BG GT2

HC VIN K THUT QUN S
KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN
PGS TS T Vn Ban (Ch bin)

TS T Ngc nh, TS Hy c Mnh
BI GING CHI TIT
GII TCH II
H ni, 6-2013
B MN DUYT
Ch nhim B mn
T Vn Ban
Ch bin:
Thnh vin:
BI GING CHI TIT

(Dng cho 75 tit ging)
Hc phn: GII TCH II
Nhm mn hc: Gii tch
B mn: Ton
Khoa: Cng ngh Thng tin
Thay mt nhm
mn hc
T Vn Ban
PGS TS T Vn Ban
TS T Ngc nh
TS Hy c Mnh
Thng tin v nhm mn hc

TT
H tn gio vin
1
T Vn Ban
2
Nguyn Xun Vin
3
Nguyn c N
4
V Thanh H
5
T Ngc nh
6
Bi Vn nh
7
Bi Hong Yn
8
Nguyn Th Thanh H
9
Nguyn Vn Hng
10
Nguyn Thu Hng
11
o Trng Quyt
12
Nguyn Hng Nam
Hc hm
PGS
PGS
Ging vin chnh
Ging vin chnh
Ging vin
Ging vin
Ging vin
Ging vin chnh
Ging vin
Ging vin
Ging vin
Ging vin
Hc v
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
ThS
ThS
ThS
ThS
ThS
ThS
ThS
a im lm vic: B Mn Ton, P1408, Nh A1 (Gn ng HQ Vit)

in thoi, email: 069 515 330, bomontoan_hvktqs@yahoo.com
Bi ging 1: Hm s nhiu bin s

Chng, mc: 1
Tit th: 1- 5
Mc ch, yu cu:
Tun th: 1
Nm s lc v Hc phn, cc quy nh chung, cc chnh sch ca gio

vin, cc a ch v thng tin cn thit, bu lp trng Hc phn.
Nm c cc khi nim cn bn v cc loi tp m, ng, min trong

n . Mt s kt qu cn bn v gii hn, lin tc ca hm nhu bin,
tng ng vi nhng khi nim ny hm 1 bin.
Nm c khi nim v thun thc tnh o hm ring, vi phn ca hm

nhiu bin.
- Hnh thc t chc dy hc:

Hnh thc ch yu: L thuyt, tho lun - t hc, t nghin cu
1
- Thi gian:
L thuyt, tho lun: 5t - T hc, t nghin cu: 5t
- a im:
Ging ng do P2 phn cng.
- Ni dung chnh:
Gii thiu v mn hc v cc quy nh
Chng 1: Hm s nhiu bin s
1.1 Gii hn Lin tc
1.2 o hm Vi phn
.
Gii thiu hc phn GII TCH II (15 pht)
thy bn cht ca hin tng cng nh m rng kh nng i vo
cuc sng ca ton hc chng ta cn nghin cu gii tch trong phm vi nhiu
bin.
Vi hm nhiu bin, nhiu khi nim v kt qu vi hm mt bin
khng cn bo ton m c nhng bin th tinh vi, uyn chuyn v ha hn nhng
ng dng v cng rng ln. GTII - mt s tip tc Gii tch I - hng ch yu
vo php tnh vi phn, php tnh tch phn ca hm nhiu bin.
Chng ta s thy rt nhiu v d, bi tp lin quan n thc tin cho
thy mng ng dng v tin khong hu ca l thuyt, m bo s trng tn
ca ton hc.
Cc khi nim, nh l, tnh cht ... thng c pht biu bng li v
kt hp vi cng thc...
Chnh sch ring
Mi ln ln bng cha bi tp ng c ghi nhn, cng vo im qu trnh
0.5 im. Cha bi tp sai khng b tr im.
S hin din trn lp: Khng i hc
Ti liu tham kho
TT Tn ti liu
Tc gi
1
Gio trnh Gii T Vn Ban
tch II
2
Gii tch II & III Trn Bnh
3
Ton hc cao cp Nguyn nh
(T3-2)
Tr v
4
Bi tp Gii sn Trn Bnh
gii tch 2, 3
5
Calculus:
A R. Adams
Complete Course
6
Calculus (Early Jon Rogawski
Transcendentals),
5 bui s khng c thi.
Nxb
Nxb Gio dc
KH v KT
Gio dc
2007
2007
KH v KT
2007
Addison Wesley
1991
W.H.Freeman and Co.
2007
Bi tp v nh GTII (trong ti liu [1])

2
Nm xb
2012
V d: T c; Bi tp: Cha trn lp

CHNG I
B tr: 3(b);
4(a, b, d);
5(a);
8(c,d);
10(a);
12(b);
15;
18(b);
21(b);
22;
23(a);
24(a);
30(a);
34(c, g); 35(d, e);
37(a);
39(c);
41(a, e).
Chnh: 6(a, b, c, d, e); 13(b, c); 24(c); 26(d); 33; 34(f);
35(i, j, k, l); 36(e, f, g, h, i, j, k); 37(c, d, e, f);
40( d, e, f);
VD 1.17;
VD 1.26A;
VD 1.27;
VD 1.28;
VD 1.29 (i, ii); VD 1.30; VD 1.37;
VD 1.39
CHNG II
B tr: 1(b, d);
2(b, c);
3(b);
4(a, b);
5(a, c, d); 6(b);
7(d, c);
8(a);
9(d, f);
10(c);
15;
17;
19(b);
20(a, c);
24;
27(a).
Chnh: 1(e);
5(f); 6(a); 7(e, f);
8(b, d);
9(g); 10(f, g, h);
14(c, d); 19(c); 20(f); 21(c, d); 22(b, c, e); 23(a, b).
VD 2.11; VD 2.13; VD2.25 ; VD 2.26; VD 2.27;
VD 2.33; VD 2.34; VD2.37 ; VD 2.40
CHNG III
B tr: 1(d,e),
2,
4.
5(a) ,
11,
14(a),
15(a, c),
17(a),
18(d),
19(a, d),
22(a, e), 26(c),
27(a);
29(a, b), 30.
Chnh: 7;
8;
14(c); 16(c, d);
22(d); 24(c, d, e, f, h); 25.
VD3.16 ; VD3.23 ; VD3.23 ; VD3.25 ; VD3. 26 ; VD3.27 ;
VD3.28 ;
VD3. 29 ; VD3.31 ; VD3.32 ; VD 3.33; VD3.34 .
CHNG IV
B tr: 2(a); 3(a)
8;
10(e);
12(b);
15(b,c);
18(b);
20(a);
21(d); 23(a); 24(b, e); 26(a, b, d); 28(a, b); 31(c).
Chnh: 3(b); 10(b, c, d, e); 12(e, f, g); 13(b);
15(f, g);
18(c, d);
19(a, b, c, d, e);
24(e);
26(f, h, i, j); 27(c, d,e);
28(d, e, f, g); 30(d, e, f); 31(b);
32;
33(a, b, c).
VD 4. 34;
VD 4.35 ; VD 4.36; VD 4.48;
VD 4.49;
VD 4.50;
VD 4.51 ;
VD 4.52; VD 4.53; VD 4.54((i), (ii)).
CU TRC THI, CCH THC CHO IM
Cu s
1
2
3
4
5
V phn
L thuyt
Chng 1: Hm s nhiu bin s
Chng 2: Tch phn bi
Chng III: Tch phn ng, tch phn mt
Chng 4: phng trinh vi phn
im bi thi
im qu trnh
im chuyn cn
Tng im = im chuyn cn x 10%
+ im qu trnh x 20% + im bi thi x 70%
Hnh thc thi: Thi vit
3
S im
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
10
10
10
10
Bu lp trng lp hc phn. Kt qu:

S in thoi gio vin:
a ch Email cn:
Webside cn:
Danh sch SV (t nht 7 ct kim tra s s)
Chng 1: HM S NHIU BIN S

1.1. GII HN - LIN TC
1.1.1. Tp hp trong n
a. Khng gian n
Xt V l tp hp cc b n s thc c th t x (x1 , ... , x n ), x i . (Hin
thi ta vit m cc phn t ca V).
Trong V a vo php cng v v php nhn vi v hng:
x (x1 , ... , x n ), y (y1 ,..., y n ), x i , yi ,
x y (x1 y1, ... , x n y n ) ,

x (x1, ... , x n ), .
Khi V tr thnh khng gian vc t trn ; phn t ca V gi l vc t,
i khi gi l im.
* Tch v hng. Tch v hng ca hai vc t x v y l mt s thc, k
hiu l x.y , (c ti liu vit l x, y ) xc nh bi:
x .y x1y1 ... x n y n .
* Khng gian Euclide n . Khng gian vc t V c trang b tch v hng
va nu gi l khng gian Euclide n chiu, k hiu l n .
Tch v hng nu trn c cc tnh cht thng thng bit t ph thng.
Khi x .y 0 ta ni hai vc t x v y l trc giao vi nhau, v vit x y .
* Khong cch. Khong cch gia x (x1 ,... , x n ) v y (y1 ,... , y n ) k
hiu bi d(x, y), xc nh theo cng thc
d( x , y )
(x y ) (x y ) .
d(x , y ) (y1 x1 )2 ... (yn x n ) 2 .
(1.1)
Khong cch ny cn gi l khong cch Euclide, c cc tnh cht sau y:

:
tnh i xng
d(x , y ) d(y , x)
d(x , y ) 0; d(x , y ) 0 x y :
tnh xc nh dng
d(x, y ) d(y, z ) d(x, z)
bt ng thc tam gic
Trong 2 , im hay c k hiu l (x,y), trong 3 l (x,y,z).

4
ng nht im M vi b s (x, y, z) l to ca n trong mt h to

trc chun; thay cho im M, ta vit (x, y, z) hay y hn M(x, y, z) . Khong
cch (1.1) chnh l khong cch thng thng.
Trong 2 : im M c th ng nht vi to (x, y) ca n; thay cho
im M ta vit (x, y), hay y hn M(x, y).
Trong phn cn li ca chng ny cc kt qu c trnh by ch yu
trong 2 . Nhiu kt qu tng t cn ng cho n .
b. Phn loi tp hp trong n
Ln cn. Cho a 2 ; ln cn ca im a (cn gi l hnh cu m
tm a, bn knh ), k hiu U (a) , l tp hp xc nh bi:
U (a) {x 2 : d( x, a) } .
im a c gi l im trong ca tp hp E 2 nu E cha mt hnh

cu m no tm a: U (x) E, ( 0) . ng thi, tp E gi l mt ln cn
ca im a.
Tp m. Tp hp E c gi l tp m nu mi im ca E u l im
trong ca n.
D nhn thy rng, tp hp U (a) l tp m.
im bin. im x gi l im bin ca E nu trong mt -ln cn bt k
ca x u cha t nht mt im thuc E v mt im khng thuc E . Tp cc
im bin ca E k hiu l (E) , gi l bin ca E.
R rng, im trong ca E nm trong E; im bin ca E c th thuc E, c
th khng thuc E.
Tp ng. E c gi l tp ng nu n cha mi im bin ca n:
E ng E E E .
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Hnh 1.1. (a) Hnh cu m, (b) tp m, (c) hnh cu ng,

(d) mt cu (tp ng) trong 2
Chng hn, cc tp sau y l ng (xem Hnh 1.1):
5
+ Hnh cu ng tm a, bn knh .
+ Mt cu ng tm a, bn knh .
Tp b chn. Tp E c gi l b chn nu tn ti mt hnh cu m no
cha n.
hnh cu ng no cha n
hnh cu ng tm O cha n
Tp compc. Tp ng v b chn c gi l tp compact.
Min. Mi tp m l mt min m.
Min m cng vi bin ca n gi l min ng.
Min m, min ng gi chung l min.
Min m t 2 im bt k ca n c th ni vi nhau bi mt ng gy
khc nm hon ton trong min gi l min lin thng.
Sau y, khi quen, ta khng cn phi vit ch m cho phn t ca n
na.
V d 1.1. Cho cc tp hp sau y trong 2 (xem Hnh 1.2):
D1 {(x, y) : a x b, c y d} : tp hp m (Khng cha bin)
D 2 {(x, y) : a x b, c y d} : Khng m, khng ng

D3 {(x, y) : a x b, c y d} : tp hp ng (cha bin)
Ngi ta cn dng k hiu tch Descartes ch cc hnh ch nht : D1
c k hiu bi (a, b) (c, d) , ... , D3 bi [a, b] [c, d] .
#
y
y
A
y
A
D1
D2
D3
c
D
a
C
b
c
D
D
x
C
b
Hnh 1.2. Hnh ch nht trong 2

1.1.2. Hm nhiu bin s
f :D
a. nh ngha. Cho D n . nh x
x (x1 ,..., x n ) f (x) f (x1,..., x n )
c gi l hm s trn D.
D: tp xc nh, f: hm s; x: bin s (hay i s).
Lu rng bin s c n thnh phn, mi thnh phn xem nh mt bin c
lp (cho nn hm s trn n hay c gi l hm nhiu bin).
b. Cc phng php biu din hm s ()
Biu din bng biu thc gii tch.
Biu din bng th
6
S dng cc ng (ng) mc
Bng d liu.
1.1.3. Gii hn ca hm nhiu bin
a. Gii hn ca dy im
Ta ni dy im {u n } {(x n , y n )} 2 hi t n u 0 (x 0 , y0 ) nu
lim d(u n , u 0 ) 0 .
(1.2)
Khi ta vit lim (x n , y n ) (x 0 , y0 ) , hay n gin lim u n u 0 hoc

n
u n u 0 (khi n ).
Gii hn ca dy im tng ng vi gii hn ca tng ta :
lim (x n , y n ) (x 0 , y0 ) lim x n x 0 ; lim y n y0 .
(1.3)
n
* im gii hn (im t). im a c gi l im gii hn ca tp

D n nu c mt dy {u n } cc phn t khc a ca D hi t n a.
b. Gii hn ca hm s
nh ngha. Cho hm s f(u) xc nh trn D 2 v a (x 0 , y0 ) l mt
im gii hn ca D. Ta ni hm f(u) c gii hn khi u dn n a nu:
(1.4)
0, 0 , sao cho u D , 0 d(u, u 0 ) f (u) .
Khi ta vit lim f (u) hay f (u) khi u a .
u a
y , ta cn vit
lim f (x, y) ( hay f (x, y) khi (x, y) (x 0 , y0 ))
(1.5)
(x,y)(x 0 ,y0 )
nh l 1.1. Hm f(u) c gii hn khi u dn n a khi v ch khi

{u n } D; u n a; lim u n a lim f (u n ) .
(1.6)
n
H qu. Nu lim f (u) th vi u (x, y) dn n a (x 0 , y0 ) theo mt

u a
ng cong tu trong D, f(u) dn n .
Hnh 1.5. im dn n (x 0 , y0 ) theo nhng ng khc nhau

Lu . Cc kt qu thng thng i vi gii hn ca hm 1 bin nh gii
hn ca tng, hiu, nh l kp vn cn ng cho gii hn ca hm nhiu bin.
V d 1.4. Tm gii hn
1
1
2
2
lim (x 2 y 2 )sin 2
lim
(x
y
)sin
i)
;
ii)
.
(x, y)(1, 0)
(x, y)(0, 0)
x y2
x 2 y2
7
Gii. i)
1
lim (x 2 y 2 )sin 2
sin1.
x,y 1,0
x y2
ii) Hm s xc nh trn 2 /{(0,0)} . Ta c
0 f (x, y) x 2 y2 0 (khi (x, y) (0,0) .

lim
Theo nh l kp,
f (x, y) 0
(x, y)(0, 0)
lim
f (x, y) 0 .
(x, y)(0, 0)
nh ngha gii hn v hn tng t nh vi hm mt bin.

y
Chng hn 2 khi (x, y) (0,3) ;
x
2
e x 1
y2 z2
khi (x, y, z) (0,0,0).
1.1.4. S lin tc ca hm s
Cho hm s f (x, y), (x, y) D , trong D l tp tu ca 2 v
(x 0 , y0 ) D l im gii hn ca D. Ta ni f(x, y) lin tc ti (x 0 , y0 ) nu
lim
(x, y) (x 0 , y0 )
f (x, y) f (x 0 , y0 ) .
(1.7)
Gi s a (x 0 , y0 ) D, u (x, y) (x 0 x, y0 y) D .
t f f (x 0 x, y0 y) f (x 0 , y0 )
Khi hm s f(u) lin tc ti (x 0 , y0 ) khi v ch khi
lim
f 0 .
(1.8)
( x,y)(0,0)
* Hm f(x,y) c gi l lin tc trn min D nu n lin tc ti mi im

(x 0 , y0 ) D .
Lu . Cc nh l v tng, hiu, tch, thng, lu tha, hp hm ca cc
hm lin tc, nh ngha hm s cp v tnh lin tc ca chng, cc khi nim v
kt qu v s lin tc u i vi hm mt bin gn nh vn cn bo ton cho
trng hp hm nhiu bin. Chng hn
nh l 1.2. Hm f(x,y) lin tc trn tp ng, gii ni D th b chn trn
v t c gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht: (x1, y1 ), (x 2 , y 2 ) D
f (x1, y1 ) m Min f (x, y); f (x 2 , y 2 ) M Max f (x, y) .

(x,y)D
(x,y)D
nh l 1.3. Hm f(x,y) lin tc trn tp ng, gii ni th lin tc u trn

, tc l vi mi 0 , tm c s sao cho vi (x, y), (x, y) D m
d((x, y), (x, y)) th f (x, y) f (x, y) .
xy
V d 1.5. Cho hm s u f x, y x 2 y 2
(x, y) (0,0)
(x, y) (0,0)
R rng hm lin tc ti mi im (x 0 , y0 ) (0, 0) (v l thng hai hm

lin tc, mu khc 0).
Ti (x 0 , y0 ) (0,0) , theo bt ng thc Cauchy.
xy
x 2 y2
(x 2 y 2 )
(x 2 y 2 ) 1
.
0 xy
2
2
x y 2 2 (x 2 y 2 )
2
Trng hp 1: 1
lim
f (x, y) lim
u 0 2
(x,y)(0,0)
( 1)/2
d(u,0)
0 f (0,0) .
Vy f(x,y) lin tc ti (0,0).

Trng hp 2: 1 . Xt (x, y) (0,0) theo ng y = x.
f x, y f x, x
x 2
2x
1
0 khi x 0 . Vy f(x,y) khng
2 1
2x
lin tc ti (0,0).
1.2. O HM - VI PHN
1.2.1. o hm ring
nh ngha. Cho hm s z f (x, y) xc nh trong tp m D 2 , ly
im M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) D . C nh y y0 th f (x, y0 ) l hm mt bin x. Nu hm
ny c o hm ti x x 0 th o hm gi l o hm ring ca hm
z f (x, y) theo bin x (bin th nht) ti im M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) , k hiu bi mt
trong cc cch sau:
z(x 0 , y 0 ) f (x 0 , y 0 )
zx (x 0 , y0 ), f x (x 0 , y 0 ),
,
.
x
x
Nh vy, cho x nh sao cho (x 0 x, y0 ) D . t:
x z f (x 0 x, y0 ) f (x 0 , y0 )
gi l s gia ring ca hm s z f (x, y) i vi bin x ti (x 0 , y0 ) . Khi
f (x 0 , y 0 )
z
lim x .
x 0 x
x
y
y0
(x 0 , y0 )
x0
(x 0 x, y 0 )
x 0 x
Hnh 1.6. Cch lp s gia ring ca hm s

o hm ring theo bin y ti (x 0 , y0 ) , k hiu l
9
f y (x 0 , y0 ), zy (x 0 , y0 ),
f (x 0 , y0 )
z (x 0 , y0 )
.
hay
y
y
n 3 : nh ngha tng t.
Quy tc. Khi tnh o hm ring theo bin no , ta ch vic coi cc bin
khc khng i, ri ly o hm theo bin nh ly o hm vi hm mt bin.
V d 1.7. Tnh cc o hm ring ca hm s
x
i. z x y , (x 0). ii. z arctan , (y 0) .
y
Gii. i.
ii.
z
z
y x y1;
x y ln x.
x
y
z
1
1
y
z
1
x
x
.
x 1 (x / y)2 y x 2 y 2 y 1 (x / y) 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
1.2.2. Vi phn ca hm nhiu bin

nh ngha
Cho hm s z f (x, y) xc nh trong tp m D. Trong D ly cc im
(x 0 , y 0 ), (x, y) (x 0 x, y0 y) . Biu thc
f f (x 0 x, y0 y) f (x 0 y0 )
c gi l s gia ton phn ca hm f(x,y) ti (x 0 , y0 ) .
Nu s gia f c th biu din di dng
f Ax By x y
(1.9)
trong A, B l nhng hng s khng ph thuc vo x, y (ch ph thuc vo

(x 0 , y0 ) ), (x, y) 0, (x, y) 0 khi x 0 v y 0 th ta ni:
+ Hm s f(x,y) kh vi ti (x 0 , y0 ) ;
+ Biu thc A x B y gi l vi phn ton phn ca hm z ti (x 0 , y0 )
(ng vi s gia x, y ca i s x, y tng ng), k hiu l dz(x 0 , y0 ) hay
df (x 0 , y0 ) .
Nh vy, dz(x 0 , y0 ) A x B y .
* Hm s z f (x, y) gi l kh vi trn D nu n kh vi ti mi im ca D.
Tnh cht. Nu f(x,y) kh vi ti (x 0 , y0 ) th lin tc ti .
CM: f Ax By x y 0 khi x, y 0 .
Vy hm lin tc ti (x 0 , y0 ) .
nh l 1.5. Cho hm f(x,y) xc nh trong tp m D 2 v (x 0 , y0 ) D .
(i) (iu kin cn hm kh vi). Nu f(x,y) kh vi ti im (x 0 , y0 ) th tn
ti cc o hm ring f x (x 0 , y0 ), f y (x 0 , y0 ) . Cc hng s A, B trong nh ngha
vi phn cho bi A f x (x 0 , y0 ), B f y (x 0 , y0 ) ; ni cch khc,
df (x 0 , y0 ) f x (x 0 , y0 ) x f y (x 0 , y0 ) y .
10
(ii) (iu kin hm kh vi). Nu hm s z f (x, y) c cc o hm

ring lin tc ti ln cn ca im (x 0 , y0 ) th kh vi ti v
dz(x 0 , y0 ) f x (x 0 , y0 )x f y (x 0 , y0 )y .
(1.10)
Chng minh
(i) T gi thit, f Ax By x y .
Xt y y0 const th y 0 v f x f A x x . Do :
f
A x x
f x (x 0 , y 0 ) lim x lim
A.
x 0 x
x 0
x
Tng t, f y' (x 0 , y 0 ) B .
(ii) Vi x, y nh th
f f (x 0 x, y0 y) f (x 0 , y0 )
f (x 0 x, y0 y) f (x 0 , y0 y) f (x 0 , y0 y) f (x 0 , y0 ) .
p dng cng thc s gia gii ni cho hm mt bin dn n
f f x (x 0 1x, y0 y)x f y (x 0 , y0 2y)y

trong 0 1 1; 0 2 1 .
V f x , f y lin tc ti (x 0 , y0 ) nn
f f x (x 0 , y 0 ) x f y (x 0 , y 0 ) y
trong 0, 0 khi x 0, y 0 .
Vy f f x (x 0 , y0 ) x f y (x 0 , y0 )y y (pcm).
Ch . Ging nh trng hp mt bin, nu x, y l bin c lp th
dx x; dy y . T ,
df (x 0 , y0 ) f x (x 0 , y0 ) dx f y (x 0 , y0 )dy .
H qu. Nu f x (x, y), f y (x, y) lin tc trong tp m D th
df (x, y)
f (x, y)
f (x, y)
dx
dy .
x
y
(1.11)
V d 1.8. Xt s kh vi v tnh vi phn dz(x,y), dz(0,1) (nu c) ca cc

hm s z x 3 y3 3xy.
z
z
Gii.
3x 2 3y,
3y 2 3x , l nhng hm lin tc trn 2 .
x
y
Vy hm s l kh vi trn 2 v dz 3[(x 2 y)dx (y 2 x)dy] .
dz(0,1) 3dx 3dy 3(dx dy) .
Ch . i vi hm nhiu bin, s tn ti cc o hm ring cha m bo

hm s kh vi. Xt v d sau.
V d 1.9. (ti liu [1]) #
11
ng dng vi phn tnh gn ng. Nu t

x x 0 x, y y0 y (hay x x x 0 , y y y0 ) ,
t nh ngha vi phn ta c
z f (x, y) f (x 0 , y 0 )
f x (x 0 , y0 )(x x 0 ) f y (x 0 , y0 )(y y0 ) (x x 0 ) (y y0 )
f x (x 0 , y 0 )(x x 0 ) f y (x 0 , y0 )(y y0 ) df (x 0 , y0 ).
Dn n cng thc xp x
f (x 0 x, y0 y) f (x 0 , y0 ) f x (x 0 , y0 )x f y (x 0 , y0 )y
( f (x 0 , y0 ) df (x 0 , y0 ) ).
(1.12)
Cng thc ny cho php tnh gi tr gn ng ca hm s dng vi phn.
V phi l biu thc tuyn tnh ca cc bin x, y nn cng thc cng c tn
l xp x tuyn tnh ca hm f ti ln cn im (x 0 , y0 ) .
Hnh 1.7. ngha hnh hc ca vi phn

Ging nh trng hp mt bin, khi p dng cng thc (1.12) tnh gi
tr xp x ca biu thc A no chng ta phi:
+ Xc nh dng hm f,
+ Xc nh im (x 0 , y0 ) , d tnh (hoc c sn) f (x 0 , y 0 ) , cc o
hm ring f x (x 0 , y0 ), f y (x 0 , y0 ) ,
+ Xc nh cc s gia x, y ; cc s gia ny phi b.
V d 1.10. Tnh xp x A arctan
1,02
.
0,95
Cc bn hy tr li cu hi gi nh? (x 0 , y0 )
Gi tr l th nht x
Gi tr l th hai y
} Dng hm f(x,y)
12
Gii. Xt hm s z arctan
zx 1,1
zy 1,1
y
ti ln cn im (1,1).
x
y
2
y x 1,1
1
x
y
2
x y 1,1
1
,
2
1
x
1
2
.
2
y x 1,1 x y 1,1 2
1
x
2
Suy ra A z 1 0,05;1 0,02 z 1,1 (1/ 2) 0,05 (1 / 2) 0,02
0,035 0,785 0,035 0,820. (Gi tr ng A 0,8209 ).

