Journal of Luminescence 178 (2016) 147155

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Journal of Luminescence
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jlumin

Full Length Article

Color tunability of Sm3 doped antimonyphosphate glass phosphors

showing broadband uorescence
P. Xiao a, J.J. Zhang a, L.F. Shen b, Z.Q. Wang a, E.Y.B. Pun b, H. Lin a,b,n
a

School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon,
Hong Kong, China

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 28 January 2016
Received in revised form
20 May 2016
Accepted 27 May 2016
Available online 2 June 2016

Sm3 doped multicomponent antimony phosphate (MSP) luminescent glasses were prepared and tunable white uorescence has been investigated. Broad visible emission depending on excitation wavelength is validated to be dominated by discrepant Sb3 emitting centers. Group of narrow emissions
from Sm3 is benecial to adding yellow and red components in Sm3 doped MSP glasses, which is
strengthened by effective energy transfer from Sb3 to Sm3 . Excitation wavelength selection and Sm3
concentration adjustment are two feasible routes to optimize luminescence color in Sm3 doped MSP
glasses and the color tunability of uorescence indicates that amorphous Sm3 doped MSP glass
phosphors possess potential for ideal white light devices.
& 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Color tunability
Sm3
Antimony phosphate glasses
Glass phosphors

1. Introduction
Inorganic luminescent materials have been intensively investigated for their application in solar energy harvesting, reversed
oxygen sensing, optical information storaging, microbeam radiation curing, vivo bio-imaging and indoor lighting, etc [110]. In the
eld of indoor lighting, Sb3 has received a lot of attention due to
its broad emission covering near ultraviolet to red in spectral
region under deep-UV excitation and Sb3 -containing polycrystalline materials have been successfully used in commercial
white uorescent lamp [11,12]. Compared with polycrystalline
powder, amorphous glasses as lighting matrix have arisen great
interest because of their good thermal stability, long working
lifespan, high mechanical operability and ne emission homogeneity [1336]. Particularly, phosphate glasses with advantages
such as low production cost, high rare earth (RE) ions solubility
and large emission cross sections have been attracted much
interest in recent years [3748].
Fluorescence in Sb3 -containing phosphate glasses exhibits
insufciency of yellow and red components for pure white light,
although broad visible emission is captured and uorescent color
is near white to naked eyes [49,50]. RE ions are often being taken
into consideration to improve light performance due to their
n

Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: zhangjj@dlpu.edu.cn (J.J. Zhang),
lhai8686@yahoo.com (H. Lin).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2016.05.052
0022-2313/& 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

abundant energy levels and various transitions between those

energy levels, which could bring about desirable emissions
[5159]. Among the trivalent RE ions with 4f n electronic conguration, Sm3 owns strong yellow and red emissions and has
characteristic excitation bands in spectral region from UV to blue
[6074]. Hence, it is feasible to introduce Sm3 to Sb3 -containing
phosphate glasses to achieve perfect uorescence [75].
In this work, Sm3 doped multi-component antimony phosphate (MSP) glasses have been fabricated and characterized.
Bluish-white uorescence was observed in MSP host glasses under
UV excitation and Sm3 can be expected to make up uorescent
color shortcoming of MSP glasses effectively. Excitation wavelength selection and Sm3 concentration adjustment are proved
to be two feasible methods to optimize luminescence color in
Sm3 doped MSP glasses and the tunability of uorescence color
indicates that amorphous Sm3 doped MSP glass phosphors have
great prospect in developing ideal white light devices.

2. Experimental details
MSP host glasses were prepared from Na2CO3, BaCO3, Al(OH)3, ZnO,
Sb2O3, and NH4H2PO4 powders according to the molar composition
15.11Na2O0.85BaO9.82Al2O313.84ZnO5.02Sb2O355.36P2O5. Additional 0.1 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt% and 2.0 wt% Sm2O3 was introduced into
MSP glass composition based on host weight to prepare Sm3 doped
MSP glasses, respectively. Firstly, the well-mixed powders were

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P. Xiao et al. / Journal of Luminescence 178 (2016) 147155

Fig. 1. Normalized emission and excitation spectra of MSP host glasses. Inserted
photo shows uorescence from MSP host glasses under 254 nm UV lamp radiation.

