
SF =
or
8A = JL
allowable stress
failure stress
allowable strain
failure strain
safety factor
245
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1. ASTM. 1976. Standard Method of Test for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe under
Long-Term Hydrostatic Pressure, ASTM D 1598. Philadelphia.
2. American Water Works Association. AWWA Standards Mil, M9, M23, C150, C200,
C206, C300, C301, C303, C400, C401, C402, C403, C900, C901, and C950. Denver,
Colo.
3. Andrews, James S. 1970. Water Hammer Generated during Pipeline Filling.
Master's thesis. Fort Collins: Colorado State University.
4. Bair, D. A. 1984. Analysis of Strain vs. Internal Pressure of Buried FRP Pipe from
Tests and Finite Element Modeling. Master of science thesis. Logan: Utah State
University.
5. Bishop, R. R. 1983. Course Notebook. Logan: Utah State University.
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Pipe Systems. Buried Plastic Pipe Technology, ASTM STP 1093. Eds. George S.
Buczala and Michael J. Cassady. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and
Materials.
7. Carlstrom, B. I. 1981. Structural Design of Underground GRP Pipe. Paper presented at the International Conference of Underground Plastic Pipe, New Orleans.
March.
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Paper presented at the International Conference on Underground Plastic Pipe, New
Orleans. March.
9. Devine, Miles. 1980. Course Notebook. Logan: Utah State University.
10. Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association. 1984. Thrust Restraint Design for Ductile
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11. Hucks, Robert T. 1972. Design of PVC Water Distribution Pipe. Civil Engineering
ASCE 42(6):70-73.
246
Chapter Four
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12. Jeppson, Roland W., Gordon H. Flammer, and Gary Z. Watters. 1972. Experimental
Study of Water Hammer in Buried PVC and Permastran Pipes. PRWG0113-1.
March. Logan: Utah Water Research Laboratory/College of Engineering, Utah State
University.
13. Jeppson, Roland W, Gordon H. Flammer, and Gary Z. Watters. 1972. Experimental
Study of Water Hammer in Buried PVC and Permastran Pipes. April. Logan: Utah
Water Research Laboratory/College of Engineering, Utah State University.
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Consulting Engineer.
15. Lame, G. 1852. Lecons sur la theorie delasticite. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
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Fatigue Resistance of PVC and PE Pipeline Materials for Use in the U.K. Water
Industry. Water, U.K.
17. Moser, A. P. 1983. Course Notebook. Logan: Utah State University.
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in Buried Pressurized Fiberglass Pipe. In Proceedings ASCE International
Conference on Advances in Underground Pipeline Engineering. Madison, Wis.:
American Society of Civil Engineers.
19. Sears, Edward C. 1964. Ductile Iron Pipe. AWWA Journal, January, p. 12, Table II.
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175-187.
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Proceedings of the International Conference on Underground Plastic Pipe. New York:
American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Pressure Waves. PRWG-93. Logan: Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State
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