4
Cng thc (1.12) c p dng hiu qu tnh sai s ca i lng o.
b) Tho lun
c) T hc
- V tp m, ng, bin, b chn, com pc, lin thng, min

m, min ng, min.
- S ging, khc nhau ca hm 1 bin, nhiu bin.
- nh ngha gii hn hm s,
- nh ngha lin tc, lin tc u
- nh ngha vi phn theo bin x.
Bi 6, (Chng I)
d) Bi tp chun
b ti thiu
Ti liu [1], tr ....
Ti liu
Ch : Bi tp v nh cho c chng
CHNG I
B tr: 3(b);
4(a, b, d);
5(a);
8(c,d);
15;
18(b);
21(b);
22;
30(a);
34(c, g); 35(d, e);
37(a);
Chnh: 6(a, b, c, d, e); 13(b, c); 24(c); 26(d);
35(i, j, k, l); 36(e, f, g, h, i, j, k); 37(c, d,
VD 1.17;
VD 1.26A;
VD 1.27;
VD 1.28;
VD 1.29 (i, ii); VD 1.30; VD 1.37;
VD 1.39
13
10(a);
12(b);
23(a);
24(a);
39(c);
41(a, e).
33; 34(f);
e, f);
40( d, e, f);
Bi ging 2: Hm s nhiu bin s (tip)

Chng, mc: 1
Tit th: 6-10
Mc ch, yu cu:
Tun th: 2
Kim tra kin thc, rn luyn k nng tnh Gii han v xt tnh lin tc
Nm c khi nim v bit cch tnh H hm hp, o hm hm n, o
hm theo hng, ngha H theo hng.

- Thi gian:
- a im:
- Ni dung chnh:
Cha bi tp phn Gii han Lin tc
1.2 o hm Vi phn
S 6. a) Continuous , discontinuous, C; b) D;
1.2. O HM - VI PHN
c) C; d) D;
e) C.
1.2.3. o hm ring ca hm hp
F(x, y) f (u(x, y), v(x, y)), (x, y) D .
Tnh cht. Hp ca cc hm lin tc l hm lin tc.
f f
lin tc trong
,
u v
u u v v
lin tc trong
, , ,
, cc hm u(x, y), v(x, y) c cc o hm ring
x y x y
F F
,
D. Khi trong D tn ti cc o hm ring
v
x y
nh l 1.6. Gi s hm f (u,v) c cc o hm ring
F F u F v
x u x v x ,
F F u F v

.
y u y v y
(1.13)
tin k hiu, ta khng phn bit f v F khi tnh o hm ring, vy

f f u f v
f f u f v
.
x u x v x
y u y v y
Xem CM trong [1].
Ch . i) Trng hp z f (u(x, y)) th
z df (u(x, y)) u(x, y) z df (u(x, y)) u(x, y)
.
;
.
. (1.14)
x
du
x
y
du
y
14
ii) Trng hp z f (x, y), y y(x) z f (x, y(x)) (hm mt bin) th
dz f f dy
.
dx x y dx
(1.15)
iii) Trng hp z f (x, y), x x(t), y y(t) z f (x(t), y(t)) th
dz f dx f dy
. .
dt x dt y dt
(1.16)
iii) Trng hp z f (u, v, w) th f f (u(x, y), v(x, y), w(x, y)) . Lc
f f u f v f w
,
x u x v x w x
f f u f v f w
.
y u y v y w y
(1.17)
u u(x, y)
iv) Cho php i bin
bin mi im (x, y) D thnh im
v
v(x,
y)
(x, y) (u(x, y), v(x, y)) , ma trn
v
u
x
x
J
v
u
y
y
gi l ma trn Jacobi ca php i bin u u(x, y), v v(x, y) .

nh thc ca ma trn J gi l nh thc Jacobi hay Jacobian ca php i
D(u, v)
bin, k hiu l
:
D(x, y)
u
x
D u, v
det
D x, y
v
x
u
y
.
v
y
(1.18)
Nhn xt k hiu: Cc bin tham gia t: Ch hm s

Cc bin tham gia mu: Ch i s
V d 1.12. Tnh o hm ca hm s hp
i) z ln(u 2 v 2 ) vi u xy, v x / y ;
Gii. i)
ii) z e xy ln(x 2 y 2 ) .
z z u z v
2u
2v
1
2
2
.y
...
;
x u x v x u v 2
x
u 2 v2 y
z z u z v
2u
2v x
2(y 4 1)
.
x 2
...
y u y v y u 2 v 2
u v2 y2
y(y 4 1)
ii) Thc ra, khi o hm ta khng cn vit ra cc hm trung gian u, v, w...,
nn vit trc tip theo cc bin cui cng x, y, z ...
#
S bt bin dng ca vi phn
15
Xt z f (u, v) , u, v l hai bin c lp. Khi

f
f
du dv .
u
v
Vn xt z f (u, v) nhng vi u, v l bin ph thuc:
(*)
dz
u u(x, y), v v(x, y) .
z f (u(x, y), v(x, y)). p dng (*):

dz
T ch
f
f
dx dy .
x
y
f f u f v
, ..., thay vo c
x u x v x
f u f v
f u f v
dz
dx
dy
u x v x
u y v y
f u
f f v
v
dx dy dx dy
u x
y v x
y
f
f
(**)
du dv .
u
v
Nh vy cng thc (**) cng dng vi (*).
Ta ni: Vi phn cp mt bt bin dng (c cng dng (*) d l bin c lp
hay bin ph thuc).
p dng.
Nu u u(x, y), v v(x, y) l cc hm kh vi th
d u v du dv;
d(uv) udv vdu;
u vdu udv
df (u) f (u) du .
;
(1.19)
d
v2
v
Cc cng thc ny ng cho u, v l bin c lp nn ng cho u, v l bin
ph thuc.
V d 1.13. Tnh vi phn ca cc hm s sau
i) z arcsin
y2
;
x
ii) z arc tan (xy 2 ) .
Gii.
i) dz
1
2 2
y
1
x
ii) dz
1
2
1 (xy )
y2
d
x
d(xy 2 )
2
2xy dy y 2dx
x
x 2 y4
1
2 4
1 x y
1.2.4. o hm hm s n
16
(y 2dx 2xy dy) .
y( ydx 2x dy)
x
x 2 y4
a. Khi nim (*). Cho trc mt h thc gia hai bin x v y:

F(x,y) = 0.
(1.20)
Nu vi mi gi tr x 0 trong mt khong no , c mt (hoc mt s) gi
tr y0 sao cho
F(x 0 , y0 ) 0
th ta ni rng h thc (1.20) xc nh mt (hoc mt s) hm n y theo x:
y y(x) trong khong y.
Vy hm s y f (x) c xc nh mt cch n bi h thc (1.20) nu khi
th y f (x) vo (1.20), ta c ng nht thc: f (x, y(x)) 0 .
V d.
x2
a2
y2
b2
1, y
x2
y2
1 xc nh 2 hm n trong khong (a, a) .

a 2 b2
Khng phi lc no cng tm c biu thc tng minh. Chng hn, ta
khng th gii x qua y hay y qua x t biu thc x y y x 1 (x, y 0) , mc du
tn ti mi quan h hm (n) t rng buc ny.
Hm n va ni t 1 rng buc, rng buc c 2 bin.
M rng: T 1 (2, 3...) rng buc, cc rng buc c nhiu bin. Chng hn
* H hai phng trnh
F(x, y, z, u, v) 0
(1.22)
G(x, y, z, u, v) 0
x (a, a) . Ta ni h thc
a 2
a 2
a x 2 v y
a x2 ,
b
b
Nu t y c th gii ra c mt (hoc mt s) cp hm
u u(x, y, z)
v v(x, y, z)
(1.23)
xc nh trong mt min G 2 no , sao cho khi thay vo (1.22) ta nhn

c nhng ng nht thc, th ta ni (1.22) xc nh mt (hoc mt s) cp hm
n u, v ca 3 bin x, y, z .
Ni chung, khi n bin c lp c lin kt vi nhau bi m rng buc
(0 m n) , th c nhiu nht m bin trong chng l hm ca cc bin cn li.
b. Cch tnh o hm hm n
nh l 1.7. nh l tn ti v kh vi ca hm n: Xem [1]
Gi s cc iu kin ca nh l 1.7 tho mn, thay y = f(x) vo (1.20) th
F(x, y(x)) 0 vi mi x gn x 0 . Ly o hm 2 v theo x:
Fx (x, y(x)) Fy (x, y(x))y(x) 0 y x

hay vit gn:
17
Fx (x, y(x))
,
Fy (x, y(x))
F
dy(x)
x .
F
dx
y
CCH NH!
(1.24)
nh l 1.8. Cho F(x,y,z) l hm ba bin xc nh trn tp m G 3 ,

(x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) G sao cho F(x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) 0 . Gi s rng hm F lin tc v c cc
o hm ring Fx , Fy , Fz lin tc ti ln cn (x 0 , y0 , z0 ) . Hn na, gi s rng
Fz (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) 0 .
Khi tn ti hm n z z(x, y) ti mt ln cn ca (x 0 , y0 ) , lin tc, kh
vi lin tc ti ln cn (x 0 , y0 ) v z(x 0 , y0 ) z 0 .
tnh cc o hm ring ca z(x,y), ta thay z z(x, y) vo (1.21):
F(x, y, z(x, y)) 0 vi mi (x,y) trong ln cn (x 0 , y0 ) .

Ly o hm hai v theo bin x, ri theo bin y ta c
F F z
x z x 0
.
F F z

0.
y z y
Do Fz 0 , iu ny dn n
F
F
z
z
y
CCH NH!
(1.25)
x ,
.
F
F
x
y
z
z
V d 1.14. Tnh cc o hm ring ca hm n z z(x, y) xc nh t
phng trnh F(x, y, z) e z xy x 2 z3 1 0 .

Gii.
z
F
y 2x
,
x z
x
Fz
e 3z
Fy
z
x
z
.
x
Fz
e 3z
1.2.5. o hm theo hng - Gradient
B . l vc t n v (cos, cos, cos ) ,
( , , ln lt l gc hp bi vi cc tia Ox, Oy, Oz )

nh ngha. Cho hm u(x,y,z) xc nh trong tp m D 3 ,
M 0 (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) D , (a, b,c) l vc t n v. Nu hm mt bin
F(t) u(x 0 ta, y0 tb, z 0 tc)
c o hm ti t 0 th F(0) c gi l o hm theo hng ca hm

u(x 0 , y0 , z0 )
u(M 0 )
).
u(x,y,z) ti M0, k hiu l
(hay
18

By gi ly i (1,0,0) l vc t n v ca trc Ox th
F(t) u(x 0 t, y0 , z 0 ), F(0) ux (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) . Vy:
u u
o hm theo hng i bng o hm ring theo bin x:
.
i x
u u u u
Tng t,
.
,
j y k z
* Lu rng t 0 M M 0 theo hng . Vy, ao hm theo hng
biu th tc bin thin ca hm s theo hng .
nh ngha. Nu khng l vc t n v ( | | 1 ), gi 0 l vc t
u u
n v ca ; t .
0
Chng ta c th t hiu o hm theo hng trong 2 .
nh l 1.10. Nu hm s u u(x, y, z) kh vi ti im M 0 (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) th
ti c o hm theo mi hng v
u(M 0 ) u(M 0 )
u(M 0 )
u(M 0 )

(1.29)
cos +
cos
cos
x
y
z
trong , , l gc to bi vi cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz .

Chng minh. V u(x,y,z) kh vi ti M0 nn
F(t) F(0) 1
u(x 0 t cos , y 0 t cos , z 0 t cos ) u(x 0 , y 0 , z 0 )
t
t
1
[ux (M 0 ) t cos ux (M 0 ) t cos ux (M 0 ) t cos
t
P t cos Q t cos R t cos ]
trong P, Q, R 0 khi t 0 .
Qua gii hn khi t 0 ta c pcm.
u
u
.
H qu.
( )
* Gradient
nh ngha. Gradient ca hm u ti M0 l vc t, k hiu bi grad u(M 0 ) ,

xc nh nh sau
u(M 0 ) u(M 0 ) u(M 0 )

(1.30)
grad u(M 0 )
,
,
y
z
x
(Gi s cc HR tn ti)
u(M 0 ) u(M 0 ) u(M 0 )

Nh vy: grad u(M 0 )
i
j
k.
x
y
z
19
H qu. Cho u(x, y, z) kh vi ti M 0 (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) . Khi
u(M 0 )
grad u(M 0 ) ;
(i)
u(M 0 )
(ii) grad u(M 0 )

(1.31)
grad u(M 0 ) .
Chng minh. (cos , cos ,cos ) , (i) trc tip suy ra t (1.29).
Ta nhn c (ii) t ch
grad u(M 0 ) grad u(M 0 ) cos grad u(M 0 ), .
H qu. Cho u l hm kh vi ti M 0 . Gi tr cc i ca o hm theo

u(M 0 )
hng
l
grad u(M 0 ) (u x ) 2 (uy ) 2 (uz )2 ,
xy ra khi cng chiu vi grad u(M 0 ) .
grad u(M 0 ) l hng m theo , ti M0 hm s bin thin nhanh nht:
+ Theo hng grad u : Hm tng nhanh nht;
+ Theo hng - grad u : Hm gim nhanh nht.

Nu u(x,y,z) l nhit ca cht im M(x,y,z) th:
Khi di chuyn theo hng grad u , cht im n ch m hn nhanh nht;

Theo hng ngc li, s n ch lnh hn nhanh nht.
u
V d 1.15. Cho hm s u x 3 y3 z3 3xyz ; tnh grad u v ti
M 0 1, 2 1 bit l vc t n v ca M 0 M1 vi M1 2,0,1 .
ux 3x 2 3yz
Gii. uy 3y 2 3zx grad u 3(x 2 yz, y 2 zx, z 2 xy) .
2
uz 3z 3xy
+ grad u(M 0 ) 3(1,3,3) .
M M
(1, 2, 2) 1 2 2
, ,
+ M 0 M1 1, 2, 2 0 1
M 0 M1
3
3 3 3
u(M 0 )
1
2
2
.grad u(M 0 ) 3 1. 3. 3. 1 .
3
3
3

u(M 0 )
Suy ra
grad u(M 0 ) grad u(M 0 ) 3 19 .
Du = xy ra khi grad u(M 0 ) .

20
Cha bi tp (1 tit) 13(b, c); 24(c); 26(d); 33

b) Tho lun
- S ging, khc nhau ca x dx; y dy
- Nhc li cc cng thc vi phn hm n
- a ra 1 hm m bn thch, tnh grad ti im tng qut,

ti im c bit
- Chun b cho bi mi: o hm, vi phn cp cao, CT
c) T hc
Taylor.
Cc bi tp cn li
d) Bi tp chun
b ti thiu
Ti liu [1], tr ....
Ti liu
21

Chng, mc: 1
Tit th: 11-15
Mc ch, yu cu:
Tun th: 3
Kim tra kin thc, rn luyn k nng tnh o hm ring, vi phn, o

hm hm n, o hm theo hng.
Nm c L Schwarz v i th t ly H khi tnh H ring cp cao
Thun thc tnh vi phn cp 2 ca hm 2, 3 bin.
Nm c QT tm cc tr ca hm 2, 3 bin. X l trong trng hp c

bit
Nm chc phng php nhn t Lagrange tm CT iu kin
Tm c GTLN, GTNN ca mt s hm n gin

- Thi gian:
- a im:
- Ni dung chnh:
Cha bi tp phn o hm Vi phn
1.2 o hm Vi phn
1.3 Cc tr
1.4 Gi tr LN, NN
1.2. O HM - VI PHN
1.2.6. o hm v vi phn cp cao
nh ngha. Gi s f x (x, y), f y (x, y) tn ti trong tp m D 2 . Nh
vy, cc o hm ring cp mt l nhng hm s.
o hm ring ca o hm ring cp mt, nu tn ti, gi l o hm
ring cp hai. C 4 o hm ring cp hai:
f 2f
(x, y),
f xx

x x x 2
f 2f
(x, y),
f yx

x y yx
f 2f
(x, y),
f xy

y x xy
f 2f
(x, y).
f yy

y y y 2
C th ta nh ngha cho cc o hm ring cp cao hn.

V d 1.16. Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ca hm s z x 2 ln x y .
22
zx 2x ln(x y)
zxx 2ln(x y)
x2
,
xy
3x 2
(x y)
zy
x2
.
xy
, zxy
2
x(x 2y)
(x y)2
, zyy
x2
(x y)2
nh l 1.11 (Schwarz). Nu trong mt ln cn ca im (x 0 , y0 ) tn ti

(x, y), f yx
(x, y) v cc o hm ring ny lin tc
cc o hm ring hn hp f xy
ti (x 0 , y0 ) th chng bng nhau ti (x 0 , y0 ) :
(x 0 , y0 ) f yx
(x 0 , y0 ) .
f xy
(1.32)
Nh vy, vi cc iu kin ca nh l, o hm ring hn hp khng ph

thuc vo th t ly o hm. nh l cn ng cho trng hp s bin n 3
cng nh cp cc o hm ring hn hp 3 .
Vi phn cp cao. Gi s ta tnh c vi phn cp mt df f x dx f y dy .
Vi phn ca df - khi coi dx, dy l nhng hng s - nu tn ti, c gi l vi
phn cp hai ca z, k hiu d 2f :
d 2f d(df ) d(f x dx f x dy) .
(1.33)
C nh vy, ta nh ngha vi phn cp cao hn

Cng thc tnh. Khi x, y l nhng bin c lp, cc s gia dx x,
dy y khng ph thuc vo x, y. Gi s tn ti d 2f th
d 2f d(df ) d(f x dx f y dy)
(f x dx f y dy)x dx (f x dx f y dy)y dy
(dx) 2 (f yx
f xy
)dx dy f yy
(dy) 2 .
f xx
, f yx
lin tc, khi chng bng nhau. Vy
Gi s f xy
(dx) 2 2f xy
dx dy f yy
(dy) 2 .
d 2f f xx
(1.34)
Cng thc tng trng

2
d f dx dy f
y
x
Tng t
2
(1.35)
d f dx dy f .
y
x
Xy ra cng thc tng t cho hm nhiu bin hn,
n
(1.36)
d f (x, y, z) dx dy dz f
y
z
x
2
2f
2f
2f
dx 2
2
dy 2
2
dz 2 2
2
2f
2f
2f
dxdy 2
dxdz 2
dydz .
xy
xz
yz
23
Nu x, y khng l bin c lp th ging trng hp mt bin, bt bin

dng khng cn i vi vi phn cp cao.
x
z
V d 1.17. Cho z l hm ca x, y xc nh t ln 1 . Tnh dz,d 2 z .
z
y
Gii. C th tnh cc o hm ring ri thay vo cng thc tnh vi phn.
Song cch sau n gin hn. Gi s yz 0 , vi phn 2 v phng trnh cho,
dng (1.19) thu c:
zdx xdz y ydz zdy

z
z2
y2
yzdx xydz yzdz z 2dy 0

z(ydx zdy)
dz
yz 0; x z
y(x z)
Vi phn hai v (*) ri rt gn dn n:
z 2 (ydx xdy) 2
2
d z
.
y 2 (x z)3
(*)
1.2.7. Cng thc Taylor

nh l 1.12. Gi s hm z f (x, y) c cc o hm ring lin tc n cp
n 1 trong mt -ln cn no ca im M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) . Gi s
M(x 0 x, y0 y) cng thuc -ln cn . Khi xy ra ng thc
f (x 0 x, y 0 y) f (x 0 , y 0 ) d1f (x 0 , y 0 )
1 2
d f (x 0 , y 0 ) . ..
2!
1 n
1
d f (x 0 , y0 )
d (n 1)f (x 0 x, y0 y),
n!
(n 1)!
( 0< < 1).
(1.37)
Khi dng ly tha tng trng, ta c th vit li (1.37) di dng

k
f (M) f (M 0 ) x y f (M 0 )
y
k 1 k! x
x y
y
n 1! x
n 1
f (M1 )
(1.38)
( M1 thuc on M 0 M1 ).
hay vit phn d dng Peano:
k
f (M) f (M 0 ) x y f (M 0 )
y
k 1 k! x
+ (x, y).
vi
lim
(x, y) 0 .
( x,y)(0,0)
24
x 2 y 2
(1.39)
c bit, vi n = 1 ta c cng thc s gia gii ni cho hm nhiu bin

f (M1 )
f (M1 )
f (M) f (M 0 )
x
y
(1.40)
x
y
M1 l im trn on thng MM 0 .
Chng minh. (Xem [1])
1.3. CC TR
1.3.1. Cc tr a phng ca hm nhiu bin
nh ngha. z f (x, y), (x, y) D 2 , M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) l mt im trong
ca D. Gi s U l mt ln cn nh ca M 0 .
* M U m f (M) f (M 0 ) th:
M 0 gi l im cc tiu ca hm f(x,y);
Hm f(x,y) c gi l t cc tiu ti M 0 ,
f (M 0 ) gi l gi tr cc tiu.
* Tng t vi cc i.
im cc tiu, cc i gi chung l im cc tr; gi tr cc i, gi tr cc
tiu gi chung l cc tr.
z
y0
x0
M0
Hnh 1.8. Cc tr a phng ca hm 2 bin

V d 1.18. Xt cc tr hm s z x 2 2x y 2 4y 7 .
G. z (x 1)2 (y 2)2 2 2 . Du bng t c x 1, y 2 . Vy
( 1, 2) l m cc tiu ca hm s cho, z CT z(1, 2) 2 .
#
nh l 1.13 (iu kin cn ca cc tr). Gi s hm s z f (x, y) t cc
f (M 0 ) f (M 0 )
,
tr ti M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) , v ti tn ti cc o hm ring
. Khi
x
y
f (M 0 ) f (M 0 )
0.
x
y
(1.41)
25
Ch . * iu ngc li khng ng. C th l: C th ti (x 0 , y0 ) , c hai

o hm ring trit tiu ( f x f y 0 ), nhng hm s khng t cc tr ti
(x 0 , y0 ) .
* Ta ch vic tm cc tr ti nhng im ti :
+
} im ti hn (nghi ng CT).
f f
0 : im dng
x y
+ Hoc t nht mt trong cc o hm ring

nh l 1.14 (iu kin ca cc tr). Cho D l mt tp m ca 2 . Gi
s hm hai bin z f (x, y), (x, y) D c cc o hm ring cp hai lin tc
trong mt ln cn no ca im dng (x 0 , y0 ) D . Coi vi phn cp hai
2
d f (x o , yo )
2f (x 0 , y0 )
x 2
2f (x 0 , y0 )
2f (x 0 , y0 ) 2
dx 2
dx dy
dy
xy
y 2
2
l dng ton phng ca cc bin dx, dy.

i) Nu d 2f (x o , y o ) xc nh dng th f t cc tiu ti M 0 .
ii) Nu d 2f (x o , y o ) xc nh m th f t cc i ti M 0 .
iii) Nu d 2f (x o , y o ) i du th M 0 khng l im cc tr.
Lu . Nu d 2f (x o , y o ) suy bin (tn ti dx, dy khng ng thi bng 0
d 2f (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) 0 ) th cha c kt lun.
Chng minh (). (Xem ti liu [1])

Nhn xt. t
2f (M 0 )
x 2
2f (M 0 )
2f (M 0 )
, B
, C
,
xy
y 2
B2 AC.
(1.42)
A B
Ma trn ca dng ton phng d 2f (x o , y o ) l
.
B C
T i s tuyn tnh ta bit rng dng ton phng xc nh dng khi v
ch khi tt c cc nh thc con chnh ca n dng; xc nh m khi v ch khi
cc nh thc con chnh i du, nh thc con chnh th nht m. T
nh l 1.14'. Gi s xy ra cc gi thit ca nh l 1.14. Khi
i) Nu 0; A 0 ( C 0) th f t cc tiu ti M 0 .
ii) Nu 0; A 0 ( C 0) th f t cc i ti M 0 .
iii) Nu 0 th M 0 khng l im cc tr.
26
Hnh 1.9. im yn nga

Lu . Khi 0, cha c kt lun: Hm f c th t, cng c th khng
t cc tr ti M 0 .
tin li, ngi ta gi im M 0 trng hp iii) l im yn nga
(saddle point) (xem Hnh 1.9a, b), d rng thc ra tnh hung nh Hnh 1.9a
mi ng gi l nh th.
Tng qut cho trng hp s bin ln hn 2.
nh l 1.15. Cho D l mt tp m trong 3 . Gi s hm z f (x, y, z),
(x, y, z) D c cc o hm ring cp hai lin tc trong mt ln cn no ca
im dng M 0 (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) D , ti
f (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) f (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) f (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 )
0.
x
y
z
(1.43)
Xt dng ton phng ca cc bin dx, dy, dz

2

d f (x 0 , y0 , z0 ) dx dy dz f (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) .
y
z
x
Khi ,
2
Nu d 2f (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) xc nh dng th (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) l im cc tiu;
Nu d 2f (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) xc nh m th (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) l im cc i;
Nu d 2f (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) khng xc nh th (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) khng l im cc
tr.
V d 1.19. Xt cc tr ca hm s z x 3 y3 3xy .
zx 3x 2 3y 0 M (0,0)
0
Gii.
l cc im dng.
2
zy 3y 3x 0 M1 (1,1)
zxx 6x; zxy 3; zyy 6y.
+ Ti M 0 : A 0; B 3;
C 0 9 0 : Khng t cc tr.
27
+ Ti M1 : A 6;
B 3;
C 6 9 36 25 0 .
Vy M1 l im cc tiu ca z (z t cc tiu ti M1), z CT z(1,1) 5 .#

V d 1.20. Tm cc tr ca hm s u x
y2 z2 2

4x y z
(x, y, z 0) .
Gii. im dng ca hm s xc nh t h
y2
ux 1 2 0
4x
y z2
1
2 0 M ,1,1 (im dng duy nht).

uy
2x y
2
2z 2
2 0
uz
y
z
1 2z 2
2z
2 4
3 , uyz 2 , uzz 3
2x y
y z
2x
2x
y
Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ny ti M, dn n
d 2 u(M) 4dx 2 3dy 2 6dz 2 4dxdy 4dydz .
y l dng ton phng ca cc bin dx, dy, dz. Ma trn ca dng ton
4 2 0
3 2 .
phng ny l A 2
0 2 6
Xt cc nh thc con chnh ca n,
4 2 0
4 2
A1 4 0, A 2
8 0, A3 2
3 2 32 0 .
2
3
0 2 6
uxx
y2
, uxy
3
, uxz 0, uyy
2
Vy A l ma trn xc nh dng, t d 2 u(M) xc nh dng.