preheated in an alumina crucible at 200 C for 4 h, then melted at

1200 C for 50 min, and nally quenched in a preheated graphite die.
The obtained glasses were immediately annealed at 480 C for 30 min
and slowly cooled down to room temperature. During melting process,
the dissolved alumina in crucible was less than 0.7 wt% based on the
molten glasses. For optical measurements, the annealed glasses were
sliced and polished into pieces with parallel sides.
The density of the 2.0 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glasses was
measured to be 2.98 g cm  3 with Archimedes method. The
refractive indices were determined to be 1.5658 at 635.96 nm and
1.5502 at 1546.9 nm, respectively, using a Metricon 2010 prism
coupler. At all other wavelengths, the refractive indices can be
derived by the Cauchy equation n AB/2 with A 1.5470 and
B 7592.6 nm2. A differential thermal analysis (DTA) scan of the
Sm3 doped MSP glasses was carried out by a WCR-2D differential
thermal analyzer at the rate of 10 C min  1 from room temperature to 800 C. Amorphous structure of the glasses was conrmed
by X-ray powder diffraction analysis using a D/Max-3B X-ray diffractometer with 40 kV and 30 mA. Excitation and emission
spectra were determined by a Hitachi F-7000 uorescence spectrophotometer and absorption spectrum was recorded by a PerkinElmer UV/vis/NIR Lambda 950 double-beam spectrometer. The
uorescence measurement system was calibrated by a referenced
halogen lamp in order to obtain relative spectral power distribution of luminescent emissions for resolving the Commission
International de L'Eclairage (CIE) color coordinates actually [76].
Fluorescence decay curves were measured by a Jobin Yvon
Fluorolog-3 spectrophotometer equipped with an R928 photomultiplier tube and a ash Xe-lamp. Luminescence pictures were
taken using a Sony 200 digital camera.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Excitation wavelength dependent broadband uorescence of
antimonyphosphate glasses

Fig. 2. XRD pattern of 0.5 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glass powder. Inset shows DTA
curve of 0.5 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glasses.

MSP host glasses emit bluish-white uorescence under 254 nm

UV lamp radiation and its emission spectrum exhibits a 316
616 nm band with a maximum at 437 nm, which is originated
from the 3P1-1S0 transition of Sb3 [77], as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 3. Peak-normalized emission spectra of MSP host glasses.

P. Xiao et al. / Journal of Luminescence 178 (2016) 147155

Excitation spectrum for the blue emission in the gure exhibits a

200311 nm band, relating to 1S0-3P1 transition of Sb3 [78].
Broad excitation and visible emission bands indicate that solid
MSP glasses have tempting prospect in developing illuminant
device, as commercial Sb3 -containing polycrystalline halophosphate phosphors have achieved.
The XRD pattern of Sm3 doped MSP glass powder exhibits a
broad diffraction characteristic for amorphous structure without
certain crystal phase peak as shown in Fig. 2. The thermodynamic
property of MSP glasses is presented by DTA curve in the inset.
Transition temperature (Tg) is derived to be 430 C and no crystallization onset point (Tx) is observed below the temperature of 630 C,
meaning that the temperature difference value (TTx Tg) is more
than 200 C, which implies Sm3 doped MSP glasses hold pleasing
anti-crystallization ability at a broad temperature range.

Fig. 4. Excitation spectra of MSP host glasses.

149

Under different excitation wavelengths, MSP host glasses exhibit

diverse emission spectra, as shown in Fig. 3. When excitation
wavelength is regulated from 240 to 280 nm, emission peaks blueshift from 451 to 415 nm; as a reversal, while excitation wavelength
is adjusted from 280 to 300 nm, emission peaks red-shift from 415
to 426 nm. In addition, full-widths at half-maximum (FWHMs) vary

Fig. 6. Emission spectra of Sm3 doped MSP glasses under excitation of 254 nm.
Inserted photos show uorescences from relevant Sm3 doped MSP glasses under
254 nm UV lamp radiation.

Fig. 5. Peak-normalized relative spectral distributions (left) and color coordinates in CIE-1931 chromaticity diagrams (right) for MSP host glasses. Points 1 to 4 correspond to
host glass under the excitation of 240, 260, 280 and 300 nm, respectively.

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P. Xiao et al. / Journal of Luminescence 178 (2016) 147155

Fig. 7. Peak-normalized relative spectral distributions (left) and color coordinates in CIE-1931 chromaticity diagrams (right) for Sm3 doped MSP glasses under 254 nm
excitation. Points 14 correspond to undoped, 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt% and 2.0 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glasses under the excitation of 254 nm, respectively.

Fig. 8. Excitation spectra of Sm3 doped MSP glasses.

Fig. 9. Energy-level diagram of illuminant centers and possible ET process under

UV radiation.