( chng t tnh xc nh dng ca d 2 u(M) ta cn c th dng cch s
cp hn sau y :
d 2 u(M) 4dx 2 3dy 2 6dz 2 4dxdy 4dydz
1
1
4(dx 2 2. dxdy dy 2 ) 2(dy 2 2dydz dz 2 ) 4dz 2
2
4
2
4 dx dy 2(dy dz) 2 4dz 2 0.)
2
V vy hm u t cc tiu ti M, u CT u(M) 4 .
1.3.2. Gi tr ln nht - gi tr nh nht ca hm s

nh ngha. Cho hm s f (x, y), (x, y) D 2 .
Nu f (M) f (M 0 ), M D , gi tr A f (M 0 ) c gi l gi tr ln
nht (GTLN) - hay cc i ton cc - ca hm f trn D.
Tng t, ta nh ngha gi tr nh nht (GTNN) - hay cc tiu ton cc.
28
Khi tm c cc im cc tr (a phng), ta cn lm thm cc l lun

ph kim tra xem y c phi l im cc tr ton cc hay khng.
Trng hp 1: min ng, gii ni
Chng ta bit rng, nu hm f lin tc trn min ng, gii ni D th t
GTLN - GTNN trn .
Vy nu GTLN (GTNN) t ti mt im trong ca D th im trong
phi l im ti hn. Cng c th GTLN-GTNN t c trn bin. Dn n quy
tc sau.
Quy tc (Tm GTLN - GTNN trn min ng, gii ni)
Tm nhng im ti hn bn trong ca D: M1 ,..., M k ;
Tm nhng im ti hn trn bin ca D: N1,..., N
Tnh gi tr hm s ti cc im ny: f (M1 );... ; f (M k ); f (N1 );...; f (N ) ;
Kt lun: GTLN - GTNN ca hm l Max, Min cc gi tr nhn c.
Hnh 1.10. Cc im ti hn bn trong v trn bin ca min ng, gii ni

Trng hp 2: min khng gii ni
Cc nhn xt sau l c ch trong mt s trng hp:
+ (x 0 , y0 ) :
lim
z(x, y) : Hm s khng t GTLN;
(x,y) (x 0 ,y0 )
+ (x 0 , y0 ) :
lim
(x,y) x 0 ,y0
z(x, y) : Hm s khng t GTNN.
(Ch cn (x, y) (x 0 , y0 ) theo mt ng cong (L) no ).

+ z(z,y) lin tc trn
z(x, y) khi
2 ,
(x 0 , y0 )
l im dng duy nht,
x 2 y 2 : (x 0 , y0 ) l im cc tiu.
V d 1.21. Tm GTLN - GTNN ca hm s
z x 2 y xy 2 3xy trong min D {0 x 2, 0 y 2} .

Gii.
zx 2xy y 2 3y 0
M1 (1,1), M 2 (0,0), M3 (3,0), M 4 (0,3) .
2xy
3x
Tuy nhin ch c im M1 (1,1) l im trong ca D, z(1,1) 1 .

29
* y 0, x [0, 2] z 0 .
* y 2, x [0, 2] z 2x 2 2x, z 4x 2 ;
1 1
1
, z , z(2) 4, z(0) 0 .
2 2
2
Vai tr x, y nh nhau, so snh mi gi tr tnh, ta thy:
Max z Max{1, 0, 4} 4 , t c ti (2, 2) .
z 0 ti x
Min z Min{1, 0, 4} 1 , t c ti (1,1).
V d 1.22. Chng t rng hm s

f (x, y) x 2 (1 y)3 y 4
c mt im dng duy nht, cng l im cc tiu a phng, nhng hm s

khng t c gi tr nh nht.
Gii. H f x' f y' 0 x = y = 0, vy (0,0) l im dng duy nht.
f (x, y) f (0,0) x 2 (1 y)3 y 4 0, x v y 1 .
Vy (0,0) l im cc tiu a phng.

1 3 1
Mt khc , lim f (x, x) lim x 1
x
x
x x
nn f khng c GTNN. R rng hm f cng khng c GTLN.
#
1.3.3. Cc tr c iu kin
Ba ton1. Tm cc tr ca hm u f (x, y, z) vi iu kin F(x, y, z) 0 .
5
Cch 1. T iu kin F(x,y,z) = 0 gii ra z z(x, y) , th vo hm cho ta

c u f (x, y, z(x, y)) : Bi ton cc tr vi hm hai bin bit.
Phi lu gi tr hm thu c trn bin ca tp xc nh (mi).
V d 1.23. Tm cc tr ca hm s z 6x 2xy 2 1 vi iu kin
x 2y 2 2 .
Gii. T iu kin nhn th 2y 2 2 x 0 x 2 .
z 6x x(2 x) 1 x 2 4x 1 .
z 2x 4, z 0 x 2 .
x
z
z
y
0
5
11
Nh vy cc i iu kin l 5, t c ti (2, 2) ;
Cc tiu iu kin l -11, t c ti (2, 0).
30
Cch 2 (Phng php nhn t Lagrange)

i) Lp hm Lagrange (x, y, z, ) f (x, y, z) F(x, y, z) .
ii) Ta tm cc im dng (thng thng) ca hm 4 bin ny.
x y z 0 hay
f x (x, y, z) Fx (x, y, z) 0
f (x, y, z) F (x, y, z) 0
y
y
(1.44)
f
(x,
y,
z)
F
(x,
y,
z)
0
z
z
F(x, y, z) 0
iii) T y ta tnh c i v Ni (x i , yi , zi ) . Cc im Ni (x i , yi , zi ) gi l
cc im nghi ng cc tr iu kin.
iv) Coi c nh, lp hm 3 bin x, y,z
(x, y, z) f (x, y, z) F(x, y, z) .
(1.45)
Tnh vi phn cp hai ca hm ny:

d 2 (x, y, z) d 2f (x, y, z) d 2 F(x, y, z) .
(1.46)
v) Thay i , (x, y, z) (x i , yi , zi ) v dx, dy, dz tha mn iu kin
dF(Ni ) Fx (Ni )dx Fy (Ni ) dy Fz (Ni ) dz 0 .
(1.47)
vo biu thc ca d 2 (x, y, z) (1.46) ta c d 2 i (Ni ) , l mt dng ton

phng ca 2 trong 3 bin dx, dy, dz.
vi) Kt lun:
* d 2 i (Ni ) 0 Ni (x i , yi , zi ) l im cc tiu iu kin.
* d 2 i (Ni ) 0 Ni (x i , yi , zi ) l im cc i iu kin.
* d 2 i (Ni ) khng xc nh Ni (x i , yi , zi ) khng l im CTK.
* Khi cn tm GTLN-GTNN iu kin, nu tp {(x, y, z) : F(x, y, z) 0}
l compact (ng v gii ni), khng cn thc hin bc iv - vi, ch cn so snh
gi tr ca hm f(x,y,z) ti cc im nghi ng cc tr iu kin Ni (x i , yi , zi ).
Ba ton 2. Tm cc tr ca hm z f (x, y) vi iu kin F(x,y) = 0.
Tng t BT 1, (mt cht thay i v k hiu).
Cc bi ton trn c tng qut sang trng hp c nhiu bin hn, v
(hoc) c nhiu rng buc hn.
Ba ton3. Tm cc tr ca hm u f (x, y, z) vi hai rng buc
G(x, y, z) 0
H(x, y, z) 0
ta tin hnh tng t Bi ton 1, c th nh sau.
i) Lp hm Lagrange ca 5 bin
(x, y, z, , ) f (x, y, z) F(x, y, z) G(x, y, z) .
31
(1.48)
(1.49)
ii) Tm im dng ca hm tha mn x y z 0 :
f x (x, y, z) Fx (x, y, z) Gx (x, y, z) 0

f (x, y, z) F (x, y, z) G (x, y, z) 0
y
y
y
f z (x, y, z) Fz (x, y, z) Gz (x, y, z) 0
F(x, y, z) 0
G(x, y, z) 0
(1.50)
iii) Gii ra i , i v cc im nghi ng cc tr iu kin Ni (x i , yi , zi ) .

iv) Coi , c nh, lp hm ba bin x, y, z
(x, y, z) f (x, y, z) F(x, y, z) G(x, y, z) .

Tnh vi phn cp hai ca hm ny
d 2 (x, y, z) d 2f (x, y, z) d 2 F(x, y, z) d 2G(x, y, z) (1.51)

v) Thay i , i ; (x, y, z) (x i , yi , zi ) , v dx, dy, dz tha mn:
dF(Ni ) Fx (Ni )dx Fy (N i )dy Fz (Ni )dz 0
dG(Ni ) Gx (Ni )dx Gy (Ni ) dy Gz (Ni )dz 0
(1.52)
vo biu thc ca d 2 (x, y, z) (1.51) ta c d 2 ii (Ni ) l dng ton

phng ca mt trong 3 bin dx, dy, dz.
vi) Kt lun tng t nh lm Bi ton 1.
V d 1.24. Tm cc tr iu kin ca cc hm s vi iu kin ch ra bn
x 2 y 2 1;
i) z x y,
2
ii) u x y z ,
x2
a2
y2
b2
z2
c2
1 (a b c).
Gii. i) t (x, y, ) x y (x 2 y 2 1)
1 2x 0
x
y 1 2y 0
2
2
x y 1 0
2 1 / 2 1 1 / 2, 2 1 / 2 , im dng iu kin tng
1 1
1 1
,
,
ng l (x1, y1 )
v (x 2 , y 2 )
.
2 2
2 2
t (x, y) x y (x 2 y 2 ) .
d (x, y) ...; d 2 (x, y) (dx 2 dy 2 ).
dx, dy: d(x 2 y 2 1) 0 xdx ydy 0 .

* Vi 1
1
1 1
, (x1, y1 )
,
2
2 2
32
dx, dy:
1
1
dx
dy 0 dy dx .
2
2
d 2 1 x1 , y1
1
(dx 2 dx 2 ) 2 dx 2 0 (dx 0).
2
1 1
,
Vy
l cc tiu iu kin (CTK), zCTK z(x1, y1 ) 2 .
2 2
* Vi 2
1
1 1
,
, lm tng t trn, (x 2 , y 2 )
l im cc
2
2 2
i iu kin v z(x 2 , y 2 ) 2 .
Nu ch cn tm GTLN - GTNN iu kin, v ng trn x 2 y 2 1 l
ng v gii ni nn sau khi tm c cc gi tr 1,2 , (x1, y1 ), (x 2 , y2 ) ta thc
hin nh sau:
f (x1 , y1 ) 2, f (x 2 , y 2 ) 2 ,
GTLN K Max( 2, 2) 2 ,
GTNN K = Min( 2, 2) 2 .
x 2 y2 z2
ii) t (x, y, z, ) x 2 y 2 z 2 2 2 2 1 .
a
b
c
x 2x 2x / a 2 0
y 2x 2y / b 2 0
2x 2z / c2 0
z
x 2 y2 z2
2 2 2 1 0
b
c
a
x 0
T 3 phng trnh u ta c
,
2
y 0
,
z 0
.
1 c 2 M1,2 (0, 0, c),

2 b 2 M 3,4 (0, b, 0),
3 a 2 M 5,6 (a, 0, 0).
x 2 y2 z2
* t (x, y, z) x y z 2 2 2 1
a
b
c
dx 2 dy 2 dz 2
d 2 (x, y, z) ... 2dx 2 2dy 2 2dz 2 2 2 2 2
a
b
c
2 1 2 dx 2 1 2 dy 2 1 2 dz 2 .
b
c
a
33
Xc nh dx, dy, dz t rng buc:

x 2 y2 z2
xdx ydy zdz
dF(x, y, z) d 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 0
a
b
c
b
c
a
(*)
+ Ti 1 c 2 v M M1,2 , rng buc (*) tr thnh
cdz
c2
0 hay dz 0 .
c 2
c 2
Khi d 2 1 (0,0, c) 2 1 2 dx 2 1 2 dy 2 0 .
a
b
Vy (0, 0, c) l im cc tiu iu kin v z(0, 0, c) c 2 .

* Lm tng t, suy ra ( a, 0, 0) l im CK v z( a, 0, 0) a 2 .
* Vi 2 b 2 , M M 3,4 (0, b, 0)) , tng t trn, phi c dy = 0.
b2
b 2
d 2 2 (0, b,0) 2 1 2 dx 2 1 2 dz 2 .
a
c
V a b c nn y l dng ton phng khng xc nh. Vy hm s

khng c cc tiu iu kin ti im ny.
#
Cha Bi tp 35(i, j, k, l); 36(e)
S. 35. i) (6,3) is maximum, (0,0) is saddle;
j) (3,1) is a saddle point, (1,1) is minimum;
5
k) 0,0 is minimum, ,0 , 1, 4 are saddle points;
3
2
l) (2, 2) are minima, 0, is a saddle point.
5
36 e) minimum f ( 2, 2) 8 , (0,0) is a saddle;

b) Tho lun
c) T hc
d) Bi tp chun
b ti thiu
Ti liu
- Nhc li v vi phn cp 2 ca hm 2, 3 bin

- Quy tc tnh cc tr ca hm 2 bin
Chun b cho bi mi:
Cc bi tp cn li
Ti liu [1], tr ....
34

Chng, mc: 1
Tit th: 16-20
Tun th: 4
Mc ch, yu cu:
Kim tra kin thc, rn luyn k nng tnh o hm ring cp cao, vi phn
cp cao, tm cc tr, cc tr c iu kin v gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca
hm s
Nm c khi nim cong, bn knh cong, tm cong
Phng trnh tip tuyn C
PT php din, php tuyn ca mt cong
ngha ca vc t grad

- Thi gian:
- a im:
- Ni dung chnh:
Cha bi tp phn o hm Vi phn v Cc tr, GTLN, NN
1.5 S lc v hnh hc vi phn
* Cha bi tp (2 tit)
36(f, g, h, i, j, k); 37(c, d, e, f);
40( d, e, f);
S. 36. f) minimum f (1, 2,3) 24 ; g) maximum z(0;1) / 2 1;
h) minimum z(1,1) z(1, 1) 2 , (0,0) is a saddle.
i) minimum z(1, 1) 3 ;
j) (1,0) is a saddle;
2 4
k) maximum z 0,
, (0,0) is a saddle.
3 27
40. d) Minu u(1,0,0) 1 , Max u u(0, 0, 2) 4 ;
e) Min u u(1,0,1) 0 ;
f) Max u u(2, 2, 1) 9, Minu u(2, 2,1) 9 .
1.5. S LC V HNH HC VI PHN
Hnh hc vi phn: Dng cc phng php ca php tnh vi phn nghin
cu hnh hc.
1.5.1. ng cong phng
a. Tip tuyn, php tuyn. ph thng chng ta bit rng, nu ng cong
C l th ca hm s y f (x) th phng trnh tip tuyn ti im
M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) (y0 f (x 0 )) trn ng cong l
35
y f (x 0 ) (x x 0 ) y0 .
By gi gi s ng cong C c phng trnh tham s
x x(t)
t , x(t), y(t) l lin tc.
y y(t)
ng cong trn:
x(t), y(t) kh vi lin tc trn [, ] , x2 (t) y2 (t) 0 t
Nu ti im t 0 [, ] no m x(t 0 ) y(t 0 ) 0 th im tng ng
M 0 (x(t 0 ), y(t 0 )) trn C gi l im k d. Chng ta khng xt trng hp ng
cong c im k d.
By gi ly t 0 [, ] v gi s im tng ng trn ng cong l
y(t 0 )
. Vy
M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) . Ta bit h s gc ca tip tuyn ti M 0 l k yx
x(t 0 )
y(t 0 )
phng trnh tip tuyn c dng y y0
(x x 0 ) hay
x(t 0 )
x x 0 y y0
.
x (t 0 ) y(t 0 )
(1.53)
Vc t ch phng ca tip tuyn l
(t 0 ) (x(t 0 ), y(t 0 )) .
Suy ra phng trnh php tuyn:
x(t 0 )(x x 0 ) y(t 0 )(y y0 ) 0
(1.54)
b. cong
nh ngha cong ca ng cong ti 1 im (xem [1])
Cch tnh cong
+ ng cong cho di dng phng trnh y f (x) th
y
.
(1 y2 )3/2
(1.55)
+ ng cong cho di dng tham s x x(t), y y(t) th
xy xy
.
(x2 y2 )3/2
(1.56)
c. ng trn mt tip
Cho trc im M trn ng cong. Nhiu khi cn phi xp x ng cong
ti ln cn im M bng mt cung trn no . ng trn cha cung trn
phi tip xc vi ng cong ti M, c cng b lm vi ng cong v c
cong bng cong ca ng cong ti M (Hnh 1.14). ng trn gi l
ng trn mt tip (cn gi l ng trn chnh khc) vi ng cong ti M.
Bn knh ca ng trn mt tip gi l bn knh cong, tm ca ng trn
mt tip gi l tm cong ca ng cong (ti im M).
36
M0
Hnh 1.14. ng trn mt tip, tm cong, bn knh cong

d. Bn knh cong
Theo trn, bn knh cong bng nghch o ca cong. Vy,
Nu ng cong cho di dng phng trnh y f (x) - tng ng phng
trnh tham s - th bn knh cong c tnh ln lt theo cng thc:
(1 y2 )3/2
,
R
y
R
(1.57)
(x 2 y2 )3/2
.
xy xy
(1.58)
e. Ta tm cong.
Lu . Ngi ta cng c cng thc tnh cong, bn knh cong cho trng
hp ng cong cho di dng ta cc.
f. Tc b, thn khai
Xt ng cong phng C. Mi im M trn C c tng ng mt tm cong
I. Qu tch L cc tm cong I ca ng cong C gi l ng tc b ca C, cn C
gi l thn khai cu L (xem Hnh 1.15.)
Nu C cho bi phng trnh y = f(x) hay phng trnh tham s th phng
trnh tc b di dng tham s ln lt l
Hnh 1.15. ng thn khai C v ng tc b L
(1 y2 )y
X
1 y2
Y y y
(tham s x hoc y)
37
(1.61)

(x2 y2 )y
x 0 x
xy xy
(tham s t)
(x2 y2 )x
y0 y xy xy
V d1.57. Tm ng tc b ca parabole y 2 2px (p 0).
(1.62)
Gii. R rng l x 0 , ta c y 2p x .
p
p
, y
, thay vo (1.61) nhn c tc b
2x
2 2x x
3y 2
X
3x
p
X
2p
( 2px )3 hay
3
Y
Y y
2
p
p2
(xem Hnh 1.14 khi p = 2).

#
1.5.2. ng cong trong khng gian
a. Hm vc t ca i s v hng

nh ngha. Nu vi mi t [a, b] c tng ng vi mt vc t V V(t)

th ta ni, ta c mt hm vc t ca i s v hng t, k hiu V V(t),
t [a, b] .
V y
Cc vc t ni n nh ngha l vc t t do. Ta c th a chng v

cng gc l gc ta O bng cch t OM V(t) . K hiu
r(t) OM
gi l hm bn knh vc t ca im M.

T y, ta ch cn xt hm bn knh vc t r r(t) .
Nu M c ta (x,y,z) th
x x(t), y y(t), z z(t)
r x(t) i y(t) j z(t) k .
(1.63)
(1.64)
Khi t bin thin t a n b, im M vch nn ng cong C no trong

khng gian. C c gi l tc ca hm vc t r r(t) . H (1.63) c gi l
phng trnh tham s ca C, (1.64) gi l phng trnh vc t ca C.

S lin tc. Hm vc t r r(t) c gi l lin tc nu cc hm
x(t), y(t), z(t) l nhng hm lin tc. Khi ng cong C c gi l ng
cong lin tc.

S kh vi. Hm vc t r r(t) gi l kh vi ti im t 0 nu cc hm
x(t), y(t), z(t) l kh vi ti t 0 ; gi l kh vi trong khong (a, b) nu n kh vi
ti mi im t (a, b) .

o hm ca hm vc t r r(t) , k hiu bi r r(t) tnh theo cng
thc
38

r r(t) x(t) i y(t) j z(t) k .
(1.65)
Nu cc hm x(t), y(t), z(t) l kh vi trong khong (a, b) th ng cong

C gi l ng cong trn. Ta cng ch xt trng hp ng cong khng c im
bt thng, ngha l ch xt trng hp
x 2 (t) y2 (t) z2 (t) 0, t .
Nu ng cong C lin tc, c th phn thnh mt s hu hn cung trn th

C c gi l trn tng khc (xem Hnh 1.16).
Lu . ng C trn tng khc, trc ht n phi lin tc.
Hnh 1.16. ng cong trn tng khc

ngha ca vc t o hm
* ngha hnh hc. Vc t o hm ca hm vc t trng phng vi
phng ca tip tuyn ca tc ca hm vc t ti im tng ng.
* ngha c hc. Khi coi t l tham s thi gian, di ca vc t o hm

r r(t) ca hm bn knh vc t ti thi im t bng tc ca im M ti thi
im v c tnh theo cng thc
dr
V(t) x2 (t) y2 (t) z2 (t) .
(1.66)
dt
b. Phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng cong
Nh ni, vc t ch phng ca tip tuyn l

T r(t) x(t) i y(t) j z(t) k .

Vy, phng trnh tip tuyn ti im M 0 (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) trn ng cong ng
vi gi tr t 0 ca tham s l:
x x 0 y y0 z z 0
x (t 0 ) y(t 0 ) z(t 0 )
(1.67)
(quy c khi mu s bng 0 th t s cng vy), v phng trnh mt phng php

vi ng cong ti M 0 l:
x(t 0 )(x x 0 ) y(t 0 )(y y0 ) z(t 0 )(z z 0 ) 0 .
Vi r x(t) i y(t) j z(t) k , t

i
j k
i
j
k

B r r x y z x(t) y(t) z(t) ,
x y z x(t) y(t) z(t)

N BT.
39
(1.68)
(C)
M0

Chun ha cc vc t B,T, N ta c
T B N
, , .
T
B
N
Mt phng qua M 0 ,

+ C cp vc t ch phng , (vc t php ) gi l mt phng mt tip;

+ C cp vc t ch phng , (vc t php ) gi l mt phng php;

+ C cp vc t ch phng , (vc t php ) gi l mt phng trc c.

Cc vc t n v , , vi cc mt phng va nu gi l tam din
Frnet.
Vi ng cong trong khng gian, ngi ta cng xt cong, bn knh
cong, hn na xon; tuy nhin chng ta khng trnh by y.

V d 1.58. Tm cc vc t , , ca ng inh c tr l qu o ca
mt im M va quay u xung quanh mt trc d vi vn tc gc khng i ,
va tnh tin dc theo trc vi vn tc khng i C.
Gii. Lp h trc Oxyz (xem Hnh 1.17).
Chiu M xung mt Oxy c
im M gi l gc hp bi trc Ox vi OM . Theo gi thit t , t
phng trnh tham s ca chuyn ng l
x a cos t, y a sin t, z Ct (t 0).
Tnh cc o hm ta c
x a sin t, y a cos t,
z C;
x a2 cos t, y a2 sin t, z 0.
T nhn c
B a sin t
j
a cos t
k
C
a2 cos t a2 sin t 0
Ca2 sin t i Ca2cos t j a 23 k,

N B T a2 (C2 a 22 )cos t i a2 (C2 a 22 )sin t j.
Vy cc vc t n v cn tm l
40

a sin t
acos t
C
T

i
j
T
a 22 C2
a 22 C2
a 22 C2
B
Csin t
Ccos t
a

i
j
B
a 22 C2
a 22 C2
a 22 C2
N
cos t i sin t j.
N
Trong trng hp a C 1, t th M(-1, 0, ).
1
1 1 1
0,
,
,
, 0,
, (1, 0, 0)
2
2
2
2
Mt phng mt tip (vc t php ) l: y z 0 ,
Mt phng php (vc t php ) l : y z 0 ,
Mt phng trc c (vc t php ) l : x 1 0 .
k,
k,
Hnh 1.17. ng inh c tr

1.5.3. Mt cong
a. Khi nim mt cong
Cho hm ba bin F(x,y,z) xc nh trong min G 3 . Tp hp S cc
im M(x,y,z) tha mn phng trnh
F(x, y, z) 0
hay tng qut hn
F(x, y,z) k
(1.69)
c gi l mt cong, phng trnh (1.69) gi l phng trnh ca mt.

i khi t (1.69) ta c th gii ra di dng
(1.70)
z z(x, y) , hay x x(y, z) , hay y y(z, x)
41
th mi phng trnh ny cng c gi l phng trnh ca mt, mt c gi l

cho di dng hin.
Chng ta ch xt trng hp mt cong lin tc, hm F(x,y,z) lin tc.
Mt S c gi l trn nu hm F(x,y,z) c cc o hm ring lin tc v
khng ng thi bng khng:
Ni cch khc, trn S th vc t gradient grad F(M) khc khng.