Fig. 10. Absorption spectrum of 2.0 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glasses.

P. Xiao et al. / Journal of Luminescence 178 (2016) 147155

with excitation wavelength, as presented in Fig. 3. Transition

emission of Sb3 relating to energy-level gap is highly affected by
the coordinated surroundings because Sb3 ions possess an electron in the outermost shell in both the ground state (5s2) and the
excited state (5s15p1) [11,12], which makes Sb3 centers with
Table 1
JO intensity parameters (10  20 cm2) in various glass systems.
Glass system

Ref.

Li2OZnOSrOP2O5B2O3
NaFAlF3ZnONa2HPO4P2O5
PbOGeO2TeO2
PbF2WO3TeO2
KFK2OBaOAl2O3P2O5
Li2OZnF2PbOP2O5B2O3
Li2OAlF3TeO2B2O3
CaF2CaOBaOAl2O3B2O3
PbOBaOZnOLiFB2O3
K2OCaOZnOTeO2
Na2OB2O3SiO2
K2OBaF2La2O3SiO2
Na2OBaOAl2O3ZnOSb2O3P2O5

0.44
0.63
0.73
1.30
1.50
1.53
1.61
1.92
2.44
2.48
2.74
2.81
3.08

2.91
5.84
4.56
3.08
3.75
2.94
3.53
6.35
8.54
2.99
2.10
3.05
3.36

2.29
4.56
2.05
1.54
1.89
2.71
1.79
3.44
6.40
1.82
5.86
1.52
1.81

[81]
[82]
[83]
[84]
[85]
[86]
[87]
[88]
[89]
[90]
[91]
[64]
This work

Table 2
Spontaneous transition probabilities Arad, uorescence branching ratios ij, and
radiative lifetime rad of Sm3 in MSP glasses.
Transition
from 4G5/2 to

Energy
(cm  1)

Aed (s  1) Amd (s  1) Atotal (s  1) ij (%) rad (ms)

7407
8788
9947
10793
11283
11416
11527
12882
14300
15634
16844
17878

0.20
1.90
2.43
14.31
2.19
0.22
1.93
3.45
26.16
96.57
90.80
7.09

F11/2
F9/2
6
F7/2
6
F5/2
6
F3/2
6
H15/2
6
F1/2
6
H13/2
6
H11/2
6
H9/2
6
H7/2
6
H5/2
6

0
0
1.19
3.79
5.53
0
0
0
0
0
12.95
15.36

0.20
1.90
3.62
18.10
7.72
0.22
1.93
3.45
26.16
96.57
103.75
22.45

0.07
0.66
1.27
6.33
2.70
0.08
0.67
1.21
9.14
33.75
36.27
7.85

3.50

151

discrepant coordinated surroundings can be reected by distrinct

spectral behavior. Emission peak shifts and FWHM variations
depending on excitation wavelength reveal that discrepant Sb3
emitting centers exist in MSP host glasses [79].
A glassy Sb2O3 is assumed to have a structural basic unit similar
to a crystal Sb2O3, which contains two crystalline forms, the cubic
form and the orthorhombic form [80]. The former has a structure
including Sb4O6 molecules, namely, SbO3 pyramids, and the latter
not only consists of SbO3 pyramids but also a double chain
structure comprised of four-numbered rings of SbO3 pyramids
[80]. In addition, conceivable [AlO4], [AlO6], [ZnO4] and [ZnO6]
structural units contained in MSP glasses can provide various local
environments to Sb3 . Thus, the existence of diverse Sb3 illuminant centers in MSP glasses is reasonable.
Discrepant Sb3 emission centers result in distinct excitation
spectra for different wavelength emissions due to superposition
effect of respective illuminant centers, as shown in Fig. 4. For 340
and 560 nm emissions, sensitive excitable regions are 254287 nm
and 226288 nm, respectively. With increase of excitation wavelength, the shapes of relative spectral distributions change and
uorescence color has a moving tendency from bluish-white
toward blue, as presented in Fig. 5. Emission spectra, excitation
spectra, relative spectral distributions and CIE chromaticity diagrams indicate that excitation wavelength selection is a feasible
way to tune luminescence color in MSP host glasses.
3.2. Color tunability of Sm3 doping in antimonyphosphate glass
phosphors
Emission spectra of Sm3 doped MSP glasses consist of a broad
431 nm band from Sb3 and three narrow 562, 600 and 646 nm
bands assigned to 4G5/2-6HJ/2 (J 5, 7, 9) transitions of Sm3 ,
respectively, as shown in Fig. 6. With concentration increase of
Sm3 , emission intensity of Sb3 weakens while emission intensity of Sm3 heightens. Correspondingly, luminescence color
change from bluish-white to near pure-white, as exhibited in the
inserted photos of Fig. 6, and 1931-CIE color coordinates move
from left toward right, getting closer and closer to the equal
energy point (0.333, 0.333), as presented in Fig. 7. Emission
spectra and CIE chromaticity diagrams indicate that Sm3

Fig. 11. Fluorescence decay (ex 400 nm, em 600 nm) curves for the 6H7/2 level of Sm3 in 0.1 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt% and 2.0 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glasses.