Mt S c gi l trn tng mnh nu n lin tc, c th phn thnh hu
hn mnh trn.
Lu . mt S trn tng mnh, trc ht n phi lin tc.
b. Phng trnh php tuyn v tip din ca mt cong
Gi s mt S cho bi (1.69). Ti M 0 (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) S ,
+ Vc t php tuyn vi mt:
n 0 n(M 0 ) Fx (M 0 ) i Fy (M 0 ) j Fz (M 0 ) k.
(1.72)
Ta cn vit vc t php tuyn di dng ta
n(M 0 ) Fx (M 0 ), Fy (M 0 ), Fz (M 0 ) .
(1.73)
+ Phng trnh php tuyn v phng trnh tip din ln lt l

x x0
y y0
z z0
,
(1.74)
Fx (M 0 ) Fy (M 0 ) Fz (M 0 )
Fx (M0 )(x x 0 ) Fy (M0 )(y y0 ) Fz (M0 )(z z0 ) 0 .
(1.75)
Hnh 1.18. Php tuyn v tip din ca mt cong

c bit, nu mt cho di dng z f (x, y) F(x, y, z) z f (x, y) , ti
im M 0 (x 0 , y0 ,f (x 0 , y0 )) S th vc t php tuyn, phng trnh php tuyn v
phng trnh tip din ln lt l
(1.76)
n 0 f x (x 0 , y 0 ), f y (x 0 , y 0 ), 1 ,
x x0
y y0
z z0
,
f x (x 0 , y0 ) f y (x 0 , y0 )
1
f x (x 0 , y0 )(x x 0 ) f y (x 0 , y0 )(y y0 ) (z z 0 ) 0.
42
(1.77)
z z0 f x (x 0 , y0 )(x x 0 ) f y (x 0 , y0 )(y y0 ).
hay
(1.78)
V d 1.59. Vit phng trnh tip din ca mt S: x 2 y 2 2z 2 10 song

song vi mt P : x y z 0 .
Gii.
(Q1 ) : (x 2) (y 2) (z 1) 0 x y z 5 0.
(Q 2 ) : (x 2) (y 2) (z 1) 0 x y z 5 0.
43
TM TT CHNG 1
Cc nh l v gii hn, lin tc ca tng, hiu, tch, thng, lu tha, hp
hm ca cc hm, cc hm lin tc, nh ngha hm s cp v tnh lin tc ca
chng, cc khi nim v kt qu v s lin tc u i vi hm mt bin vn cn
bo ton cho trng hp hm nhiu bin.
Khi tnh o hm ring theo bin no , ta coi cc bin khc khng i,
ri ly o hm theo bin nh ly o hm vi hm mt bin.
o hm hm hp: F F(u(x, y), v(x, y))
F F u F v F F u F v
,
x u x v x y u y v y
o hm hm s n: z z (x, y) xc nh t F(x, y, z) 0
Fy
z
F z
x,
.
x
Fz y
Fz
Cc php ton v vi phn
d (u v) du dv,
d (uv) udv vdu,
u vdu udv
df (u) f (u) du .
,
d
v2
v
D u, v l bin c lp hay bin ph thuc lun c
f
f
dz
du dv .
u
v
Tnh gn ng
f (x 0 x, y0 y) f (x 0 , y0 ) f x (x 0 , y0 ) x f y (x 0 , y0 ) y
o hm theo hng (cos, cos, cos ) :

u(M 0 )
u(M 0 )
u(M 0 )
u(M 0 )
grad u(M 0 )
cos +
cos
cos .
x
y
z
u
grad u u x2 u y2 uz2 .
Du bng xy ra khi cng phng vi grad u .
iu kin cn ca cc tr. f (x, y) kh vi, t cc tr ti M 0 th
f (M 0 ) f (M 0 )
0.
x
y
iu kin ca cc tr
Cho M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) l im dng ca hm z f (x, y) . t
2f (M 0 )
x 2
, B
2f (M 0 )
2f (M 0 )
, C
, B2 AC.
2
xy
y
i) Nu 0; A 0 ( C 0) th f t cc tiu ti M 0 .
ii) Nu 0; A 0 ( C 0) th f t cc i ti M 0 .
iii) Nu 0 th M 0 khng l im cc tr.
44
Trng hp 3 bin
Ti im dng M 0 (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) D ca hm u f (x, y, z) tnh
2

d f (M 0 ) dx dy dz f (M 0 ) .
y
z
x
2
Nu d 2f (M 0 ) xc nh dng th M 0 l im cc tiu.
Nu d 2f (M 0 ) xc nh m th M 0 l im cc i.
Tm GTLN - GTNN trn min ng, gii ni D
+ Tm nhng im ti hn bn trong ca D: M1 ,..., M k ;
+ Tm nhng im ti hn trn bin ca D: N1,..., N ;
+ Tnh: f (M1 );... ; f (M k ); f (N1 );...; f (N ) ;
+ Kt lun: GTLN - GTNN ca hm l Max, Min cc gi tr nhn c.
Cc tr c iu kin
Tm cc tr ca hm f(x,y,z) vi iu kin F(x, y, z) 0 , ta c th dng
a) a v trng hp t bin hn
b) Phng php nhn t Lagrange:
i) Lp hm Lagrange (x, y, z, ) f (x, y, z) F(x, y, z) .
ii) Tm cc nghim i , x i , yi , zi , i 1,..., k t h
x f x (x, y, z) Fx (x, y, z) 0
f (x, y, z) F (x, y, z) 0
y
y
y
z f z (x, y, z) Fz (x, y, z) 0
F(x, y, z) 0

iii) Kim tra xem cc im dng iu kin Ni (x i , yi , zi ) c l im cc tr
iu kin hay ti t GTLN, GTNN iu kin hay khng.
Tip tuyn ca ng - php tuyn, tip din ca mt
Tip tuyn ca ng cong x x(t), y y(t), z z(t) ti im
M 0 (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) trn ng ng vi gi tr t t 0 ca tham s l:
x x 0 y y0 z z 0
.
x (t 0 ) y(t 0 ) z(t 0 )
Php tuyn v tip din ca mt cong F(x, y, z) 0 ti im M 0 (x 0 , y0 , z 0 )

trn mt c phng trnh ln lt l:
x x0
y y0
z z0
,
Fx (M 0 ) Fy (M 0 ) Fz (M 0 )
Fx ( M 0 ) (x x 0 ) Fy (M0 ) (y y0 ) Fz ( M0 ) ( z z0 ) 0
45
Bi ging 5: Tch phn bi

Chng, mc: 2
Tit th: 21-25
Mc ch, yu cu:
Tun th: 5
Nm nh ngha TP bi, cch xc nh cn TP

Mt s ng dng
Thy li ch ca dng i bin to cc
Nm c mt s cc i bin tng qut khc

- Thi gian:
- a im:
- Ni dung chnh:
2.1. Tch phn kp
Chng 2
TCH PHN BI
2.1. TCH PHN KP
2.1.1. M u
a. nh ngha
Cho hm s z f (x, y) , xc nh
trn D l min gii ni, c din tch.
Chia D thnh n mnh nh khng
dm ln nhau. Gi cc mnh nh l
(S1 ),...,( Sn ) v din tch tng ng
ca chng l S1 ,..., Sn .
Trn mi mnh ( Si ) ly im
Mi ty : M i (x i , yi ) (Si ) . Lp tng
tch phn
Hnh 2.1. Hnh tr cong
I n f (x i , yi ) Si
(2.1)
i 1
Gi di l ng knh ca mnh ( Si ):
d i d(Si ) Sup{MN : M, N (Si )} .

Nu khi n sao cho Max(di ) 0, I n dn n gii hn hu hn I,
khng ph thuc vo cch chia min D v cch chn cc im Mi trn ( Si ) th
ta ni:
46
+ Hm f(x,y) kh tch trn D;

+ I c gi l tch phn kp ca hm f(x,y) trn D, k hiu l
f (x, y) dxdy ;
D
+ D l min ly tch phn; f(x,y) l hm di du tch phn.

Lu . trn ta dng thut ng min c din tch (hay cu phng c).
Khng cn quan tm nhiu, i th l cc tp thng thng.
b. ngha hnh hc
Th tch V f (x, y) dxdy .
(2.2)
Cho f (x, y) 1 , c cng thc tnh din tch min phng:

dt(D) dxdy .
(2.3)
c. iu kin tn ti. Cho D l min gii ni, (c din tch).

* Nu f(x,y) b chn, lin tc trn D th kh tch trn D.
* Nu f(x,y) b chn, lin tc tng mnh trn D th kh tch trn D.
Ch . tham kho, chng ta nn bit iu kin rng ri nht ca kh tch
(xem [15] tr 130):
d. Tnh cht ca tch phn kp
Tch phn kp c cc tnh cht ging vi tch phn xc nh.
nh l 2.1. Cho f(x,y), g(x,y) l cc hm kh tch trn min (c din tch)
D no , v a l mt s thc. Khi
i) Cc hm f (x, y) g(x, y), af(x,y), f (x, y) kh tch trn D v
(f (x, y) g(x, y)) dxdy f (x, y) dxdy g(x, y) dxdy,

D
a f (x, y) dxdy a f (x, y) dxdy,

D
f (x, y) dxdy f (x, y) dxdy .

D
(2.4)
ii) Nu D c th tch thnh hai min (c din tch) v khng dm ln nhau

(phn chung ch c th l mt phn bin ca mi min): D D1 D2 , th
f (x, y) dxdy f (x, y) dxdy f (x, y) dxdy .

D
D1
(2.5)
D2
iii) Nu f (x, y) g(x, y), (x, y) D th
f (x, y) dxdy g(x, y) dxdy .

D
47
(2.6)
iv) Cc hm f (x, y) g(x, y), f 2 (x, y), g 2 (x, y) kh tch trn D v

2
f (x, y) g(x, y) dx dy f 2 (x, y) dx dy g 2 (x, y) dx dy (2.7)

D
D
D
(Bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz).

Nghim ng nh l v gi tr trung bnh.
2.1.2. Cch tnh trong ta Descates
a. Min ly tch phn c dng hnh ch nht
nh l 2.2. Cho D {(x, y) : a x b, c y d} v gi s f(x,y) l hm
d
lin tc trn D. Khi tch phn f (x, y) dy xc nh vi mi x [a, b] v

c
b d
b
d
f (x, y) dxdy f (x, y) dy dx : dx f (x, y) dy .

D
a c
a
c
i vai tr hai bin ta thu c

d
f (x, y)dxdy dy f (x, y)dx .

D
(2.9)
Xt trng f (x, y) h(x).k(y) . Theo nh l 2.2,

b
d
b
d
h(x).k(y)
dx
dy
dx
h(x).k(y)
dy
h(x)
dx
.
k(y)
dy
D
a
c
a
c
H qu.
h(x).k(y) dxdy h(x) dx . k(y) dy .
{a x b; c yd}
V d 2.1. Tnh i)
(x y 2 ) dxdy , ii)
0 x,y1
y3
Gii. i) I dx (x y ) dy xy
3
0
0
0
2
ii)
(2.10)
sin 2x 2 y dx dy .
{0 x /2, 1 y 2}
/2
sin 2x dx. 2 y dy
1
y 1
y 0 dx
cos 2x
2
/2
0 .
1
5
x dx .
3
6
0
2y 2 3
.
1
ln 2
ln 2
b. Min ly tch phn c dng bt k

Nu D l hnh thang cong D {(x, y) : a x b, y1 (x) y y2 (x)}
(Hnh 2.2a), y1 (x), y 2 (x) lin tc trn [a, b], hm f(x,y) lin tc trn D th
48
f (x, y) dxdy dx
D
y 2 (x)
b y 2 (x)
dx. (2.11)
f
(x,
y)
dy
f
(x,
y)
dy
y1 (x)
a y1 (x)
D-hnh thang cong y//Ox: D {(x, y) : c y d, x 1 (y) x x 2 (y)}

f(x,y), x1 (y), x 2 (y) l nhng hm lin tc th
Hnh 2.2. Mt s min ly tch phn thng dng trong 2

d
x 2 (y)
f (x, y) dxdy dy
D
f (x, y) dx
x (y)
x 2 (y)
f (x, y) dx dy. (2.12)

x (y)
D va c dng Hnh 2.2a, va c dng Hnh 2.2b (xem Hnh 2.2c):

Chn mt trong hai cng thc (2.11) hoc (2.12). T
b
y 2 (x)
f (x, y)dxdy dx
D
x 2 (y)
f (x, y)dy dy
y1 (x)
f (x, y)dx
(2.13)
x (y)
1
Dng nh lun c mt th t ly tch phn thun li hn th t kia!

Hng dn cch xc nh cn TP (xem [1]).
V d 2.2. Tnh I x 2 (y x)dxdy , D l min gii hn bi cc ng
D
2
y x v x y .
Gii. x y 2 0 y x . Giao im: y x 2 , y 2 x x 0, x 1.

1
I dx
0
2 y2
3
x
(y
x)dy
2
x 2 x y
0
2
49
y x
dx
y x 2
...
1
.
504
V d 2.3. Cho D l min gii

hn bi cc ng
y
3
y x, y x 1, y 1, y 3 .
Tnh I (x 2 y 2 ) dxdy .
D
Gii.
D {(x, y) : 1 y 3, y 1 x y} .
I dy
1
3
x3
2
2
2
(x
y
)
dx
3 x
y1
1
xy
x y1 dy
y3
3 (y 1)
y
y 2 (y 1) dy ... 14 .
3
3
1
1
V d 2.4. Tnh tch phn dy e x dx . (Khng c nguyn hm s cp)

0
x/2
I dx
2y
2
2
1
1
1 2
e dy xe x dx e x d(x 2 ) e x
20
40
4
x2
2
0
1 4
e 1 .
4
2.1.3. i bin s vi tch phn kp

a. Cng thc i bin tng qut
tnh tch phn kp nhiu khi ta dng php i bin
x x(u, v)
.
y y(u, v), (u, v) D '
(2.14)
+ x(u,v), y(u,v) l cc hm lin tc, c cc o hm ring lin tc trong

min ng, gii ni D Oxy, ( D c din tch);
+ (2.14) xc nh mt song nh (n nh v ln) t D D Oxy ;
+ nh thc Jacobi
J
x
D(x, y)
det u
D(u, v)
yu
xv
0, (u, v) D' ;
yv
(c th tr ra ti mt s hu hn ng). Khi
f (x, y)dxdy f (x(u, v), y(u, v)) J dudv .

D
D'
50
(2.15)
Ch . i) Tnh cht ca nh thc Jacobi l:

D(u, v)
D(x, y)
1
.
0
D(x, y)
D(u, v) D(u, v)
D(x, y)
(2.16)
iu ny c th gip ta tnh nh thc Jacobi J thun li hn.

ii) Bng i bin u x, v y ta nhn c kt qu hu ch sau:
* Cho D l min i xng qua trc Ox, D1 l phn min D pha trn trc
Ox (xem Hnh 2.3a) th
2 f (x, y) dxdy, f (x, y) chn vi bin y

f
(x,
y)
dxdy
D1
D
0,
f (x, y) l vi bin y
(2.17)
(Hm f(x,y) chn vi bin y nu f (x, y) f (x, y), (x, y) D
f (x, y) f (x, y), (x, y) D ).
l vi bin y nu
* Tng t khi min D i xng qua trc tung.
Hnh 2.3. Min i xng qua trc Ox (a) v qua trc Oy (b)
V d 2.5. Tnh tch phn I (x y) 4 (x 2y)5 dxdy .
D
trong D l min gii hn bi cc ng thng

x y 2, x y 3, x 2y 1, x 2y 2.
Gii. D {(x, y) : 2 x y 3, 1 x 2y 2} . t
2
1
1
2
x u v
u x y
1
3
3
3
3
det
1
3
v x 2y
1
y 1 u 1 v

3
3
3
3
Khi min D tr thnh D {(v, v) : 2 u 3, 1 v 2} .
51
1 u5
I du u v dv
3
3 5
2
1
4 51
3
2
v6
2
1
147,7 .
Ch . Dng tnh cht (2.16) ta c cch th hai tnh J thun li hn:
D(u, v) 1
D(x, y) 1
3 J
D(x, y)
1
1
.
D(u, v) D(u, v)
3
D(x, y)
b. i bin ta cc
x r cos
Xt i bin ta cc
. nh thc Jacobi ca php bin i l
y r sin .
J
x
D(x, y)
det r
D(r, )
yr
x cos r sin
r 0 (tr ra ti O(0,0)).
y sin r cos
f (x, y)dxdy f (r cos , r sin ) r drd .

D
(2.18)
D'
c bit, nu min D c dng hnh qut nh Hnh 2.4 ta nhn c
D { , r1 () r r2 ()} ,
r2 ( )
f (x, y)dxdy d
D
f (r cos , r sin ) r dr .
(2.19)
r1 ( )
Hnh 2.4. Min hnh qut

Cch xc nh cn: Xem [1]
V d 2.6. i) Chng minh rng
(x 2 y 2 ) dxdy
{x 2 y2 R 2 }
1
dxdy ,
ii) Tnh tch phn I sin(xy 2
2
2
1 x y
D
vi D l na trn hnh trn tm O, bn knh 1.
Gii. i) t x r cos, y r sin th J r , t
52
R 4
.
4
r4
d r r dr 2 .
4
0
2
ii) I sin(xy 2 ) dxdy

D
R
0
R 4
.
2
1
2
1 x y
dxdy I1 I 2
I1 0 (l do?)
I2 : t x r cos, y r sin , J r ,
I I 2 d
0
= d
0
r
2
1 r cos r sin
d(r 2 1)
2
0 2 1 r
1 r2
1
0
dr d
0
r
1 r
( 2 1).
dr
Ta cc co gin () (xem ti liu [1])

x
a r cos
x a r cos
y b r sin
y r sin
b
(2.20)
Nhn xt. Hnh dung ta cc co gin thun li thng qua cc ng

ng mc (Hnh 2.5b). Cc im trn trc ta Ox, Oy c gc cc nh nhau
vi ta cc thng thng cng nh ta cc co gin: Vi c hai loi ta
cc, cc im trn tia Ox u c gc cc l 0, cc im trn tia Oy u c gc
cc l / 2 ..., cc ng ng mc 0, / 2, , 3 / 2, 2,... vn l cc tia Ox,
Oy,
()
Khi dng ta cc co gin x a r cos , y b r sin , nh thc Jacobi ca
php bin i l J ab r . T ta nhn c
f (x, y) dxdy ab f (ar cos , br sin ) r drd .

D
(2.21)
D'
x 2 y2
1 , tia Ox v tia:
9
4
i) y x (x 0) ;
ii) y 2x / 3 (x 0) .
x 3r cos
Gii. Xt php i bin ta cc (co gin)
; J 6r .
y 2 r sin
i) y x 2r sin 3r cos tan 3 / 2 1 arctan (3 / 2) .
V d 2.7. Tnh din tch hnh gii hn bi elip
r2 1
3
S dxdy d 6r dr 1 6. |0 31 3arctan .
2
2
D
0
0
53
Nhn xt. Nhiu ngi nhm 1 / 4 .

ii) y 2x / 3 2r sin (2 / 3)3r cos tan 1 2 / 4 .
/4
S dxdy
D
r 2 1 3
d 6r dr 6. |0 .
4 2
4
0
x 2 y 2
(
xy
sin(y
))dxdy
;
D
9
16
D
2
V d 2.8. Tnh
Gii. I
( xy y
)dxdy x dxdy sin (y3 )dxdy I1 I2 I3 .
D l min i xng qua trc Oy, hm f(x,y) = x l vi bin x, vy I2 0 .

Tng t, D i xng qua Ox, sin (y3 ) l vi bin y nn I3 0 . T
I I1 xy y 2 dxdy 4 (xy y 2 ) dxdy

D
2
D1
2
y
trong D1
1, x, y 0 .
9 16
t x 3rcos , y 4 r sin , J 12r , ta c

1
I 4 dr
0
/2
2
(3rcos 4 r sin 16r sin
)12r d
r4
4,12
4
1
0
/2
(6sin 2 8(1 cos2)) d 24(3 2).
Ch . i) thun li, ngi ta cn dng php i trc

x X x 0 X x x 0
y Y y0 Y y y0
a gc v (x 0 , y 0 ) ; tip theo dng i bin X r cos , Y r sin .

Vic xc nh cn ca cc bin r, nhiu khi kh d.
Thc cht ca hai ln i bin trn l s dng php i bin ta cc
dch chuyn
x r cos x 0
x x 0 r cos
, vi J r .
y r sin y0
y y0 r sin
ii) Nhiu khi min ly tch phn cho php ta s dng c ta cc thng
thng v ta cc dch chuyn. Tuy nhin khi thc hin ly tch phn lp vi
loi ta ny th d, vi loi khc li kh hn nhiu. Khng c mt gi cho
iu ny.
iii) i khi, ngi ta cn dng i bin ta cc co gin dch chuyn
x x 0 a r cos
, vi J ab r .
y y0 b r sin
54
2.1.4. ng dng ca tch phn kp

a. ng dng hnh hc
Din tch mnh phng + Th tch vt th ( bit)
Din tch mt cong

(S) : z f (x, y), (x, y) D 2
dt(S) 1 (f x )2 (f y ) 2 dxdy .
(2.22)
p dng (2.22), D: Hnh chiu ca S ln Oxy.

V d 2.9. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi ng Lemniscat
(L): (x 2 y 2 ) 2 a 2 (x 2 y 2 ) (a 0).
Gii. x r cos , y r sin , dn n
(r 2 )2 a 2 (r 2cos 2 r 2 sin 2 ) r a cos 2 .

T tnh i xng,
a cos 2
/4
S 4S1 4 dxdy 4
S1
r dr 4
/4 2
r
2
r a cos 2
d
r 0
/4
cos 2 d a 2 sin 2
/4
0
a 2.
V d 2.10. Tnh din tch ca mt xc nh bi giao ca cc mt tr

x 2 z 2 a 2 , y 2 z 2 a 2 (a 0).
Gii. T tnh i xng, dt(S) 16dt(S1 ) , trong S1 l mt nh Hnh 2.6.

Trn (S1 ) th x 2 z 2 a 2 , z 0 hay (S1 ) : z a 2 x 2 , (x, y) D ; D l
hnh chiu ca (S1 ) xung mt Oxy, (tam gic OAB). Vy
a
2
dt(S1 ) 1 (zx ) (zy ) dxdy dx

D
55
2x
1
dxdy
2
2
2 a x
dx
0
a
a2 x2
dy a 2 .
Suy ra dt(S) 16a 2 .
V d 2.11. Tnh th tch V ca vt th gii hn bi mt tr x 2 y 2 2x

v mt cu x 2 y 2 z 2 4 .
Gii. Khi chiu vt th V ln mt Oxy ta c min D gii hn bi ng
x 2 y 2 2x (x 1)2 y 2 1: ng trn tm I(1,0) bn knh 1.

x 2 y 2 z 2 4, z 0 z 4 x 2 y 2 .
T tnh i xng, th tch V c tnh bi
V 2 4 x 2 y 2 dxdy .
D
Chuyn qua ta cc: x r cos , y r sin th J r ,

x 2 y 2 2x r 2cos 2 r 2 sin 2 2r cos r 2 cos .
2 cos
/2
V2
/2
4 r 2 r dr
/2
1 2
2. . (4 r 2 )3/2
2 3 /2
16(3 4)
2 cos
d
0
9
b. Mt s ng dng c hc
* Khi lng bn phng D:
(2.23)
m (x, y) dxdy;
D
* Trng tm G(x G , y G ) :
xG
1
1
x (x, y) dxdy, y G y (x, y) dxdy.
mD
mD
(2.26)
c bit, nu vt ng cht th (x, y) const , cng thc trn tr thnh

xG
1
1
x dxdy, y G y dxdy
SD
SD
56
(2.27)
trong S l din tch min D.

V d 2.12. Tnh khi lng, m men qun tnh vi cc cnh OA, OB, im
O cng nh ta trng tm ca mt phn t hnh trn D, bit rng khi lng
ring ti im M trn D t l vi khong cch n mi cnh OA, OB.
Gii
Xt h trc nh Hnh 2.8. Ta c,
(x, y) : x 2 y 2 R 2
D
.
x 0, y 0
Khi lng ring l
(x, y) Kxy .
Hnh 2.8. 1/4 hnh trn
R 2 x 2
* m Kxy dxdy dx
D
1
Kxydy K x y 2
2
0
* M OA M OB K x 2 xy dxdy K dx
x 3 ydy ...
R 2 x 2
x (x, y) dxdy K x.xy dxdy K dx
R 2 x 2
R 2 x 2
x 2 ydy
K R4
dx
8
K R6
24
K R5
15
8
K R 5 KR 4 8
xG
:
R. T tnh i xng, x G y G R.
15
8
15
15
* Cha bi tp (2 tit):
S. 1. e) 2(e - 2).;
5. f): 20/3; 6(a):
7. e) (3 2ln 2) / 4 ; f)
8: b)
8 2ln(1 2) .
5
3 ; d) (1/3) ln (b/a);
6
9: g) 7/24 ;
3 3 1
2
; d) 2a ( 2) .
12
- Vit cng thc chuyn TP kp sang TP lp, cn ca bin x
trc, cn ca bin y sau; Ngc li
- Nu to Descates v to cc ca vi im c bit.
- V mt s hnh, nu cch xc nh cn tch phn.
VD 2.11; VD2.25 ; VD 2.26;
VD 2.27;
B tr: 1(b, d);
2(b, c);
3(b); 4(a, b); 5(a, c, d);
6(b); 7(d, c);
8(a); 9(d, f);
10(c);
15; 17;
Ti liu [1], tr ....
10: f) 64 / 3 ; g) 8 ; h) 16a 3 / 3 .
b) Tho lun
c) T hc
d) Bi tp
Ti liu
57
14: c)
58
Bi ging 6: Tch phn bi (tip)

Chng, mc: 2
Tit th: 26-30
Mc ch, yu cu:
Tun th: 6
Nm cch xc nh cn TP
Mt s ng dng
Nm c mt s cc i bin tng qut khc
Thc cht i bin to tr l g.

- Thi gian:
- a im:
- Ni dung chnh:
2.2. Tch phn bi ba
2.2. TCH PHN BI BA
2.2.1. M u
a. nh ngha
Cho u f (x, y, z), (x, y, z) V 3 , V: min gii ni, c th tch.
Chia V thnh n mnh nh khng dm ln nhau. Gi cc mnh nh l
(V1 ),..., (Vn ) v th tch tng ng ca chng l V1,..., Vn .
Trn mi mnh ( Vi ) ly im Mi ty : M i (x i , yi , zi ) ( Vi ) .
Lp tng TP
n
I n f (x i , yi , zi ) Vi ,
(2.28)
i1
Gi di l ng knh ca mnh ( Vi ):
d i d(Vi ) Sup{MN : M, N Vi } .
Nu khi n sao cho Max(d1,...,d n ) 0, I n dn n gii hn I hu
hn, khng ph thuc vo cch chia min V v cch chn cc im Mi trn
( Vi ) th ta ni:
+ Hm f(x,y,z) kh tch trn V;
+ I c gi l tch phn bi ba ca hm f(x,y,z) trn V, k hiu l
f (x, y, z) dxdydz (hay f dxdydz hay f (x, y, z) dV );
V
+ V l min ly tch phn; f(x,y,z) l hm di du tch phn.

59
Lu . trn ta dng thut ng min c th tch. i th, l min khng

qu "l lng"; min ta xt thng thng lun c th tch.
b. iu kin tn ti. Cho V l min gii ni, (c th tch).
* f(x,y,z) lin tc trn V th kh tch trn V;
* f(x,y,z) b chn, lin tc tng mnh trn V th kh tch trn V.
c. Tnh cht ca tch phn bi ba
Ging vi tch phn xc nh.
2.2.2. Cch tnh trong ta Descates
a. Min ly tch phn l hnh hp
V = {(x, y, z) : a x b, c y d, e z f}
b
f (x, y, z)dV dx dy f (x, y, z)dz

V
(C th i sang mt th t khc).
b. Min ly tch phn c dng hnh tr cong
V {(x, y, z) : (x, y) D 2 , z1 (x, y) z z 2 (x, y)} .
z 2 (x,y)
z 2 (x,y)
I f (x, y, z) dxdydz f (x, y, z) dz dxdy : dxdy f (x, y, z) dz.
V
D z1 (x,y)
D
z1 (x,y)
Hnh 2.9. Min hnh tr cong

Hn na, nu min D l hnh thang cong c y // Oy (xem Hnh 2.9)
D {(x,y): a x b, y1 (x) y y 2 (x)},

y2 (x)
I f (x, y, z)dxdydz dx
V
y1(x)
60
z 2 (x,y)
dy
z1 (x,y)
f (x, y, z) dz.
(2.30)
Lu . (ii) Min D chnh l hnh chiu ca vt th V ln mt Oxy.

(iii) xc nh cc cn tch phn: Xem [1].
Nu vt th c dng hnh tr cong, vi ng sinh song song vi trc Ox
(hoc Oy) th cn iu chnh th tc i t nhiu; chng hn tm min D ta phi
chiu vt th V ln cc mt Oyz (hoc Ozx).
V d 2.13. Tnh tch phn bi ba
I
V
1
(1 x y z)3
dxdydz ,
V l vt th gii hn bi cc mt ta
v mt phng x y z 1 .
G. x y z 1 z 1 (x y) .
Chiu V xung mt phng Oxy ta
nhn c tam gic OAB. Vy
Hnh 2.10. Vt th V d 2.13
1
1 x y
1 x
I dx
1 x
dx
0
1
dy
1
(1 x y z)3
(1 x y z)2
1 x
1
dx
20
dz
z 1 x y
dy
z 0
1
1
1
5
(1 x y) 2 4 dy ... 2 ln 2 16 .
V d 2.14. Tnh tch phn I xyz dxdydz vi V l min gii hn bi

V
cc mt x 0, y 0, z 0, x 1, y 2, z x 2 y 2 .
61
Hnh 2.11. Min V d 2.14

Gii. Chiu V xung Oxy ta c D {0 x 1, 0 y 2}. Vy
1
x 2 y2
I dx dy
0
1
2
z2
xyz dz dx xy
2
0
0
z x 2 y2
z 0
dy
121
.
60
c. Tnh tch phn theo thit din

b
f (x, y, z) dxdydz dx f (x, y, z) dydz .

V
(2.31)
S(x)
Xy ra cng thc tng t khi xt cc thit din Oy hay Oz .

V d 2.15 . Tnh tch phn I x 4dxdydz
V
trong V l min gii hn bi elipsoid

a
Gii. I
Bi v
x2
a2
a2
y2
b2
z2
c2
dx x
a
x2
dydz
S(x)
y2
b2
y2
x2
b 1
a2
dx. dydz
z2
c2
y2
b2
1.
S(x)
z2
c2
dt(S(x))dx .
x2
a2
hay
z2
x2
1 dt(S(x)) bc 1 2 .
2
a
2
x
c 1
a2
T I
x2
4
4
x
bc
1
dx
bca 5 .
2
35
a
a
2.2.3. i bin s trong tch phn bi ba

a. Cng thc i bin tng qut
C th dng i bin
x x(u, v, w)
3
y y(u, v, w) (u, v, w) V .
z z(u, v, w)
(2.32)
+ Cc hm x(u,v,w), y(u,v,w), z(u,v,w) lin tc, c cc o hm ring lin

tc trong min ng V Oxyz, ( V c th tch);
+ (2.32) xc nh mt song nh (n nh v ln) t V V Oxyz ;
62
+ nh thc Jacobi
xu
D(x, y, w)
J
det yu
D(u, v, w)
zu
xv xw
yv yw 0 (u, v, w ) V
zv zw
(2.33)
(c th tr ra ti mt s hu hn mt). Khi
f (x, y, z) dxdydz f (x(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w)) J dudvdw . (2.34)
V
Nhn xt. Bng cch i bin u x, v y, w z ta nhn c kt qu

hu ch sau:
* Cho V l min i xng qua mt phng Oxy, V1 l phn min V pha trn
mt phng Oxy th
2 f (x, y, z) dxdydz, nu f(x, y, z) chn vi bin z

f
(x,
y,
z)
dxdydz
V1
V
0,
nu f(x, y, z) l vi bin z
* Pht biu tng t khi min V i xng qua mt Oyz hoc Ozx.
b. i bin ta tr
* To tr. M(x,y,z) trong h ta Descates vung gc Oxyz, ta tr
ca n l b ba s (r, , z) , trong (r, ) l ta cc ca hnh chiu M ca M
ln mt phng Oxy (xem Hnh 2.13 ).
z
M(x,y,z)
y
M'
Hnh 2.13. Ta tr
R rng l r 0, 0 2, z .
x r cos
y r sin
z z
(2.35)
63
Duy ch c cc im trn trc Oz th r 0 , ty , z xc nh. Cc im

khc c tng ng 1 - 1 gia hai loi ta .
Ta c th vit M(x,y,z) hoc M (r, , z)
Ta tr suy rng r, c th nhn gi tr bt k, k c gi tr m,
hay ta tr co gin.
nh thc Jacobi ca php i bin (2.35) l
cos r sin 0
J det sin r cos 0 r .
0
0
1
Nhn c cng thc tch phn bi ba trong ta tr
f (x, y, z) dxdydz f (r cos , r sin , z) r d dr dz .
(2.36)
Hnh 2.14. Min hnh tr cong trong ta tr

Khi min V c dng hnh tr cong v hnh chiu ca n ln mt phng Oxy
c dng hnh qut (xem Hnh 2.14) th
r2 ( )
f (x, y, z) dxdydz d
V
r1( )
z 2 (r cos , r sin )
dr
f (r cos , r sin , z) r dz
z1 (r cos , r sin )
V d 2.16. Tnh tch phn I z dxdydz vi V l min gii hn bi cc

V
mt z x 2 y 2 v z h (h 0).
64
Gii. Xt i bin ta tr
x r cos
y r sin J r .
z z
z x 2 y2
r 2cos 2 r 2 sin 2 r.
h
x
Hnh 2.15. Hnh nn

2
d dr zr dz
0
z2
d r
2
0
h
r dr
r 2 2
h 4
2 (h r )dr
.
2
4
0
Nhn xt. thun li khi xc nh cc cn ca tch phn lp, trc ht ta

chiu min V ln mt Oxy. Dng cng thc (2.29) ta c
z 2 (x,y)
I f (x, y, z) dxdydz f (x, y, z) dz dxdy
V
D z1 (x,y)
ri dng ta cc tnh tch phn trn min D.

Th tc "a v ta cc" thun li hn dng trc tip ta tr.
2.2.4. ng dng ca tch phn bi ba
a. ng dng hnh hc
Th tch vt th:
V dxdydz .
(2.44)
V d 2.18. Tnh th tch V ca vt th gii hn bi cc mt

(S1 ) : x 2 y 2 z 2 9, (S2 ) : x 2 y 2 8z.
Gii. Vt th V nm gia mt di z1 (x 2 y 2 ) / 8 v mt trn

z 2 9 (x 2 y 2 ) 0.
x 2 y 2 z 2 9
x 2 y 2 8
Giao tuyn hai mt:
...
2
2
x y 8z
z 1
D {(x, y) : x 2 y 2 8} , l hnh trn tm O, bn knh R 8 . T
z 2 (x,y)
V dxdydz dxdy
V
z1
1 2
2
2
dz
(x
y
)
(x y2 ) dxdy .
(x,y)
D
65
Dng ta cc x rcos , y r sin vi J r. Vy

2
d
0
1
40
(vtt).
9 r 2 r 2 r dr
8
3
b. Mt s ng dng c hc
Khi lng ring (x, y,z) ti im M(x, y, z) V , (x, y,z) .
* Khi lng vt th V:
(2.45)
m (x, y, z) dxdydz.
V
* Ta trng tm x G , yG , z G ca V:
xG
1
x (x, y, z) dxdydz,
m
V
yG
1
y (x, y, z)dxdydz,
m
V
zG
1
z (x, y, z)dxdydz.
m
V
(2.46)
c bit, (x, y, z) const (vt ng cht),

xG
1
1
1
x dxdydz, yG y dxdydz, zG z dxdydz (2.47)
V V
V V
V V
V: l th tch vt th V.
V d 2.19. Tnh ta trng tm vt th ng cht gii hn bi cc mt tr
parabolic y x 2 v cc mt y z, z 0, y 1 .
Gii. Mt di v mt trn ca vt th l z 0 v z y . Ta c
1
V dxdydz
V
x dxdydz 0.
V
y dxdydz dx 2 dy ydz dx 2 y
V
1
1
z dxdydz
V
x
1
x
1
dx
66
4
dy ... .
7
y2
2
dy ... .
7
2 2
dx dy z dz
x2
dx 2 dy dz dx 2 y dy ... 5 .
T tnh i xng,
Hnh 2.19. Min V d 2.19
5 5
Vy (x G , y G , z G ) 0, , .
7 14
Cha bi tp.
S. 19.c) 0;
b) Tho lun
c) T hc
d) Bi tp
Ti liu
20. f) /60; 21:
#
c) (e 2) ; d) 16a 2 / 9 . 2a 2 ( 2) .
- Vit cng thc chuyn TP bi ba sang TP lp, cn ca bin

x trc, cn ca bin y sau ri n ca z; Th t khc.
- Nu mt s i bin tng qut vi min ly TP c th
(khng tnh TP).
VD 2.13;
B tr:
Ti liu [1], tr ....
67
Bi ging 7: Tch phn bi (tip)

Chng, mc: 2
Tit th: 31-35
Mc ch, yu cu:
Tun th: 7
Thy li ch c bit ca i bin to cu

Khi no nn dng i bin T cu.
Li ch ca TP ph thuc tham s

- Thi gian:
- a im:
- Ni dung chnh:
2.2. Tch phn bi ba (tip)
2.3. Tch phn ph thuc tham s
2.2. TCH PHN BI BA
c. i bin ta cu (1 tit)
* Ta cu. Cho ng mi im M(x,y,z) trong h trc ta Descartes
vung gc Oxyz vi b ba s (r, , ) nh Hnh 2.16, c gi l ta cu ca
im M.
Gc ta O ng vi r 0 , v ty .
Cc im cn li trn trc Oz c r xc nh, ty , 0 hoc .
i vi cc im cn li c tng ng 1 - 1 gia ta cc v ta cu:
3 Oz {(r , , ) : 0 r, 0 2, 0 } .
(Cng c th chn khong bin thin ca l . ).
x r cos sin
y r sin sin
z r cos
(2.38)
68
z
M(x,y,z)
r
M'
Hnh 2.16. Ta cu
l , gc zOM
l . Tuy
Nhn xt. Mt s ti liu k hiu gc xOM
nhin, ta k hiu nh trn ph hp vi nhiu ti liu khc, v c bit l ph
hp vi cc phn mm tnh ton hin i.
H Ni c ta (cu) (6300, 108, 69) ( y gc tnh theo ).
* i bin s dng ta cu. Dng i bin ta cu (2.38) tnh tch
phn bi ba rt hiu qu. nh thc Jacobi ca php i bin l:
cos sin r sin sin r cos cos

J det sin sin r cos sin r sin cos r 2 sin
cos
0
r sin
(2.39)
I f (x, y, z) dxdydz
V
f (r cos sin , r sin sin , r cos) r 2 sin drdd .
(2.40)
Cng thc ng k c khi min V c cha nhng im trn trc Oz.

Trong trng hp min cho Hnh 2.17 th:
2
d
1
r 2 ( ,)
1 ( )
1 ( )
f (r cos sin , r sin sin , r cos ) r 2 sin dr . (2.41)
r1 ( ,)
69
Hnh 2.17. Xc nh cn tch phn bi ba trong ta cu

Xc nh cc cn tch phn: Xem [1].
Ta cu co gin
tnh tch phn.bi ba ngi ta cng hay dng ta cu co gin:
x a r cos sin ,
y b r sin sin ,
z c r cos ,
(2.42)
(a, b,c 0).
Lu rng khi J abc r 2 sin , ta c
I abc f (r cos sin , r sin sin , r cos ) r 2 sin dr d d . (2.43)

V
V d 2.17. Tnh tch phn
x y z
bi 2 mt cu
(S1 ) : x 2 y 2 z 2 1,
(S2 ) : x 2 y 2 z 2 4 (z 0)
nm pha trn mt phng Oxy.

Gii. Xt php i bin
x r cos sin
y r sin sin
z r cos
ta c J r 2 sin .
70
dxdydz vi V l phn gii hn
Trn (S1 ) : (r cos sin )2 (r sin sin ) 2 (r cos )2 1 r 1,

Tng t, trn (S2 ) : r 2 .
2
T I
/2
d
0
1
d r 2 sin dr 2 ( cos )
r
1
/2
0
r2 2
1 3 .
2
Ta nn dng kiu i bin no cho bi ton tch phn bi ba c th?

Theo kinh nghim ca chng ti, iu ny ch yu da vo min ly tch
phn.
2.3. TCH PHN PH THUC THAM S
2.3.1. Tch phn thng ph thuc tham s
nh ngha. Cho f(x,y) xc nh trn D [a, b] [c, d] sao cho vi mi y
c nh trn on [c, d], hm s f(x,y) kh tch (theo bin x) trn on [a, b]. t
b
I(y) f (x, y)dx, y [c, d] .

a
Tch phn I(y) c gi l tch phn ph thuc tham s y. (L hm ca y).

d
J(x) f (x, y)dy, x [a, b] .

c
nh l 2.3. Nu f(x,y) l hm lin tc trn D [a, b] [c, d] th:

(i) I(y) l hm lin tc trn on [c, d], J(x) l hm lin tc trn on [a, b];
(ii) I(y) l hm kh tch trn [c, d] , J(y) l hm kh tch trn [a, b] v
d
dy f (x, y) dx dx f (x, y) dy
c
(2.51)
(cng thc i th t ly tch phn).

(iii) Ngoi ra, nu gi thit thm rng
f (x, y)
tn ti v lin tc trn D th
y
b
b f (x, y)
d
I(y)
dx, y [c, d]
f (x, y)dx
dy a
a y
(2.52)
(cng thc o hm di du tch phn).

Chng minh ()
V d 2.20. Tnh cc tch phn
1
xb xa
dx (0 a b),
i) I
ln
x
0
71
ii) J
dx
2
2 2
0 (x a )
(0 a).
b
1b
x b xa
y
Gii. i) Nhn thy rng
x dy I x y dy dx .
ln x
a
0a
p dng cng thc i th t ly tch phn ta i n

b1
b y 1
b
x
1
b 1
1
I x dx dy
dy ln
.
dy
0
1
y
1
a
a0
a
a
ii) Xut pht t ng thc

1
J(a)
0
dx
x2 a2
1
1
arctan , a L
a
a
trong , L l nhng s dng bt k, L .

p dng cng thc o hm di du tch phn ta c
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
J(a) 2
dx
2a
dx
arctan
2
2
2 2
2
2
a
a
a
x
a
(x
a
)
a
a
0
0
1
J J 2 (a)
2 2
0 (x a )
dx
1
1
arctan 2 2
.
a 2a (a 1)
2a
3
(*)
V , L dng ty nn (*) ng vi mi a dng.

1
J n (a)
dx
2
2 n
0 (x a )
, n 3, 4, ... #
2.3.2. Tch phn ph thuc tham s vi cn l hm s

v(y)
I(y)
f (x, y)dx
u(y)
trong hm s f(x,y) xc nh trn hnh ch nht [a, b] [c, d] , cc hm

u(y), v(y) xc nh trn on [c, d] v nhn gi tr trn on [a, b]:
a u(y) b, a v(y) b, y [c, d] .

nh l 2.4. Nu hm s f(x,y) lin tc trn hnh ch nht [a, b] [c, d] ,
cc hm s (y), (y) lin tc trn on [c, d] v nhn gi tr trn on [a, b] th
(i) I(y) l hm lin tc trn [c, d] .
(ii)
v(y)
v(y) f (x, y)
d
f (x, y) dx
dx f (v(y), y)v(y) f (u(y), y) u(y).
dy u(y)
u(y) y
sin x
V d 2.21. Tnh o hm hm s f (x)
72
sin (tx) dt
sin x
Gii. f (x)
t cos (tx) dt sin(x sin x) cosx sin x 2 .
2.3.3. Tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s

Xt tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn ph thuc tham s
I(y) f (x, y) dx
(2.54)
trong f(x,y) l hm s xc nh trn di v hn [a, ) [c, d] .

nh ngha. Gi s tn ti tch phn
b
I b (y) f (x, y)dx y [c, d], b a .

a
* Tch phn suy rng (2.54) gi l hi t ti y [c, d] nu tn ti gii hn

hu hn
b
lim Ib (y) lim
f (x, y)dx I(x) .

a
C th l:
0, B 0 : b B Ib (y) I(y) .
* Tch phn suy rng (2.54) c gi l hi t u trn on [c, d] nu
0, B 0 : b B, y [c, d] Ib (y) I(y) .

Nu tch phn suy rng I(y) hi t u trn on [c, d] th cng hi t u
trn on con [, ] bt k ca n.
nh l 2.5. Nu tn ti hm g(x) sao cho
(i) f (x, y) g(x) x [a, ), y [c, d] ,
g(x) dx
(ii) Tch phn suy rng
hi t
th tch phn I(y) hi t tuyt i v u trn [c, d] .
V d 2.22. Xt tch phn I(y)
sin xy
1 x 2 y2 dx .
0
Ta thy
sin xy
2
1 x y
1
1 x
y; tch phn
1 x 2 dx
hi t. Vy tch
phn cho hi t u trn .
nh l 2.6
73
a) Nu hm s f(x,y) lin tc trn [a, ) [c, d] cn tch phn suy rng
I(y) f (x, y) dx hi t u trn on [c, d] th I(y) l hm s lin tc trn

a
[c, d] .
b) Vi nhng gi thit phn a) th
d
d
f
(x,
y)
dx
dy
f
(x,
y)
dy
dx

c a
a c
(2.55)
(Cng thc i th t ly tch phn).

c) Gi s
* f(x,y) lin tc trn [a, ) [c, d] ;
* Tch phn I(y) f (x, y) dx hi t vi mi y [c, d] ;

a
* o hm ring
* Tch phn
f (x, y)
tn ti v lin tc trn [a, ) [c, d] ;
y
f (x, y)
dx hi t u trn [c, d] .
y
Khi
d
dy
f (x, y)dx
f (x, y)
dx y [c, d]
y
(2.56)
(Cng thc o hm di du tch phn).

Ta thy cng thc o hm di du tch phn kh ging vi cng thc o
hm di du tng xt n Gio trnh Gii tch I.
Lu . Tt c cc nh ngha, tnh cht va nu trn v tch phn suy rng
vi cn v hn vn cn ng khi chuyn sang tch phn suy rng ca hm khng
b chn trn on hu hn. c gi c th pht biu cc nh l cho ring mnh.
V d 2.23. Tnh cc tch phn
ax
i) I
ii) I
e bx
dx (a, b 0) ,
x
e x dx (tch phn Poisson-Euler).
Gii. i) Khng hn ch tng qut coi 0 a b . Xt tch phn
74
I(y)
yx
dx
1
(y 0) .
y
Ta thy 0 f (x, y) e
xy
ax
, tch phn
ax
dx hi t.
Vy I(y) hi t u trn [a, b]. Ly tch phn hai v ta c

b
dy e
a
yx
dx
dx e
yx
ax
dy
e bx
1
dx dy ln y ab .
x
y
a
T I ln(b / a). Cng thc ng c khi 0 < b < a.
ii) t x ut, (u 0) , ta c I u
eu
2x 2
dx .
0
2
Nhn hai v vi e u ri ly tch phn trn on [0, ) :
u2
I du
ue
u2
u 2x 2
dx du
ue u e u
2x 2
dx du .
V tri l I2 . i th t ly tch phn v phi ta c

2
ue
0
u 2 (1 x 2 )
1
dx
du dx
dx I
.
2
2
4
2
1
x
0
Nhn xt. Chng ta nhn c tch phn Poisson-Euler ni ting hay dng
trong L thuyt Xc sut:
e x dx .
V d 2.24 ( Hm Gamma (x)). Hm Gamma xc nh theo cng thc
(x) t x 1e t dt (x 0) .
0
Trc ht ta c
1
(x) t
x 1 t
e dt t x 1e t dt 1 (x) 2 (x).
Sau y l mt s tnh cht ca hm Gamma.
* (1) 1
* (x 1) x(x)
* (n 1) n!
1
* .
2
(x 0)
75
(n 1, 2,...)
2
2
1
1
e u 2udt 2 e u dt 2.
.
2 0 u
2
0
Cha bi tp:
22: b) 4(R 5 r 5 ) / 15 ; c) 8/5 ;
23. a) a 3 / 240 ;
e) / 48 .
b) 32 / 3 .
TM TT CHNG 2 (xem [1])

b) Tho lun
c) T hc
d) Bi tp
Ti liu
- Lin h to D vi to cu.
- Cng thc i bin T cu
- Xc nh cn tch phn trong T cu
VD2.37 ; VD 2.40
B tr: 22(d); 24(c, d, e, f, h); 25.
Ti liu [1], tr ....
76
Bi ging 8: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

Chng, mc: 3
Tit th: 36-40
Tun th: 8
Mc ch, yu cu:
Tch phn ngt loi I: Nm c cng thc tnh, vi ng dng.
TP ng loi II: Cc cng thc tnh, Cch nh v p dng ca
cng thc Green. iu kin TP c lp vi ng ly TP.

- Thi gian:
- a im:
- Ni dung chnh:
3.1Tch phn ng loi I
3.2. Tch phn ng loi II
Chng 3
TCH PHN NG - TCH PHN MT
3.1. TCH PHN NG LOI MT
3.1.1. M u
a. Bi ton khi lng ng cong vt cht (xem [1])
l ng cong lin tc
b. nh ngha. u f (M) xc nh trn cung L AB
thnh n cung nh bi cc
trong khng gian, khng t ct, (c di). Chia AB
im chia lin tip A A, A ,..., A B . Gi di cung A

A l s . Trn
0
i 1 i
cung A
i 1A i chn im Mi ty . Lp tng TP
n
I n f (Mi )si
i 1
Nu khi n sao cho Max si 0 m tng tch phn dn n gii hn

i1,..., n
v cch chn cc
hu hn I xc nh, khng ph thuc vo cch chia cung AB
im Mi th:
+ Gii hn I c gi l tch phn ng loi mt ca hm f(M) trn cung
, v k hiu l
AB
f (M)ds (hay f (M) ds , f (x, y, z) ds, f ds ...).
AB
Lu . Trong nh ngha c ni n ng cong c di, l ng cong

thng thng ta vn gp, coi mi ng cong ta xt u c di.
77
gii ni, trn tng khc, cn f(M) b

c. iu kin tn ti. Nu cung AB
th hm f(M) kh tch trn AB
.
chn v lin tc tng khc trn AB
d. Tnh cht
i) Tch phn ng loi mt khng ph thuc vo hng ca ng cong:
f (M)ds f (M) ds .
AB
BA
ii) Tch phn ng loi mt c cc tnh cht khc ging vi tch phn xc
nh thng thng nh tnh cht tuyn tnh, h thc Chasles, xc nh dng ...
e. ngha hnh hc - c hc
c th tnh thng qua tch phn ng loi mt:

* Chiu di s ca cung AB
ds .
(3.2)
AB
* Din tch ca bc rm (hay hng ro) (Hnh 3.1) cho bi
Hnh 3.1. Bc rm
S f (x, y) ds
C
c khi lng ring (M) (x, y, z) ti im

* Nu cung vt cht AB
M(x, y, z) th khi lng ng cong c tnh bi cng thc
(x, y, z)ds .
(3.3)
AB
xc nh nh sau:
Trng tm G(x G , yG , zG ) ca cung AB
78
x G m x (x, y, z) ds
AB
y 1
G m y (x, y, z) ds
AB
1
z G
z (x, y, z) ds
m
AB
(3.4)
3.1.2. Cch tnh
: x x(t), y y(t), z z(t), a t b . Khi

AB
b
AB
f (x, y, z) ds f (x(t), y(t), z(t)) x2 (t) y2 (t) z2 (t) dt. (3.5)

a
: th ca hm s y f (x), a x b
AB
b
f (x, y) ds f (x, y(x))
1 y2 (x)dx .
(3.6)
AB
V d 3.1. Tnh tch phn I x 2 y 2 ds ,

L
L l ng trn x 2 y 2 ax (a 0).
2
a
a2
2
Gii. L : x y .
2
4
Xt php i bin ta cc x r cos , y r sin .
, suy ra phng trnh tham s

2
2
2
x a cos
x a sin 2
x2 y2 a 2 . Vy
ca n l
. T
y (a / 2)sin 2
y a cos 2
Phng trnh ca L l r a cos ,
/2
a 2cos 2 a d 2a 2 .
/2
3.2. TCH PHN NG LOI HAI

3.2.1. M u
a. Bi ton cng ca lc bin i (Cng c sch)
Ta bit rng, nu cht im di chuyn trn on thng AB di tc ng

ca lc khng i F th cng ca lc sinh ra l AB F .