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P. Xiao et al. / Journal of Luminescence 178 (2016) 147155

concentration adjustment is a doable route to tune luminescence

color of Sm3 doped MSP glasses. In addition, there are slight
deductions at  400 nm in emission spectra of Sb3 , as marked
with red circle in Fig. 6, which is inferred to be caused by photon
reabsorption of Sm3 , revealing the probability of radiative energy
transfer from Sb3 to Sm3 .
Broad  273 nm excitation bands monitoring 445 nm are
observed, as illustrated in Fig. 8, demonstrating that spectral behavior of Sb3 is still effective in Sm3 doped MSP glasses. In 200
320 nm region, excitation spectra monitoring 4G5/2-6H7/2 transition of Sm3 are highly consistent with excitation spectra monitoring Sb3 emission, demonstrating that non-radiative energy
transfer from Sb3 to Sm3 occurs. With concentration increase of
Sm3 , excitation band intensity of Sb3 weakens and excitation
band intensity of Sm3 strengthens, which indicates that energy
transfer from Sb3 to Sm3 gets more and more drastic.
Energy transfer process from Sb3 to Sm3 in MSP glasses
could be illustrated by energy-level diagram in Fig. 9. First, the UV
photons are absorbed by Sb3 ions and the excited energy stores
in the 3P1 level, which relaxes radiatively to the ground state 1S0
level, emitting bluish-white light. Meanwhile, the excited energy
in 3P1 could be transferred non-radiatively to the high energy
levels of Sm3 , which then relaxes non-radiatively to 4G5/2 level
and nally relaxes radiatively to the 6HJ/2 (J 5, 7, 9, 11) levels,
emitting  562,  600 and  646 nm light.
To explore visible radiative potential of Sm3 in MSP glasses,
radiative transition parameters of Sm3 in MSP glasses have been
derived from absorption spectrum shown in Fig. 10. JuddOfelt
Table 3
Experimental lifetimes exp of 4G5/2 level, quantum efciencies q, and cross
relaxation rates WCR for different concentrations of Sm3 in MSP glasses.
Sm2O3 doping concentration
(wt%)

exp-avg
(ms)

q (%) WMPR (s  1) WCR (s  1)

0.1
0.5
1.0
2.0

3.25
3.14
2.76
2.33

92.9
89.6
78.8
66.6

22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0

10.8
54.6
121.5

intensity parameters t (t 2, 4, 6) were calculated to be

3.08  10  20, 3.36  10  20 and 1.81  10  20 cm2, respectively, and
the root-mean-square deviation between the experimental and
calculated oscillator strengths was solved to be 2.30  10  7, indicating that the tting process is reliable. As listed in Table 1, 2
parameter of Sm3 in MSP glasses is larger than those of tellurite,
borate, phosphate and silicate glasses [8191], indicating a high
asymmetry and covalent environment around Sm3 in the glass
system. Judd-Ofelt predicted results, which listed in Table 2, show
that branching ratios for transition 4G5/2-6H7/2 and 4G5/2-6H9/2
are 37.3% and 33.75%, respectively, indicating yellow and red
emissions are dominant radiative component of Sm3 . The average uorescent lifetimes (exp-avg) of the 4G5/2 level are derived
from the uorescence decays, as shown in Fig. 11, by using the
R1
R1
formula exp  avg 0 tItdt= 0 Itdt, where I(t) is the emission
intensity at time t. The quantum efciencies q exp  avg =rad for
4
G5/2 level are calculated and listed in Table 3. exp-avg can be
expressed as 1=exp  avg 1=rad W MPR W CR , where WMPR is the
multiphonon relaxation (MPR) rate and WCR is the rate of crossrelaxation (CR), which should be dependent on the ion concentration. The calculated WCR values corresponding to different
doping concentrations are derived and summarized in Table 3,
where the cross relaxation process in the lowest-concentration
doping is ignored. Although WCR are non-ignorable in high concentration doping cases, q for 4G5/2 level in 2.0 wt% Sm2O3 doping
case still reaches at 66.6%, indicating that effective yellow and red
emissions of Sm3 could be expected in reasonable concentration
doping cases and it is feasible to tune uorescence color. The
results conrm that effective emissions of Sm3 are justiable to
be expected in MSP glasses.
Apparent emission differences in 0.5 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP
glasses are captured when excitation wavelength changes, as
presented in Figs. 12 and 13, resulting from different Sb3 emitting
centers and energy transfer from Sb3 to Sm3 . Under 240, 260
and 280 nm excitation, emissions of Sb3 are dominant and their
distinct color coordinates are near to blue region, locating in the
white region. Under 315 nm excitation, emission intensities of
Sb3 and Sm3 are comparative and color coordinates are closed
to equal energy point (0.333, 0.333). Near pure-white light is