Tng qut hin tng ny (xem [1]) cng nhiu hin tng vt l khc
ngi ta dn n khi nim TP ng loi II sau y.
79

b. nh ngha. Trong mt phng Oxy xt ng cong nh hng L AB
(chiu ng cong i t A n B). Cho P(x,y), Q(x,y) l nhng hm xc nh
. Lp hm vc t F P(x, y)i Q(x, y) j . Chia AB

thnh n cung nh
trn AB
bi cc im chia lin tip A 0 A, A1,..., A n B .
Gi hnh chiu ln cc trc Ox, Oy ca vc t Ai 1Ai ln lt l x i , yi .
Ly im M ty trn cung A
A . Lp tng tch phn
i
i 1 i
n
I n F(Mi ) Ai 1Ai P(Mi )x i Q(Mi )yi ,
n
i 1
i 1
Nu khi n sao cho Max x i , Max yi 0 m tng I n dn n

i 1,..., n
i 1,..., n
, cch chn
gii hn I hu hn xc nh, khng ph thuc vo cch chia cung AB
cc im Mi th:
+ Gii hn I c gi l tch phn ng loi hai ca cc hm P(x,y),
v
Q(x,y) (hay ca trng vc t F(x, y) P(x, y) i Q(x, y) j ) trn cung AB
k hiu l
P(x, y)dx Q(x, y)dy hay P dx Q dy
AB
hay
AB
P dx Q dy ;
L
.
+ Cc hm P(x,y), Q(x,y) c gi l kh tch trn AB
Ch . Tch phn c vit n gin hn khi thnh phn P (hoc Q) trit
tiu, cng nh khi c tha s chung:
Qdy (hoc P dx ); HP dx HQ dy H P dx Qdy .
AB
AB
AB
AB
c. iu kin tn ti
l ng cong lin tc, trn tng khc, cc hm P(x,y), Q(x,y)

Nu AB
lin tc hoc lin tc tng khc v b chn th tch phn ng loi hai
P dx Q dy tn ti.
AB
d. Tnh cht. + Chiu ng cong c vai tr quan trng: Nu ng cong

c ly theo chiu ngc li th tch phn ng loi hai cng tr tuyt i
nhng i du:
P dx Q dy P dx Qdy .
AB
BA
+ Ngoi ra, TP ng loi hai cng c cc tnh cht khc ca TP xc nh

thng thng.
e. ngha c hc. Cng ca lc F P(x, y)i Q(x, y) j tc ng trn

cho bi
ng cong (nh hng) trn tng khc AB
80
P dx Q dy .
AB
3.2.2. Mi lin h gia tch phn ng loi mt v loi hai

Gi s ng cong nh hng L trn tng khc v ti im M(x,y) c vc
t tip tuyn n v (M) ((M), (M)) . Khi
P(x, y) dx Q(x, y) dy P(x, y) (x, y) Q(x, y)(x, y) ds

L
hay mt cch tng ng:

P(x,
y)
dx
Q(x,
y)
dy
F(x,
y)
(x,
y)
ds
ds .
Mt s ti liu dng v phi ca PT ny lm nh ngha (v k hiu) ca

tch phn ng loi II.
3.2.3. Cch tnh
cho di
a. ng cong cho di dng tham s. Nu ng cong L AB
dng tham s: x x(t), y y(t), a t b , ( t a ng vi im u A, t b ng
vi im cui B), cc hm x(t), y(t) lin tc, kh vi tng khc, P(x,y), Q(x,y) l
nhng hm lin tc trn L th
I P(x, y) dx Q(x, y) dy
L
P(x(t), y(t)) x(t) Q(x(t), y(t))y(t) dt .
(*)
b. ng cong cho di dng phng trnh hin.
: y y(x), a x b , y(x) l hm lin tc, kh vi tng khc, x = a

+ L AB
ng vi im u A, x = b ng vi im cui B ca ng;
+ P(x,y), Q(x,y) lin tc trn L th
b
I P(x, y)dx Q(x, y) dy P(x, y(x)) Q(x, y(x))y(x) dx .

L
Ch . * Nu ng cong cha c dng tham s th khi ly tch phn ng

loi hai ta phi tham s ha ng cong.
* Trong khng gian, cng N TP ng loi hai ca cc hm P(M), Q(M),
R(M) (hay ca trng vc t F(M) P(M) i Q(M) j R(M)k ) ly trn ng

cong nh hng L:
I P dx Q dy Rdz .
L
Cc tnh cht, cch tnh ... tng t vi trng hp ng cong phng,

chng hn, cng thc (3.12) tr thnh:
81
P dx Qdy Rdz
L
b
P(x(t), y(t), z(t))x(t) Q(x(t), y(t), z(t))y(t) R(x(t), y(t), z(t))z(t) dt.
a
V d 3.2. Cho tch phn I (x y) dx xy dy .

L
(a) V mt s vc t ca trng F .
(b) Tch phn mang du g khi L l cung ni O(0,0) vi A(1, 1) theo:
(i) cung parabol y x 2 ; (i) on thng AB?
Hy tnh gi tr ca I khng nh nhn xt va a ra.
Gii. (a) F (x y, xy) (Hnh 3.3- di cc vc t c co 5 ln).

(b) Ta thy ton b chuyn ng u xui theo trng, vy I 0 .
C th: Tip tuyn ca ng cong u to vi vc t ca trng mt gc nhn.
Mi s hng F(M i ) Ai1Ai trong tng tch phn u dng; tng tch phn cng
vy, v do tch phn s dng.
th y x 2 , vy
(i) Trn cung AB
1
I (x x 2 x.x 2 .2x)dx
0
27
.
30
(ii) Trn on AB th y x ,
vy
1
I (x x x.x)dx
0
4
.
3
Nhn xt. i vi trng

cho, TP trn hai ng cong ni O
vi A cho ra hai kt qu khc nhau.
Hnh 3.3. Trng V d 3.2
3.2.4. Cng thc Green

Nhc li v a ra vi khi nim ph tr.
* Min lin thng. Min E n c gi l lin thng (lin thng ng)
nu ta c th ni hai im bt k ca n bng mt ng gy khc nm hon ton
trong E.
Nu E m th c th thay cm t ng gy khc bng ng cong trn
tng khc.
* Min n lin. Min lin thng U trong 2 c gi l mt min n
lin nu mi ng cong kn, c di (o c Jordan) u bao bc mt min
nm hon ton trong U. Ni cch n gin, min n lin l min "khng c l
82
thng" v khng th cha hai mu ring bit. Min khng n lin (min c "l
thng") l min a lin.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Hnh 3.4. Min lin thng(a,b) - khng lin thng (c)

n lin (a), nh lin (b) trong 2
* Hng dng ca bin ca min lin thng D - n lin cng nh a lin
- l hng m mt ngi i theo hng s thy phn min D gn nht lun
bn tri. (Xem Hnh v)
.
Hnh. Hng dng ca bin ca min n lin (a) v nh lin (b)

nh l (Cng thc Green). Cho D l min ng, b chn, lin thng, c
bin L gm mt s hu hn ng cong kn, trn tng khc, ri nhau i mt v
c hng dng. Gi s P(x,y), Q(x,y) v cc o hm ring cp mt ca chng
l nhng hm lin tc trn D. Khi ta c cng thc
Pdx Q dy x y dxdy .
L
CCH NH!
Chng minh. * Gi s D l min n gin, mi ng thng song

song vi trc Ox hoc Oy s ct bin L ca n ti khng qu 2 im (Hnh a).
p dng cng thc chuyn tch phn kp sang tch phn lp ta c
b
y (x)
2
P
P
(x)
I dxdy dx
dy P(x, y) |yy yy 2(x)
dx
1
y
D
a
y (x)
a
1
P(x, y 2 (x))dx P(x, y1 (x))dx.

a
Theo cch tnh tch phn ng loi hai, v phi l
83
P(x, y)dx P(x, y)dx P(x, y)dx P(x, y)dx
AmB
AnB
AmBnA
Hnh. Min n gin (a), hnh thang cong (b), v min a lin (c)
Q
Tng t, J dxdy Q(x, y)dy
x
D
L
Q P
dxdy Pdx Qdy .
Suy ra J I
x
y
D
L
* D l hnh thang cong c y // Oy, tc l mi ng thng i qua im
trong ca min v // Oy s ct bin L ca n ti ng hai im (xem Hnh), ta
thm vo tch phn trn 2 on CB v AD, ta nhn c kt qu tng t.
* Cc trng hp khc: B qua chng minh (xem [1])
x
x
V d. Tnh I (e sin y y)dx (e cos y 1)dy vi AO l na ng
AO
trn x 2 y 2 4x (y 0) , chy t A(4,0) n O(0,0).

Gii. x 2 y 2 4x (x 2) 2 y 2 4 . T C tm (2,0), bn knh 2.
cha kn, ta thm vo on thng OA c ng kn. T ,
AO
AO
L
OA
AO OA OA
84
L: bin ca na trn ca hnh trn (theo hng dng). Vy,
(e
L
cos y e x cos y 1)dxdy 2.
Trn OA th y 0
0. Tm li I 2 0 2 .
OA
l r 4cos , do dng tham

Nhn xt. Phng trnh ta cc ca AO
s ca n l x 4cos 2, y 2sin 2, 0 / 2. Tuy nhin, tnh trc tip tch

phn I dng cng thc (*) theo tham s s kh khn.
#
3.2.5. S c lp ca tch phn i vi ng ly tch phn
Ni chung, TP
P dx Q dy
ph thuc vo A, B cng nh vo bn thn
AB
ng cong ni A vi B (xem V d 3.2). Trong mt s trng hp, tch phn

ny ch ph thuc vo cc mt A, B ca ng m khng ph thuc vo ng
ni A vi B.
nh l 3.2. Cho D l mt tp m, n lin trong 2 . Gi s P(x,y), Q(x,y)
cng cc o hm ring ca chng l cc hm lin tc trong D. Khi bn mnh
sau l tng ng vi nhau:
a)
Q(x, y) P(x, y)
vi mi (x, y) D .
x
y
b)
P dx Q dy 0
vi mi ng cong L kn, khng t ct, trn tng
khc nm hon ton trong D.

c) Tch phn
l cung trn tng khc, khng t

P dx Q dy , trong AB
AB
ct, nm hon ton trong D, ch ph thuc vo im u A, im cui B m

khng ph thuc vo ng cong trn tng khc, khng t ct, nm hon ton
trong D ni A vi B.
d) Biu thc Pdx Qdy l vi phn ton phn, tc l tn ti hm u(x,y) c
cc o hm ring (cp hai) lin tc trong D v du Pdx Qdy .
Chng minh. Ta s chng minh theo s a) b) c) d) a) .
* a) b) . Gi s L l ng cong kn bt k, khng t ct, trn tng khc,
nm trong D. V D l min n lin nn min (hu hn) G c bin l L cng nm
trong D. Theo cng thc Green ta c
P dx Q dy x y dxdy 0 .
L
85
AnB
l hai cung bt k trn tng khc, c hai
* b) c) . Gi s AmB,
l
im chung duy nht l A v B, nm hon ton trong D. Khi AmBnA
ng cong kn trong D. T ch mnh b) l ng, ta c
P dx Q dy
AmBnA
P dx Q dy
AmB
P dx Q dy
BnA
P dx Q dy P dx Q dy
AmB
AnB
Hnh 3.7. Nhng cung ni A vi B (a): Khng ct nhau, (b): Ct nhau

Ch . i) Gi thit n lin ca min D khng b qua c (xem V d
3.23, 3.30). Nu D khng n lin th t khng nh a) ta khng th suy ra cc
khng nh cn li. Mun nhn c cc khng nh cn li, ta phi hn ch xt
trong min n lin con D no cha trong D.
ii) Nu tn ti hm u(x,y) c cc o hm ring lin tc trong min D ni
trn sao cho du Pdx Qdy th F (P,Q) gi l trng th, hm u(x,y) gi l
hm th (hm th nng, hm th v) ca trng, (chng ta s xt k hn v
trng Bi 3.5) v c th chng minh rng
B
P dx Q dy u(B) u(A) u(M) A .
(3.15)
AB
iii) Nu D m, n lin v mt trong 4 khng nh nu trong nh l 3.4

tha mn, (Khng nh (a) d kim tra hn c!) c th tnh hm th u(x,y):
u(x, y)
P dx Q dy + C
(3.16)
AM
l ng cong ty trn tng khc, khng t ct, nm trong D ni

trong AM
A vi M.
c bit, nu ng gp khc ACM (mi khc ca n song song vi mt
trong hai trc ta ) nm trong D. Vy
u(x, y)
P(x, y)dx Q(x, y)dy

AC
CM
86
P(x, y)dx Q(x, y)dy C
P(x, y0 )dx Q(x, y) dy C.

x0
y0
Tng t cho trng hp khi ng gp khc ABM nm trong D.

Nh vy, nu ng gp khc ACM (hoc ABM) nm trong D th
u(x, y)
(ch s 0 nh vo bin mt ln,

nh vo bin ny tch phn ly theo bin kia).
y
B
y0
M(x,y)
A(x0,y0)
x0
Hnh 3.9. ng gp khc m mi khc // trc ta ni A vi M

V d 3.5. Tnh tch phn I
xy
l cung
y 2dx (1 xy)dy , vi AO
AO
y x sin 2 x i t A(,0) O(0,0) .

Gii. P(x, y) e xy y 2 Py e xy (xy 2 2y) ;
Q(x, y) e xy (1 xy) Qx e xy (2y xy 2 ).
Vy Py Qx . Cc hm P, Q, Py , Qx lin tc. T , tch phn khng ph

thuc vo ng ly tch phn, ta chn on thng AO ni A vi O.
0
Trn AO, y = 0 nn I
P dx Qdy
AO
AO
87
P dx 0dx 0.
a
V d 3.6. Chng t rng biu thc 6x(e y x) dx (3x 2 y 2) e y dy l vi

phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y) no . Tm hm u(x,y) .
p dng: Tnh tch phn I 6x(e y x)dx (3x 2 y 2)e y dy trong L
L
l ng y3 3x 3 4x 0 i t im O(0,0) ti im A(1,1) .
Q
P
Q P
6x e y
,
, cc hm P, Q,
lin tc (trn 2 ) nn
x
y
x y
theo nh l 3.2 biu thc cho l vi phn ton phn. Chn (x 0 , y0 ) (0,0) , p
dng cng thc (3.17),
Gii. * V
u(x, y) (3.0 y 2) e y dy 6x(e y x) dx C

0
x 2 x3
(y 2) de y 6 e y

2
3
x
0
C e y (y 3 3x 2 ) 2x 3 C .
* Theo (3.15), I u(1,1) u(0,0) e 5.

Nhn xt. Theo ngn ng ca l thuyt trng , V d trn ngha l: Chng
t F 6x(e y x) i (3x 2 y 2) e y j l trng th; tm hm th. Tm lu s ca

trng khi mt cht im di chuyn t O(0,0) ti A(1,1) ).
V F l trng th, tch phn cho bng hiu hai gi tr ca hm th ti A

v O: I u(1,1) u(0,0) e 5.
#
Bi tp cha trn lp
7. / 2 .; 8. 2 ; 14. c) 7 a 2 / 2 ; 16. c) 3 / 2 ; d) 3 / 4 4 .
b) Tho lun
VD3.23 ; VD3.25 ; VD3. 26 ; VD3.27 ;
c) T hc
VD3.28 ;
VD3. 29 ; VD3.31
3(b); 10(b, c, d, e);
d) Bi tp (1t)
Ti liu [1], tr ....
Ti liu
88
Bi ging 9: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt (tip)

Chng, mc: 3
Tit th: 41-45
Tun th: 9
Mc ch, yu cu:
Nm c iu kin TP c lp vi ng ly TP.
Lm c bi tp
Nm c khi nim tch phn mt loi I,loi II

- Thi gian:
- a im:
- Ni dung chnh:
3.2. Tch phn ng loi II (tip: S c lp ca TP vo ng trong
KG)
Bi tp tch phn ng
3.3.Tch phn mt loi I
3.4.Tch phn mt loi II
3.2. TCH PHN NG LOI HAI

nh l 3.2. cng c tng qut sang trng hp khng gian.
nh l. Trong 3 cho U l mt tp m, n lin mt (xem [1]). Cc hm
P(x,y,z), Q(x,y,z), R(x,y,x) cng cc o hm ring cp mt ca chng lin tc
trn U. Khi 4 mnh sau l tng ng vi nhau.
(a)
Q P R Q P R
vi mi (x, y, z) U .
x y y z z x
CCH NH!
(b)
P dx Q dy Rdz 0
vi mi ng cong L khng t ct, kn, trn
tng khc nm hon ton trong U.

(c) Tch phn
P dx Q dy Rdz , trong
l cung trn tng khc,

AB
AB
khng t ct, nm hon ton trong U, ch ph thuc vo im u A, im cui B

m khng ph thuc vo ng cong trn tng khc, khng t ct, nm hon
ton trong U ni A vi B.
(d) Biu thc P dx Q dy R dz l vi phn ton phn, tc l tn ti hm
u(x,y,z) c cc o hm ring (cp hai!) lin tc trong U v
du Pdx Qdy Rdz .

89
Ch . (i) Nu tn ti hm u(x,y,z), c cc o hm ring

lin tc trong
min U ni trn sao cho du Pdx Qdy Rdz th trng F (P,Q, R) gi l

trng th, u(x,y,z) gi hm hm th (hay hm th v, hm th nng) ca trng,
v c th chng minh rng
B
P dx Q dy Rdz u(B) u(A) u(M) A .
AB
(ii) Nu min D m, n lin mt v mt trong 4 khng nh nu trong

nh l 3.3 tha mn th c th tnh hm u(x,y,z) theo cng thc
u(x, y, z)
P dx Q dy Rdz +C
AM
l ng cong ty trn tng khc, khng t ct, nm trong U ni

trong AM
A vi M.
c bit, vi A(x 0 , y0 , z 0 ), B(x, y0 , z 0 ), C(x, y, z0 ) , M(x,y,z) m ng
gp khc ABCM (cc on ca n ln lt song song vi cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz)
nm trong U, th
y
u(x, y, z)
P(x, y0 , z0 )dx
x0
Q(x, y, z 0 )dy
y0
R(x, y, z) dz C . (3.17)
z0
Tng t vi cc trng hp khc ca ng gp khc ni A vi M.

(iii) Gi thit n lin ca min U l khng b qua c.
V d 3.8. Chng t rng y 2 z3dx 2xyz3dy 3xy 2 z 2dz l vi phn ton
phn ca hm u(x,y,z) no , tm hm ny. (Ni cch khc: Chng t rng
F y 2 z 3 i 2xyz 3 j 3xy 2 z 2 k l trng th, tm hm th v).

Gii. P y 2 z 3 , Q 2xyz3 , R 3xy 2 z 2 .
R rng cc iu kin v kh vi tha mn. Ta c
Q
P R
Q P
R
2yz3
,
6xyz 2
,
3y 2 z 2
.
x
y y
z z
x
Theo nh l, biu thc cho l vi phn ton phn. t
(x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) (0, 0, 0) , hm th v c th tnh nh sau:
x
u(x, y, z) 0dx 0dy 3xy 2z 2 dz C xy 2 z3 C .

0
Cha bi trn lp.

22. d) 2a(h a) ; 24. c) 12 / 5 ; d) 0; e) 4 a 3 / 3 ; f) 4a 3 ; h) 0.
25. / 3 .
90
3.3. TCH PHN MT LOI MT

3.3.1. M u
a. nh ngha. S: mt hu hn, (c din tch),
Hm s f (M) f (x, y, z) xc nh trn S.
Chia S thnh n mnh nh, gi cc mnh ny l (S1 ),...,(Sn ) v din tch
ca chng ln lt l S1 ,..., Sn .
n
Trn mnh Si ly im M i (x i , yi , zi ) ty . Lp tng I n f (Mi )Si .

i1
Gi di l ng knh ca mnh Si . Nu khi n sao cho

Max d i 0 m cc tng I n dn n mt gii hn I hu hn xc nh, khng
i 1,..., n
ph thuc vo cch chia mt S cng nh cch chn cc im Mi th gii hn

c gi l tch phn mt loi mt ca hm f(x,y,z) trn S v k hiu l
f (x, y, z) dS hay f (M) dS hay f dS.
S
Nu mt S kn th k hiu l
f (M) dS .
S
b. iu kin tn ti. Gi s rng:

i) Mt S lin tc, gii ni, (c din tch), trn tng mnh;
ii) Hm f(x,y,z) lin tc hoc b chn v lin tc tng mnh trn S.
Khi tn ti tch phn mt loi mt ca hm f(x,y,z) trn S.
c. Tnh cht. Ging tnh cht ca TP xc nh.
3.3.2. ngha
a. ngha hnh hc. Nu mt S lin tc, gii ni, trn tng mnh th din
tch S ca n c th tnh theo cng thc
dt(S) dS .
(3.18)
b. ngha c hc. Nu khi lng ring ca mt ti mi im M(x,y,z)

ca n l (x, y,z) th:
i) Khi lng ca mt cho bi
m (x, y, z) dS ;
(3.19)
ii) Trng tm G(x G , yG , zG ) c cc ta c tnh theo cng thc
91
xG
1
x (x, y, z) dS,
m
S
yG
1
y (x, y, z) dS,
m
S
zG
1
z (x, y, z) dS.
m
S
(3.20)
3.3.3. Cch tnh

+ S: z z(x, y), (x, y) D (D min ng, gii ni)
+ z(x,y) cng cc o hm ring cp mt zx , zy lin tc trn D.
Khi
f (x, y, z) dS f (x, y, z(x, y))

S
1 zx2 zy2 dxdy .
(3.21)
T t ra cng thc tng t cho cc trng hp khc.
Hnh 3.11. Mt cho bi phng trnh hin (a) v mt V d 3.9 (b)

V d 3.9. Tnh tch phn I z 2 dS , trong S l mt phn tm mt cu
S
2
x y z a
(a 0); x, y, z 0.
Gii. Trn S th z a 2 (x 2 y 2 ), (x, y) D vi D l phn hnh trn

tm O, bn knh a nm gc phn t th nht. Ta c
z
x
z
y
x
a 2 (x 2 y 2 ) y
a 2 (x 2 y 2 )
2
a2
z z
1 2
.
x y
a (x 2 y 2 )
92
a2
I (a (x y ))
D
a 2 (x 2 y 2 )
dxdy
a 2 a 2 (x 2 y 2 ) dxdy.
D
/2
I a2
d a 2 r 2 r dr
0
a 4
. (Ta cc).
6
3.4. TCH PHN MT LOI HAI

3.4.1. Mt nh hng
Yu cu v h php tuyn ca mt: Bin thin lin tc.
Pha m cc php tuyn n(M) hng vo l pha dng, pha cn li l

pha m.
Hnh 3.13. Pha ca mt: (a) pha trn, (b) pha di,
(c) pha ngoi
i vi mt S cho bi phng trnh z z(x, y) , pha ca S ng vi php
tuyn lm vi tia Oz mt gc nhn l pha trn, pha kia gi l pha di (xem
Hnh 3.13a,b).
Nu mt S cho bi phng trnh x x(y, z) , ta c th xt pha trc - pha
sau. Nu S cho bi phng trnh y y(z, x) , ta c th ni n pha tri - pha
phi. Thc ra cc t trn - di, trc - sau, tri - phi y ch c tnh c l,
ph thuc vo v tr tng i ca h trc vi ngi quan st.
Mt kn bt k khng t ct S (mt cu, mt elipsoide ...) l mt hai pha.
Pha c php tuyn hng vo min trong gii hn bi mt S c gi l pha
trong ca S, pha kia c gi l pha ngoi ca S (xem Hnh 3.13c).
Bn hy ni nhng pha c th ca chic chum?
Mt tr, mt cu, mt nn?
Lu : C nhng rc ri khi xc nh pha ca mt: bng Mbius. Ta ly
mt bng giy hnh ch nht ABCD; xon bng li na vng; dn cho A vi C,
B vi D, ta s c bng Mbius (xem Hnh 3.12).
93
B D
Hnh 3.12. Bng Mbius

Mt con kin c th b trn c hai pha ca mt m khng cn b qua
bin. Mt nh th l mt 1 pha. Tuy nhin ngi ta loi i nhng trng hp rc
ri ny, ch xt mt 2 pha.
Cho mt mt nh hng S c gii hn bi bin C gm mt (nu mt n
lin) hoc mt s (nu mt a lin) ng cong kn, lin tc, trn tng khc. Ta
gi hng dng trn C ng vi pha chn ca mt S l hng m mt ngi
quan st ng thng theo hng ca php tuyn ca mt, i dc theo hng
dng ca ng cong s thy phn gn nht ca mt S lun v bn tri (xem
Hnh 3.14).
(a)
(b)
Hnh 3.14. Hng dng ca bin ca mt n lin (a) v ca mt a lin (b)

Mt S c gi l nh hng tng mnh nu n l lin tc, c phn
chia bi mt s hu hn ng trn tng khc thnh mt s hu hn mnh nh
hng, hng trn mi mnh c xc nh sao cho hai hng dng trn phn
bin chung ca hai mnh k nhau l ngc nhau.
(b)
(a)
A
S1
S2
Hnh 3.15. Mt nh hng tng mnh (a), pha ngoi ca hnh hp (b)
Theo nguyn tc ny, hnh hp c th nh hng ra ngoi (Hnh 3.15b) hoc ngc li, nh hng vo trong.
94
3.4.2. Tch phn mt loi hai
a. Bi ton thng lng. Cht lng c vn tc v khng i theo thi gian

cng nh khng ph thuc vo v tr ca im xem xt. Xt mt mnh phng S
t trong cht lng, bit rng S l mt nh hng vi vc t php tuyn n v
n v vi din tch S . Trong mt n v thi gian, lng cht lng chy qua mt
S (t tri sang phi) l th tch hnh tr xin (xem Hnh 3.16):

V v. cos (n, v). S n v . S .
(3.22)
y chng ta quy c rng mang gi tr dng nu gc hp bi vc t
php tuyn n vi v l gc nhn, mang gi tr m nu l gc t.
cn c gi l thng lng ca trng vn tc v qua mt S.
Hnh 3.16. Lng cht lng chy qua mt S trong mt n v thi gian
Tng qut ha tnh hung trn khi vn tc v ph thuc vo im t M

trong mi trng, mt vn coi l khng i, v mt S l mt cong nh hng,
cng nh nhiu hin tng vt l khc, ngi ta i n khi nim tch phn mt
loi hai.

b. nh ngha. Trong min khng gian G xt hm vc t F F(M)
P(M) i Q(M) j R(M) k . Trong G cho mt nh hng S vc t php

tuyn n v ti im M S l n n(M) (cos (M), cos (M),cos (M)) . Chia
S thnh cc mnh nh (S1 ), ..., (Sn ) khng dm ln nhau v gi din tch
tng ng ca chng l S1 , ..., Sn . Trn mnh ( Si ) chn mt im Mi ty .
Lp tng sau y, gi l tng tch phn:
n
I n F(Mi ) n(Mi ) Si
i1
n
P(Mi )cos (Mi ) Q(Mi )cos (Mi ) R(Mi )cos (Mi ) Si .

i1
Nu khi n sao cho Max d i 0 ( di l ng knh ca mnh ( Si ))

m tng I n dn n gii hn I hu hn xc nh, khng ph thuc vo cch chia
mt S v cch chn cc im Mi th gii hn c gi l tch phn mt loi
hai ca cc hm P(M), Q(M), R(M) (hay ca trng vc t F(M) ) trn S v

c k hiu l
P(x, y, z) dydz Q(x, y, z) dzdx R(x, y, z) dxdy

S
95
(3.23)
(hoc n gin hn,
P dydz Q dzdx R dxdy ).

S
Nu S l mt nh hng tng mnh, tch phn trn S l tng cc tch phn

trn nhng mnh nh nh hng:
n
P dydz Q dzdx R dxdy P dydz Q dzdx R dxdy .

i 1 Si
S1...Sn
Ch . Tch phn c vit n gin hn khi mt (hay hai) thnh phn P,

Q, R trit tiu, cng nh khi c tha s chung, chng hn
P dydz, ... ; HP dydz HQ dz dx H(P dydz Q dz dx) .

S
Mt cong kn S l bin ca min hu hn V no trong khng gian v

khng c ch dn g thm th ta quy c tch phn ly trn S theo pha ngoi l:
P dydz Q dzdx R dxdy .

S
c. iu kin tn ti
Nu S l mt nh hng tng mnh v cc hm P, Q, R lin tc trn S th
tn ti tch phn mt loi hai ca cc hm ny trn S.
d. Tnh cht
S ph thuc vo hng ca mt. Nu mt c chn theo hng
ngc li th tch phn c cng tr tuyt i nhng i du:
P dydz Q dzdx R dxdy P dydz Q dzdx R dxdy
(3.24)
y S l mt S vi hng dng chn ban u, S l mt S vi hng

ngc li.
Mi lin h vi tch phn mt loi mt
Nhc li: n(M) (cos (M), cos (M),cos (M)) - vc t php tuyn n v
tai im M ca mt nh hng S.
P dydz Q dzdx Rdxdy (P cos Q cos R cos ) dS

S

F n dS .
(3.25)
Ngoi ra, tch phn mt loi c cc tnh cht thng thng ca tch phn
nh tnh cht tuyn tnh, h thc Chasles, ...
Lu . Mt s ti liu dng v phi ca phng trnh (3.25) lm nh ngha
cng nh k hiu ca tch phn mt loi hai.
3.4.3. ngha
i vi trng vc t F P i Q j R k , thng lng ca trng qua
mt nh hng S l tch phn mt loi hai ca F trn S:

96
P dydz Q dzdx R dxdy .

S
(Nh li trng vn tc: lng cht lng chy qua mt theo chiu xc
nh trong mt n v thi gian).
3.4.4. Cch tnh
* S dng cng thc lin h hai loi tch phn mt
* Mt cho bi phng trnh hin z z(x, y)
S: z z(x, y), (x, y) D (D l hnh chiu ca S xung mt Oxy),
Pha ca mt l pha trn th cc vc t php tuyn s to vi trc Oz mt
gc nhn. N (zx , zy , 1) (thnh phn th 3 ca php tuyn 0 ), php

tuyn n v tng ng l
zy

zx
1
n
,
,
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 zx zy
1 zx zy
1 zx zy
Thay vo (3.25) v s dng cch tnh tch phn mt loi mt ta c:

zy .Q
zx .P
R
I
dS .
2
2
2
2
2
2
z
1
z
1
z
S
x
y
x
y
x
y
( zx .P(x, y, z(x, y)) zy .Q(x, y, z(x, y)) R(x, y, z(x, y))) dxdy.
D
Nu pha ca mt l pha di (php tuyn to vi trc Oz mt gc t) th

ta phi thm du tr vo v phi.
nh l 3.4. Gi s mt cong (S) cho bi phng trnh hin z z(x, y) , l
hm lin tc cng cc o hm ring zx , zy trn min ng, gii ni (c din
tch) D trong 2 . Cng gi s rng P, Q, R l nhng hm lin tc trn (S). Khi
xy ra cng thc
P dydz Q dzdx R dxdy ( zx .P zy .Q R) dxdy .

S
(3.26)
c bit,
R(x, y, z) dxdy R(x, y, z(x, y)) dxdy .

S
(3.27)
Du cng "+" hay tr " " ty thuc vo pha ca mt chn l pha trn hay
pha di.
V d 3.10. Tnh tch phn mt loi hai
dxdy zdydz , trong S l
S
2
phn ca mt z x y nm pha trn hnh vung D: 1 x 1, 1 y 1 v

hng ln pha trn.
Gii. z x 2 y 2 , zx 2x, zy 2y . V mt ly theo pha trn, theo cng
thc (3.26) nhn c
97
dxdy zdydz zdydz 0.dzdx x 2dxdy
4
( 2x)z(x, y) 1.x 2 dxdy (x 2 2x 3 2xy 2 )dxdy . #
3
D
D
V d 3.11. Tnh thng lng ca trng vc t F yi x j 4 k trong
S l phn tm th nht ca mt cu x 2 y 2 z 2 1 v hng ra ngoi.

Gii. x 2 y 2 z 2 1, z 0 z 1 x 2 y 2 ,
zx
1 x 2 y2
, zy
y
1 x 2 y2
Mt hng ra ngoi cng l hng ln trn. Theo (3.26),

y dydz xdzdx 4dxdy
S
xy
xy
4 dxdy
2
2
1 x 2 y2
D 1 x y
4dxdy 4dt(D) 4. .
4
D
xdydz ydzdx zdxdy , trong

S
S l mt xung quanh ca t din gii hn bi cc mt phng to

x 0, y 0, z 0 v mt x y z 1 , hng ra pha ngoi.
Gii. I I1 I2 I3 I4 , trong Ii l tch phn ly trn mt Si , i 1, 4 .
Hnh 3.17. T din V d 3.12

98
V nh hng ra pha ngoi nn mt S1 hng xung pha di, vc t
php tuyn n v l k (0, 0, 1) . Vy
I1 xdydz ydzdx zdxdy (x.0 y.0 z.(1) dS

S1
S1
z dS 0 dxdy 0 (D l tam gic OAB).

S1
(C th nhn xt rng, trn S1 th z 0 dz 0 dydz dzdx 0 . Vy
I1 xdydz ydzdx zdxdy 0 0 z dxdy 0 ).

S1
S1
T tnh i xng suy ra I 2 I3 I1 0 .
tnh I4 , ta thy z 1 x y N (zx , zy ,1) (1,1,1) , dng (3.26):
I 4 xdydz ydzdx z dxdy (x y z(x, y))dxdy 1dxdy

S4
1
.
2
1
Suy ra I .
2
* Thc ra sau y s dng cng thc Ostrogradski-Gauss mc 3.4.6 s

tin li hn nhiu.
#
3.4.5. Cng thc Stokes
nh l 3.5 (Cng thc Stokes). Gi s S l mt nh hng c tng
mnh, bin ca S l ng cong L kn, trn tng khc, hng ca L c xc
nh ph hp vi hng dng ca mt.
Gi s cc hm P(x,y,z), Q(x,y,z), R(x,y,z) lin tc cng vi cc o hm
ring ca chng trn tp m no ca 3 cha S. Khi
Pdx Qdy Rdz

L
Q P
R Q
P R

dxdy
dydz
dzdx.
S
(3.29)
y3dx x 3dy z3dz , trong C l giao
C
2
tuyn ca hnh tr x y 1 v mt phng 2x 2y z 2 nh hng sao cho

hnh chiu ca n trn mt phng Oxy c chiu ngc kim ng h.
Gii. Gi E l elip c bin C, nh hng ln trn. Hnh chiu E ln Oxy l
hnh trn D : x 2 y 2 1 . Theo cng thc Stokes,
I 3x 2 3y 2 dxdy (0 0)dydz (0 0)dzdx

S
99
3x 3y dxdy 3.2. r 2rdr

2
3
.
2
3.4.6. Cng thc Ostrogradski-Gauss

nh l 3.5 (Cng thc Ostrogradski-Gauss) (hay nh l Divergence).
Gi s V l min gii ni, ng trong 3 vi bin l mt S kn, trn tng
mnh, nh hng c. Cng gi s rng cc hm P(x,y,z), Q(x,y,z), R(x,y,z)
lin tc cng vi cc o hm ring ca chng trn tp m cha V. Khi
P dydz Qdzdx Rdxdy x y z dxdydz .

S
(3.30)
Tch phn trn mt S v tri c ly theo pha ngoi.
xy dydz x
2
y dzdx (x 2 y 2 )z 2dxdy ,
S
2
trong S l mt ngoi ca hnh tr x y 2 1, 0 z 1 , hng ra ngoi.

Gii. Gi hnh chiu ca hnh tr ln mt phng Oxy l D, theo cng thc
Ostrogradski-Gauss,
I (y 2 x 2 2z(x 2 y 2 ))dxdydz (x 2 y 2 )(2z 1)dxdydz

V
(x 2 y 2 )(z 2 z) 10 dxdy 2 (x 2 y 2 ) dxdy .

D
xydydz (y
e xz ) dzdx cos (xy) dxdy ,
trong S l mt xung quanh ca min G gii hn bi hnh tr parabolic

z 1 x 2 v cc mt phng z 0, y 0, y z 2 , hng ra ngoi.
Gii. Tnh trc tip tch phn cho l kh khn v phi tnh trn 4 mnh
khc nhau. Ta s dng cng thc Ostrogradski-Gauss,
1
1 x 2
I (y 2y) dxdydz 3 dx
V
100
2 z
dz
ydy
184
.
35
Hnh 3.18. Min V d 3.15

I x 2dydz 2xy dzdx 3xz dxdy ,
S
vi S l phn mt cu x 2 y 2 z 2 4 nm trong gc phn tm th nht

x 0, y 0, z 0 , hng ra pha ngoi (khng k cc hnh r qut nm trn cc
mt phng ta ).
Gii. Nu ta dng cng thc (3.26) ta s i n tch phn kh khn.
B sung thm cc mt S1 : x 0, S2 : y 0, S3 : z 0 , cng vi S ta c
mt mt kn S (xem Hnh 3.11b). Gi V l min gii hn bi S , theo cng thc
Ostrogradski-Gauss,
I

S
S1
S2
S3
2x 2x 3x dxdydz 3x dxdydz .
V
S1
S2
S3
(Tch phn mt trn mi mt S1, S2, S3, u bng 0).

Chuyn sang ta cu,
x r cos sin , y r sin sin , z r cos , J r 2 sin
/2
I3
/2
d d (r cos sin ).(r

0
sin ) dr 3 .
V d 3.17. Dng cng thc Ostrogradski-Gauss tnh tch phn V d

3.12.
1
1
Gii. I (1 1 1) dxdydz 3 dxdydz 3. 1.1.1 .
6
2
V
V
b) Tho lun
c) T hc
VD3.32 ;
d) Bi tp (1t)
Ti liu
Ti liu [1], tr ....
VD 3.33; VD3.34 .
101
102
Bi ging 10: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt (tip)

Chng, mc: 3
Tit th: 46-50
Tun th: 10
Mc ch, yu cu:
Lm c cc bi tp cn bn ca chng
Thy s gn kt cht ch ca cc loi TP vi l thuyt trng.
Phm vi ng dng ca TP, Trng trong thc t, trong k thut

- Thi gian:
- a im:
- Ni dung chnh:
Bi tp Tch phn ng loi II.
3.5. L thuyt trng
22. d) 2a(h a) ; 24. c) 12 / 5 ; d) 0; e) 4 a 3 / 3 ; f) 4a 3 ; h) 0. 25. / 3 .
3.5. L THUYT TRNG
3.5.1. Trng v hng
a. nh ngha. Trng v hng l phn khng gian G m ti mi im M
ca n c xc nh mt i lng v hng u(M) ( ) .
Nh vy, bn cht ton hc ca trng l hm u(M), gi l hm v hng
ca trng. n gin, ta gi l trng v hng u(M), hay trng u.
Gi s trong h trc Oxyz cho trc no im M c ta (x,y,z). Vic
cho trng tng ng vi vic cho hm s u u(x, y, z) xc nh trn G.
Ta ch xt trng m hm u khng ph thuc vo thi gian, gi l trng
dng. Hn na, ta cng ch xt nhng trng m cc o hm ring ca hm u
tn ti v khng ng thi bng 0.
b. Mt mc. Cho trng v hng u(M). Phng trnh u(x, y, z) c ,
(c const) xc nh mt mt no , gi l mt mc (hay mt ng tr).
R rng l cc mt mc khc nhau th khng ct nhau. Hn na, cc mt
mc lp y min G. Ti mi im ca G c mt v ch mt mt mc i qua.
c. Gradient. Ly mt im M 0 (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) G . t u 0 u(x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) . Xt
mt mc qua M 0 , l mt (S) : u(x, y, z) u 0 u(x, y, z) u 0 0.
Theo
(1.73),
vc
php
ca
(S)
ti
im
M0
u(M 0 ) u(M 0 ) u(M 0 )

x , y , z , c gi l vc t gradient ca trng ti M 0 , k

hiu l grad u(M 0 ) (hay u(M 0 ) ). Nh vy
103

u(M 0 ) u(M 0 ) u(M 0 )
grad u(M 0 )
,
,
.
y
z
x
iu ny xy ra ti im M 0 bt k, vy ta c
u u u
grad u , ,
x y z
(lun gi thit grad u 0 ). Chng ta nhn c nh l sau.
(3.31)
nh l 3.7. Gradient ca trng v hng u u(x, y, z) ti mt im bt

k ng phng vi vc t php tuyn ca mt mc ca trng i qua im y.
Hnh 3.19 m t cc ng ng mc ca trng phng. Ta im M bt
k, vc t grad vung gc vi vc t tip tuyn ca mt mc.
Hnh 3.19. Vc t gradient thng gc vi mt mc
H qu. Nu l hng tip xc vi mt mc qua im M trong trng u
u(M)
0.
th o hm ca hm u(x,y,z) theo hng trit tiu:
Tnh cht. Cho u1 , u 2 l hai trng v hng trn G, f l hm s kh vi, C

l hng s thc bt k. Khi
grad (u1 u 2 ) grad u1 grad u 2 ,
grad (Cu) Cgrad u,
grad (u1u 2 ) u1 grad u 2 u 2 grad u1 ,
grad f (u) f (u) grad u .

(3.32)
Nh vy, khi coi gradient nh mt ton t, tnh cht ca n rt ging tnh
cht ca ton t o hm.
3.5.2. Trng vc t
a. nh ngha. Trng vc
t l phn khng gian m ti mi im M(x,y,z)
ca n c xc nh mt vc t F :

F F(M) F(x, y, z) .
Ging nh trng v hng, quan trng y l hm vc t F(M) .

104
Thng thng, trng vc t gn vi khi nim vt l c th, v d: trng

lc hp dn, trng vn tc ca nhng ht cht lng cha y trong mt min
khng gian no v chuyn ng, t trng, in trng...
Nh vy, trng vc t chnh l mt hm vc t xc nh trn mt min
trong khng gian.
Vic cho trng vc t F tng ng vi vic cho ba hm v hng

P(x,y,z)), Q(x,y,z), R(x,y,z) trong G 3
F(x, y, z) P(x, y, z) i Q(x, y, z) j R(x, y, z) k

.
(hay F P i Qj Rk).
Chng ta ch xt nhng trng vc t m cc hm P, Q, R c cc o hm
ring lin tc trong G.
biu din trng, ngi ta v cc vc t F(M1 ), ... , F(M n ) ti cc im

tng ng M1 ,..., M n thuc trng (xem Hnh 3.20).
V d 3.18. i) Xt mt in tch q (q 0) t ti gc ta O. Gi s ti
im M(x,y,z) ta t mt in tch n v q1 1 . Theo nh lut Coulomb, lc
y t ln q1 xc nh bi
q
r
E
r A 3,
3
40 r
r
trong 0 8,85.10 12 , r OM x i y j z k, r r x 2 y 2 z 2 .
E c gi l vc t in trng, trng E xung quanh gc O gi l in

trng.
Hnh 3.20. in trng (tri) v dng hi lu mt vng bin (phi)

ii) Xt mt cht lng chuyn ng trong
mt vng khng gian no . Vn
tc ca ht cht lng ti im M l vc t V(M) . Vy, trong cht lng ta c
mt trng vn tc V . Vc t V c ba thnh phn Vx , Vy , Vz (xem Hnh 3.20

(phi) (t [18])).
#
b. ng dng (ng sc)
ng dng ca trng vc t l mi ng cong m tip tuyn ca n ti
mt im ty ng phng vi vc t ca trng t ti im ny.
105

Cho trng vc t F (P,Q, R) . tm phng trnh ca ng dng C:
x x(t), y y(t), z z(t) , ta thy vc t ch phng ca tip tuyn ti M
M(x(t), y(t), z(t)) l (x(t), y(t), z(t)) . Vc t ny phi ng phng vi vc t
F (P(x(t), y(t), z(t)), Q(x(t), y(t), z(t)), R(x(t), y(t), z(t))) . Vy,
x(t) y(t) z(t)
dx dy dz
hay
.
P
Q
R
P
Q R
(3.33)
i vi trng in V d 3.18, nghim ca (3.33) l cc tia xut pht t

gc ta .
T trng c cc ng dng l cc "cung" ni hai cc Bc-Nam.
Vi t trng hay in trng, cc ng dng cn gi l cc ng sc
(th hin chiu ca lc tc ng).
c. Thng lng
Ta bit rng (bi 3.2) i vi trng vn tc trong cht lng, lng
cht lng chy qua mt S trong mt n v thi gian c tnh bi
Pdydz Qdzdx Rdxdy .
S
Chng ta s m rng khi nim thng lng sang trng vc t.
Cho trng vc t F Pi Qj Rk trong min G. Gi s S l mt cong
nh hng tng mnh trong G v n (cos, cos, cos ) l vc t php tuyn

n v ca mt S theo pha chn ca S.
Thng lng ca trng F theo hng chn ca cc php tuyn xc

nh bi tch phn mt loi hai
Pdydz Qdzdx Rdxdy
S
T mi lin h gia 2 loi tch phn mt, gi tr ny chnh l

(P
cos
Q
cos
Rcos
)
dS
n dS .
S
V th, ngi ta hay vit cng thc tnh thng lng di dng vc t

(3.34)
F n dS
S
V d 3.19. Tch phn mt loi hai c s dng nhiu khi nghin cu s

truyn nhit. Gi s nhit ti im (x,y,z) trong mt vt th l u(x,y,z).
Trng vc t F K grad u (P,Q, R) c gi l dng nhit (heat flow) (c

ti liu gi l vc t thng lng nhit), trong hng s K K(x, y, z) 0 gi
l h s dn nhit a phng ca vt liu, vi vt ng cht th K l hng s,
c xc nh bng thc nghim. Ta phi dng du m ( ) v nhit c
truyn t cao xung thp. Lng nhit truyn qua mt S trong mt n v thi
gian - gi l tc truyn nhit qua mt S - cho bi
Pdydz Q dzdx R dxdy (P cos Q cos R cos ) dS .

S
106
y chnh l thng lng ca dng nhit qua mt S.

d. Divergence ( phn k)
Cho trng vc t F Pi Qj Rk trong min G, v nh thng l, gi s
cc o hm ring ca cc hm P, Q, R tn ti v lin tc. Divergence ca F , k

hiu l div F , l hm ba bin xc nh bi
P(M) Q(M) R(M)

div F(M)
.
(3.35)
x
y
z
Mt cch ngn gn, divergence ti im M l phn k ( pht tn)
trung bnh ti mt th tch nh bao quanh im ny.
Chng ta cng c th vit li cng thc Ostrogradski-Gauss di dng vc
t nh sau:
(3.37)
n
dS
divFdxdydz
divFdV
S
V
V
trong S l bin ca min V, hng ra ngoi.
Chnh v th, div F cn c gi l mt thng lng (mt pht tn)

ca trng.
* M no m div F(M) 0 th div F 0 trong ln cn im ny. Theo

cng thc (3.37), thng lng qua mt S ra pha ngoi dng. Ta gi im M
nh th l im ngun.
Ngc li, nu div F(M) 0 , th im M gi l im r (im ht).

Tnh cht. Cho F, F1, F2 l nhng trng vc t, C l vc t hng s, u l
trng v hng, k l hng s. Khi ta c

div (F1 F2 ) div F1 div F2 ;
div (kF) k div F;

div (u C) C grad u;
div (uF) F grad u u div F.
(3.38)
e. Lu s v rotation (xoy)
Ta bit rng cng T ca trng lc F P i Q j R k dc theo ng

cong C c tnh bi
T P dx Q dy R dz (Pcos Q cos R cos ) dS
C
trong (cos , cos , cos ) l vc t tip tuyn n v ca ng C theo

hng xc nh trn . Tng qut ha kt qu trn ta i n nh ngha:
nh ngha. Lu s (hay hon lu) ca trng vc t F P i Q j R k

dc theo ng cong nh hng C t trong trng l

(3.39)
L P dx Q dy R dz F ds .
107
d nh, ngi ta cn vit vc t ny di dng
i
j
k

rot (F)
grad F .
x y z
P Q R
vi
(3.41)

grad ,
, .
x y z
(K hiu " " ch tch c hng ca hai vc t).
(Nhiu ti liu k hiu vc t xoy l curl F).
T , chng ta c th vit li cng thc Stokes di dng vc t:

(3.42)
F
ds
rot
F n dS .
C
V phi th hin hiu ng quay ca trng quanh trc nh hng theo vc

t n 0 . Theo (3.43), hiu ng ny ln nht khi chn hng n 0 rot F(M 0 ) .

Nu rot F(M 0 ) 0 , th lu s ca trng dc theo ng cong kn kh b
bao quanh M 0 bng khng. Ta ni M 0 l im bnh thng.

Nu rot F(M 0 ) 0 th lu s ca trng dc theo mt ng trn kh b
bao quanh M 0 ni chung khc khng, Ta ni im M 0 l im xoy.

Vc t rot F gi l vc t xoy ca trng.

Tnh cht. Cho F, F1, F2 l nhng trng vc t, C l vc t hng s, u l
trng v hng, k l hng s. Khi ta c

rot (F1 F2 ) rot F1 rot F2

rot (kF) krot F

rot (u C) grad u C

(3.44)
rot (u F) urot F grad u F.
(3.45)
3.5.3. Ton t vi phn
Cho u u(x, y, z) l trng v hng, F P i Q j R k l trng vc t.