Fig. 12. Emission spectra of 0.5 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glasses under different excitations. Inset: Photos in (d) and (e) present uorescences of 0.5 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP
glasses under 308 nm LED excitation and 365 nm UV lamp radiation, respectively.

P. Xiao et al. / Journal of Luminescence 178 (2016) 147155

153

Fig. 13. Relative spectral distributions (left) and color coordinates in CIE-1931 chromaticity diagrams (right) for 0.5 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glasses under different excitations. Points 15 correspond to 0.5 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glasses under the excitation of 240, 260, 280, 315 and 360 nm, respectively.

Fig. 14. Emission spectra of 2.0 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glasses under different excitation wavelength. Inset: Photos in (d) and (e) show uorescences of 2.0 wt% Sm2O3 doped
MSP glasses under 308 nm LED excitation and 365 nm UV lamp radiation, respectively.

observed in 0.5 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glasses under 308 nm LED
excitation, as inserted photo in Fig. 12(d). At excitation of 360 nm,
emission component mainly comes from Sm3 and the CIE chromaticity point is located in yellow region, as shown in Fig. 13. The
orange emission could be validated by photo of uorescence color,
as inset in Fig. 12(e). Emission spectra indicate that excitation
wavelength selection is still a feasible way to tune luminescence
color of Sm3 doped MSP glasses.
For investigating uorescence behavior of MSP glasses with
high Sm3 concentration, emission spectra of 2.0 wt% Sm2O3
doped MSP glasses under various excitation wavelengths are
presented in Fig. 14. Warm white and bright orange uorescences
are observed in 2.0 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glass under 308 nm
LED excitation and 365 nm UV lamp radiation, as exhibited in
photos in Fig. 14(d) and (e), respectively. With concentration
increase of Sm3 , obvious intensity decrease of Sb3 and clear
intensity increase of Sm3 occurs, reecting on color coordinates

variation is that uorescence color move greatly in scale toward

warm direction, which could be corroborated by the relative
spectral power distribution, as depicted in Fig. 15. Fluorescence
color from 2.0 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glasses are warmer than
those from 0.5 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glasses when they are
under same UV excitation source, indicating that enhancing Sm3
doping concentration is benecial to achieve warm uorescence
under UV excitation.

4. Conclusions
Sm3 doped multicomponent antimony phosphate luminescent (MSP) glasses were prepared and tunable white uorescence
has been investigated. Bluishwhite uorescence dominated by at
least two discrepant Sb3 emitting centers in MSP host glasses is
observed under UV excitation. Radiative transition parameters of

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P. Xiao et al. / Journal of Luminescence 178 (2016) 147155

Fig. 15. Relative spectral distributions (left) and color coordinates in CIE-1931 chromaticity diagrams (right) for 2.0 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glasses under different excitations. Points 1 to 5 correspond to 2.0 wt% Sm2O3 doped MSP glasses under the excitation of 240, 260, 280, 315 and 360 nm, respectively.

Sm3 and effective non-radiative and radiative energy transfer

from Sb3 to Sm3 indicate that efcient orange uorescence can
be obtained from Sm3 doped MSP glasses. Excitation wavelength
selection and Sm3 concentration adjustment are two effective
workable routes to optimize luminescence color in Sm3 doped
MSP glasses and the tunability of uorescence color indicates that
amorphous Sm3 doped MSP glass phosphors are promising in
advancing ideal white light devices.

[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]

Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Scientic Research Foundation
for Universities from Education Bureau of Liaoning Province
(L2014226) and the Science and Technology Foundation of Liaoning Province, China (2015020187).

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