Xt cc ton t sau:
108
u u u
grad: u grad u
i
j k,
x
y
z
P Q R
div : F div F
,
x y z
i
j
k
rot : F rot (F)

.
x y z
P Q R
Cc ton t trn gi l cc ton t vi phn. Chng l cc ton t tuyn tnh.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn a vo cc ton t vi phn sau y.
a. Ton t Laplace l ton t
2
x 2
2
y 2
2
z 2
2
2
2
2u 2u 2u
(3.46)
: u u 2 2 2 u 2 2 2 .
y
z
x
y
z
x
b. Ton t del (cn gi l ton t nabla hay ton t Haminton), c k
hiu bi vc t tng trng

i
j k,
(3.47)
x
y
z
tc ng nh sau:
u u u
u
i
j k grad u,
x
y
z
P Q R
div F,
x y z
i
j
k

(3.48)
F
rot F.
x y z
P Q R
Mc du grad u, div F, rot F l nhng trng rt thng dng, song trong l

thuyt trng ngi ta hay thay chng ln lt bi

u, F, F .
V ton t l ton t tuyn tnh nn cc php nhn v hng, c hng

y c mt s tnh cht ca php
nhn v hng, c hng thng thng ca cc
vc t, ch cn coi ton t nabla nh mt vc t tng trng. Tuy nhin cng
c mt cht khc bit, chng hn

P Q R
;
F div F
x y z
109
(l ton t vi phn v hng).

F P. Q. R.
x
y
z
H qu

.
c.Trng dng (hay trng ng). Nu ti mi im M G u xy ra
div F(M) 0 th trng c gi l trng dng (hay trng ng).
Nh vy, trng dng l trng khng c im ngun, cng khng c im
r, thng lng qua mt kn bt k u bng khng.

d.Trng th. Nu ti mi im M G u xy ra rot F(M) 0 th
trng c gi l trng th.
Nh vy, trng th l trng khng c im xoy.
Gi s F (P,Q, R) ; F l trng th khi v ch khi
Q P R Q P R
.
x y y z z x
Nh vy, nu U l min m, n lin bt k trong G th theo nh l 3.3,
mt lot kt lun ta c th suy ra t iu ny:
F l trng th khi v ch khi tn ti hm u(x,y,z) trong U

F grad u ( du P dx Q dy R dz) . u(x,y,z) c gi l hm
th v ca trng.
bt
F l trng th khi v ch khi lu s trn mt ng cong AB
k ca trng (lin tc, khng t ct, trn tng khc trong U) ch
ph thuc vo im u v im cui ca trng, khng ph thuc
vo ng ni 2 im ny trong U. Lu s bng hiu gia th
ca trng ti im cui vi th ca trng ti im u:
Pdx Q dy R dz u(B) u(A) .
AB
e. Trng iu ha
Trng va l trng dng, va l trng th gi l trng iu ha.
Trng F l trng iu ho th trong mt min m, n lin U bt k

trong G, tn ti hm u(x,y,z) trong U - gi l hm th v ca trng - :

F grad u ( du P dx Qdy R dz)
(3.49)
2u 2u 2 u
x 2 x 2 x 2
A r
V d 3.22. Xt in trng V d 3.18: E 3 vi r x i y j z k .

r
... L trng iu ho.
Tm tt chng III. Xem [1]
110
* Kim tra 1 tit 3 chng u.
111
Bi ging 12: Phng trnh vi phn

Chng, mc: 4
Tit th: 56-60
Mc ch, yu cu:
Tun th: 12
Nm c cc khi nim cn bn v PTVP, cp, cc loi nghim,

gii c cc dng c bn ca PTVP cp mt.
Thy c mt s ng dng thc tin ca PTVP, PTVP cp mt.

- Thi gian:
- a im:
- Ni dung chnh:
4.1 Phng trnh vi phn cp mt
Chng 4. PHNG TRNH VI PHN

4.1. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP MT (4 tit)
4.1.1. Cc khi nim m u
Dng: F(x, y, y,..., y (n) ) 0
(4.1)
x: bin c lp, y: hm phi tm, y, ... , y (n) :o hm cc cp ca y,

F: hm no ca n + 1 bin.
Cp cao nht ca o hm c mt trong PT c gi l cp ca PTVP,
y x ln y y3 xe x :
cp I,
y 4y x8
cp II.
Nghim ca PTVP (4.1) trong khong (a, b) l mi hm s xc nh trn

(a, b) sao cho khi thay vo phng trnh ta c ng nht thc:
F(x, y(x), y(x), ... , y (n) (x)) 0 vi x (a, b) .
V d 4.1. y 9y 0 .
Cc hm Ccos3x; Dsin 3x , C, D - hng s ty l nhng nghim ca
phng trnh (PT) cho (trn ). Ni chung, PTVP c v s nghim.
#
Gii mt PTVP trn (a, b) l tm tt c cc nghim ca n trn khong ny.
Nghim c th tm di dng hin y = f(x), c th di dng n - tc l ch
ra mt biu thc (x, y) lin h bin c lp x vi hm phi tm y - cng nh c
th cho nghim di dng tham s: x x(t); y y(t) . Cc ng cong tng
ng biu din nghim gi l cc ng cong tch phn ca PT.
4.1.2. Dng tng qut ca PTVP cp mt
a. nh ngha. PTVP cp I dng tng qut:
112
F(x, y, y) 0
(4.2)
x: bin c lp, y: hm phi tm, y :o hm ca y, F l hm ca ba bin x, y, y

trong tp D m no ca 3 .
Nu c th gii y qua cc bin cn li:
y f (x, y) :
dng gii ra vi o hm.
b. Bi ton Cauchy. Cho PTVP cp I

y f (x, y)
(4.3)
(x, y) D 2 , (x 0 , y 0 ) D, D m
Hy tm hm y = y(x) xc nh trong mt ln cn no ca im x 0 , tha

mn phng trnh (4.3) v tha mn iu kin ban u:
(4.4)
y(x 0 ) y0
Hm y(x), nh vy gi l nghim ca bi ton Cauchy (hay bi ton gi tr
ban u) (4.3) (4.4).
nh l 4.1 (nh l tn ti duy nht nghim)
Cho PT (4.3), f(x,y) - lin tc trn D 2 , D m, (x 0 , y0 ) D . Khi :
i) nghim y y(x) xc nh trn mt ln cn no ca x 0 , tha mn
(4.4).
f (x, y)
lin tc trn D Nghim tha mn (4.4) l duy
y
nht trn ln cn va nu.
c. ngha hnh hc
ii) Ngoi ra, nu
y
y0
M0
x0
Hnh 4.1. ng cong tch phn qua im (x 0 , y0 ) c h s gc f (x 0 , y0 )

d. Cc loi nghim
Nghim tng qut. Nghim tng qut ca PTVP (4.3) l biu thc
y (x,C) , C hng tu sao cho:
i) Vi mi hng s C ty , hm s y (x,C) l mt nghim ca (4.3).
ii) Vi mi im (x 0 , y0 ) trong min D, ti iu kin tn ti duy nht
nghim nh l 4.1 c tha mn, c th gii ra C C0 sao cho hm s
y (x,C0 ) tha mn iu kin ban u y x x0 y0 .
113
Tch phn tng qut. Nu h thc

(x, y,C) 0
(4.6)
: biu thc lin h gia bin c lp x, hm phi tm y, C l hng ty xc

nh nghim th n gi l tch phn tng qut ca PT cho.
Nghim ring - tch phn ring. Thay hng s ty C bi gi tr c th
C0 vo nghim tng qut (4.5), ta c y (x,C0 ) , gi l nghim ring.
Thay hng s ty C bi gi tr c th C0 vo tch phn tng qut (4.6), ta

c (x, y,C0 ) 0 , gi l tch phn ring.
4.1.3. Phng trnh vi bin s phn ly (PT tch bin)
Dng: f (x) dx g(y) dy .
(4.7)
Coi y l hm ca x: y y(x) ta c dy y(x) dx . Thay vo PT:
f(x) dx g(y(x)) y(x) dx .

Tch phn hai v:
f(x) dx g(y(x)) y(x) dx g(y) dy.

Nh vy, gii PT vi bin s phn ly, ta ch vic tch phn hai v:
f (x) dx g(y) dy C .
(4.8)
Ch . Cc phng trnh
u(x) dx v(y)dy 0
(4.7')
y g(x) h(y) .
(4.7'')
c th chuyn v dng (4.7) d dng. Chng hn, PT (4.7") chuyn thnh

dy
dy
g(x)h(y)
g(x) dx (khi h(y) 0) .
dx
h(y)
(Mt s ti liu coi (4.7') hay (4.7'') l PT vi bin phn ly).
V d 4.2. Gii phng trnh (1 x)y dx (1 y)x dy 0 .
Xt x 0, y 0 , phng trnh tr thnh
1 x
1 y
1 x
1 y
dx
dy
dx
dy C
x
y
x
y
ln x x y ln y C ln xy x y C : Tch phn tng qut.
Cn c 2 nghim x 0 v y 0 : nghim k d.
Nhn xt. Nhiu khi cn chia hai v PT cho y, thng ta phi kim tra xem
hm hng s y 0 c l nghim hay khng.
Cng rt nhiu khi cn chia hai v cho x, ta mc nhin t iu kin x 0
ri thc hin php chia. Thc ra vn phc tp hn nhiu, cn "ghp ni"
nghim.
#
4.1.4. Phng trnh thun nht
a. Dng:
y g(x, y) , g - hm thun nht
114
g(x, y)- hm thun nht: g(kx, ky) g(x, y) k 0.
(4.9)
y
y
g(x, y) g x.1, x. g 1, f , x 0,
x
x
x
y
Vy ta lun c th vit PT thun nht di dng y f .
x
y
Gii. Ta hy tm hm u u(x) y u(x).x u.x u l nghim.

x
Thay vo phng trnh ta c

y ux u f (u) ux f (u) u .
Trng hp f (u) u 0 , chia hai v cho f (u) u 0 :
du
dx
:
f (u) u x
PT phn ly
du
dx
du
hay ln x
C g(u) C
f (u) u
x
f (u) u
x Ceg(u) Ceg(y/x) . y l tch phn tng qut.

Trng hp PT f (u) u 0 c nghim u u 0 th r rng
y
u 0 y u 0 x cng l mt nghim.
x
xy
V d 4.4. y
.
xy
x y 1 (y / x)
: hm thun nht.
x y 1 (y / x)
t y u x y ux u .
Vi x 0,
1 u
dx
1 u
1 u2
du
.
u x u
u x
2
1 u
1 u
x
1 u
Ly tch phn hai v,
1 u
1
ln x
du arctan u ln(1 u 2 ) ln C
2
2
1 u
x
arctan u
y
arctan .
x
Ce
e
x y
.
1 u2
b. Phng trnh a c v dng thun nht. l PT
a x b1y c1
y f 1
, a i , bi , ci const .
a
x
b
y
c
2
2
2
(4.10)
a x b1y c1 0
* Nu h PT i s tuyn tnh 1
c nh thc khc khng:
a 2 x b 2 y c 2 0
115
a1
a2
b1
a
b
0 1 1 ,
b2
a 2 b2
th c th gii ra nghim duy nht x x 0 , y y0 . t

u x x 0
x u x 0
; dx du, dy dv, v v(u)
y
y
y
0
0
a u b1v
dv
f 1
: thun nht
du
a
u
b
v
2
2
(u - bin c lp, v - hm phi tm, h s c1 , c 2 bin mt, h s
a1, b1, a 2 , b 2 bo ton).
Phng trnh tr thnh
(Tip tc, t v t.u (t t(u)) ta a v dng phn ly ca bin t v u).

(Trc kia ta t y ux : Hm phi tm = hm phi tm mi bin l )
a
b1
a x b1y c1 0
a
b
* H 1
c nh thc = 0: 1
0 1 1 ,
a 2 b2
a 2 b2
a1x b 2 y c 2 0
t z a1x b1y (hoc z a1x b1y c1 , hoc z a 2 x b 2 y c 2 )
(x - bin c lp, z - n hm ): a PT v dng phn ly.

V d 4.6. Gii cc phng trnh
i) (x y) dx (2y x 1) dy 0 ;
ii) (x y 2) dx (2x 2y 2) dy 0 .
x y 0
Gii. i) Xt h
, nghim l
x 2y 1 0
x 1
y 1
u x 1 x u 1
t
,
1
y
dx du, dy dv, PT tr thnh (u v)du (2v u)dv 0 .
Ta tm hm v v(u) tha mn PT ny. y l PT thun nht, li t

v tu th dv u dt t du , nhn c
(u tu)du (2tu u)(u dt t du) 0
(2tu u) u dt (u 2tu 2t 2 u)du 0
Vi u 0, PT
2t 1
1 2t 2t
dt
2
du
ln 1 2t 2t 2 ln Cu
u
... x 2 2xy 2y 2 2y C (tch phn tng qut).

ii) Gii. t z x y; dz dx dy dy dz dx , PT tr thnh
(z 2)dx 2(z 1)(dz dx) 0 2(z 1)dz zdx .

1
* z 0, 2 1 dz dx 2(z ln z ) x C
z
hay 2(x y ln x y ) x C (tch phn tng qut).
116
* R rng z 0 y x cng l mt nghim, l nghim k d. #

4.1.5. Phng trnh tuyn tnh
Dng: y p(x)y q(x)
(4.11)
p(x), q(x) -lin tc trn khong (a, b) no .

S tn ti, duy nht nghim. (4.11) c vit li di dng
y f (x, y) vi f (x, y) p(x)y q(x) .
f (x, y)
p(x) lin tc trn D {a x b, y } .
y
Theo nh l 4.1, D l min tn ti duy nht nghim ca PT ny.
Nu v phi bng khng, (4.11) tr thnh
y p(x)y 0
(4.12)
Cc hm f (x, y),
c gi l PT tuyn tnh thun nht. N cng c gi l PT thun nht tng

ng vi PT khng thun nht (4.11).
Gii PT TT * Gii PT TN (4.12). Gi s y 0 ,
dy
p(x)dx : phn ly; tch phn hai v,
y
p(x)dx
ln y p(x)dx ln C hay y Ce
(C 0) .
Vi y = 0, thay vo (4.12) ta thy tha mn, vy y = 0 cng l nghim,

nghim ny ng vi C = 0. Vy, NTQ ca PT thun nht (4.12) l
p(x)dx
y Ce
, C - hng ty .
(4.13)
* Tm nghim ca (4.11) di dng (4.13), trong C C(x) l hm phi

tm no ca bin x. Ly o hm,
p(x) dx
p(x) dx
y C(x) e
C(c) e
( p(x)) .
Thay vo PT ban u
p(x) dx
p(x) dx
p(x) dx
C(x) e
C(x).p(x).e
p(x).C(x).e
q(x)
p(x) dx
p(x) dx
C(x) q(x) e
C(x) q(x) e
dx C.
Nhn c nghim tng qut

p(x) dx
p(x) dx dx , C - hng ty . (4.14) CCH NH!
ye
C q(x) e
Lu . * Cc k hiu tch phn bt nh (4.14) c hiu l mt nguyn

hm bt k ca hm di du tch phn; thng chng ta chn hng s ty
bng 0 khi s dng cc nguyn hm c bn.
p(x) dx
p(x) dx
e
( 1)
* y e
.
* Nn p dng trc tip (4.14) tnh nghim ca PT tuyn tnh.
* C th dng phng php tha s tch phn (cht ch hn) chng
minh (4.14) l nghim tng qut ca (4.11).
V d 4.7. Gii phng trnh
117
i) (x 2 1)y xy 1 , tha mn iu kin ban u y
x 0
2;
ii) e y dx (xe y 1)dy 0 .

Gii. i) PT y
x2 1
x2 1
Theo (4.14), nghim tng qut l
ye
x
x 2 1
dx
2 dx
1
C
x 2 1 e x 1 dx
1
ln(x 2 1)
e 2
ln(x 2 1)
1
2
C
e
dx
x2 1
T iu kin ban u suy ra y(0)
1
x2 1
1
x2 1
C ln(x x 2 1 .
C ln1
C 2 . Thay vo ta c
1
2 ln(x x 2 1 : nghim ring.
ii) Khi coi y l n hm, x l bin c lp, ta c y(xe y 1) e y 0 , l PT

khng c dng quen thuc. By gi coi y l bin c lp, x l n hm,
dx
PT
x e y : PT TT
dy
1dy
1dy y
dy e C y .
NTQ: x e C e ye
(l tch phn tng qut ca PT cho).

4.1.6. Phng trnh Bernoulli.
Dng: y p(x)y q(x)y
#
(4.15)
p(x), q(x) - lin tc trn (a, b) no , .

* 0 : PT TT, * 1 : PT phn ly, ( bit cch gii).
* 0 v 1 .
R rng y 0 l mt nghim.
Xt y 0 . Chia hai v cho y
NH!
y y p(x)y1 q(x) .
t z y1 z (1 )y y y y z / (1 ) , c
z / (1 ) p(x)z q(x)
z (1 )p(x)z (1 )q(x) : PTTT.
V d 4.9. Gii PT y
Gii. PT y
2
y (x 1)3 y 2 0 .
x 1
2
y (x 1)3 y 2 .
x 1
118
NH!
* Xt trng hp y 0 , chia hai v cho y2 c
y
y
t z
1
, ... , PT tr thnh
y
hay
2 1
(x 1)3 .
x 1 y
2
1
z (x 1)3 z ... (x 1) 4 C(x 1) 2
x 1
2
2
y
. y l nghim tng qut.
(x 1) 4 C(x 1) 2
* R rng y 0 l nghim; l nghim k d.
Lu . Ging nh vi PTTT,
(C th), coi y: bin c lp, x: n hm PT Bernoulli!
4.1.7. Phng trnh vi phn ton phn (PTVPTP)
Dng: P(x, y) dx Q(x, y) dy 0
(4.16)
P(x, y) dx Q(x, y) dy : vi phn ton phn ca mt hm u no , tc l trong tp

m D no tn ti hm u u(x, y)
du(x, y) P(x, y) dx Q(x, y) dy, (x, y) D.
Theo nh l 3.2, nu P(x,y), Q(x,y) l hai hm lin tc cng cc o hm
ring ca chng trn tp m, n lin D 2 v tha mn iu kin
Q(x, y) P(x, y)
, (x, y) D .
x
y
th v tri ca (4.6) l vi phn ton phn, hm u(x,y) c tnh theo cng thc
(3.15) hay (3.16).
TPTQ: u(x,y) = C.
V d 4.10. Gii PT [(1 x y)e x e y ] dx [e x xe y ]dy 0 .
Gii. P, Q cng cc o hm ring l lin tc.
Q P
e x e y . Chn (x 0 , y0 ) (0,0)
x y
x
u(x, y) (1 x)e x 1 dx e x xe y dy
(xe x x)
x x
x 0
(e x y xe y )
TPTQ: (x y)e x xe y C .
yy
y 0
(x y)e x xe y .
#
* Tha s tch phn (TSTP). Gi s PT (4.16) khng l PTVP ton phn,

nhng ta tm c mt hm s (x, y) 0, (x, y) D sao cho PT
(x, y) P(x, y) dx Q(x, u) dy 0

l PTVP ton phn, hay tng ng vi iu (D m, n lin)
119
(4.17)
(Q) (P)
, (x, y) D .
x
y
Hm (x, y) nh vy c gi l tha s tch phn.
Tm TPTQ ca (4.17): u(x, y) C , l TPTQ ca PT cho.
Q P
x y
(x) dx
(x) (hm ch ph thuc x): (x) e
*
; (4.18)
Q
P Q
y x
(y) dy
*
. (4.19)
(y) (hm ch ph thuc y): (y) e
P
V d 4.11. Gii PT (xsiny + ycosy)dx + (xcosy y siny)dy = 0.
Q
P
cos y;
x cos y cos y y sin y
Gii.
x
y
Q P
x y
( 1)dx
1, ch ph thuc x (x) e
C ex .
Q
(Ch cn chn mt TSTP l ; c th, chn C = 1 ta c TSTP l e x ).
Nhn hai v PT cho vi ta e x thu c (chc chn l PTVP ton phn!)
e x (x sin y y cos y) dx e x (x cos y y sin y) dy 0 .
Chn (x 0 , y0 ) (0,0) , TPTQ:

y
u(x, y) P(x,0)dx Q(x, y)dy 0 e x (x cos y ysin y)dy

0
x
e [x sin y y cos y sin y] C.
V d 4.12. Gii PT (2xy 2 3y3 )dx (7 3xy 2 )dy 0 .

Gii.
Q P
3y 2 (4xy 9y 2 ) 4xy 6y 2
x y
P Q
y x 2
(y 0, 2x 3y 0) , ch ph thuc vo bin y.
P
y
Chn (y) e
2
dy
y
1
y
. Nhn 2 v vi 1 / y 2 ta thu c PT
(2x 3y)dx 2 3x dy 0 .
y
Chn (x 0 , y0 ) (0, 1) , tnh hm u(x,y) theo cng thc
120
7
7
u(x, y) (2x 3) dx 2 3x dy x 2 3xy 7 .

y
0
1 y
TPTQ: x 2
7
3xy C , C- hng s ty .
y
D thy y = 0 l mt nghim, cn 2x 3y 0 khng xc nh nghim. #

4.1.8. Trng h s gc (xem ti liu [1] tr ...)
4.1.9. Qu o trc giao (xem ti liu [1] tr ...)
Mt s ng dng thc t ca PTVP cp I
b) Tho lun
- Pht biu bi ton Cauchy cho PTVP cp mt dng gii
c) T hc
ra vi o hm; pht biu nh l tn ti duy nht nghim,
nh ngha nghim tng qut, nghim ring, tch phn tng
qut, tch phn ring.
- Cc dng cn bn PTVP cp I v cch gii cc dng ny
- c cc V d 4. 34; VD 4.35 ; VD 4.36; VD 4.48; VD
4.49; VD 4.50
3(b); 10(b, c, d, e);
d) Bi tp (1t)
Ti liu [1], tr ....
Ti liu
Ch : Bi tp v nh cho c chng
B tr: 2(a);
3(a)
8;
10(e);
12(b);
15(b,c);
18(b);
20(a);
21(d); 23(a); 24(b, e); 26(a, b, d); 28(a, b); 31(c).
Chnh: 3(b);
10(b, c, d, e); 12(e, f, g); 13(b);
15(f, g); 18(c, d);
19(a, b, c, d, e);
24(e);
26(f, h, i, j); 27(c, d,e);
28(d, e, f, g); 30(d, e, f); 31(b);
32;
33(a, b, c).
VD 4. 34;
VD 4.35 ; VD 4.36; VD 4.48;
VD 4.49;
VD 4.50;
VD 4.51 ;
VD 4.52; VD 4.53; VD 4.54((i), (ii)).
Tm tt - PTVP cp mt
Dng: f (x) dx g(y) dy , f, g: lin tc
PT
phn ly
PT thun
Nht
PT tuyn tnh
PT Bernoulli
Gii:
f (x) dx g(y) dy C
y
Dng: y f
x
Gii: y u(x).x y ux u , a v PT phn ly
Dng: y p(x)y q(x)
Gii:
p(x) dx
p(x) dx dx
NTQ: y e
C q(x) e
Dng: y p(x)y q(x)y ( 0 v 1 )

Gii:
Chia hai v cho y , t z y1 a v PTTT

PT VP
Ton phn
Gii: TPTQ: u(x, y)
P(x, y0 )dx Q(x, y) dy C

x0
121
Q P
x
y
y0
Tha s tch
phn
Q P 1
(x) dx

(x) : Chn (x) e
x y Q
P Q 1
(y) dy
(y) : Chn (y) e

y x P
Bi ging 13: Phng trnh vi phn (tip)

Chng, mc: 4
Tit th: 61-65
Tun th: 13
Mc ch, yu cu:
Nm c cc khi nim cn bn v PTVP cp II, cu trc nghim
PTTT, gii c cc dng c bn ca PTVP h s hng, v phi
c bit.
Thy c mt s ng dng thc tin ca PTVP, PTVP cp hai.

- Thi gian:
- a im:
- Ni dung chnh:
Cha bi tp phng trnh vi phn cp 1
4.2 Phng trnh vi phn cp hai
d) Bi tp (2t) 12(e, f, g); 13(b); 15(f, g); 18(c, d); 19(a, b, c, d, e) (CpI)
4.2. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP HAI
4.2.1. M u
a. nh ngha. Dng tng qut ca PTVP cp II
F(x, y, y, y) 0 (phi c mt y'')
(4.23)
Nu c th gii ra y'' qua cc bin cn li:
y f (x, y, y) : PTVP cp hai dng gii ra vi o hm (4.24)
nh l 4.2 (nh l tn ti duy nht nghim)
f (x, y, y) f (x, y, y)
Xt PTVP (4.24), f (x, y, y),
: lin tc ca ba bin
,
y
y
(x, y, y) trong tp m D 3 .
(x 0 , y0 , y0 ) D , ! y = y(x) trong mt ln cn ca x 0 tha mn
y x0 y0 ,
y x0 y0 .
(4.25)
122
b. Nghim tng qut. NTQ ca PT (4.24) l h hm s y (x,C1,C2 ) ,

C1 ,C 2 - hng s ty :
i) C1 ,C 2 , hm s y (x,C1,C2 ) l nghim ca (4.24).
ii) (x 0 , y0 , y0 ) D , D: iu kin tn ti duy nht nghim ca PT (4.24)
tha
mn,
x0
y0 ; y
gii
x
ra
C1 C10 , C 2 C02
y (x,C10 ,C02 ) :
y0 .
c. Tch phn tng qut. Nu h thc (x,C1,C 2 ) 0 , trong C1 ,C 2 l

hai hng ty cho php xc nh NTQ, th h thc gi l TPTQ ca PT.
d. Nghim ring, tch phn ring. Khi thay cc hng s C1 ,C 2 mt gi tr
c th C10 , C02 no vo NTQ, ta c hm s y (x, C10 , C02 ) : NR.
Tng t, khi thay cc hng s C1 ,C 2 mt gi tr c th C10 , C02 no vo
TPTQ, c h thc (x,C10 , C02 ) 0 : TPR.
e. Bi ton gi tr ban u, bi ton bin
iu kin (4.25): iu kin ban u. Bi ton tm nghim ca PT (4.24)
tha mn KB (4.25) gi l bi ton gi tr ban u.
Bi ton bin: Tm nghim y y(x) ca PT (4.24) trn on [x1, x 2 ] v
tha mn
y(x1 ) y1; y(x 2 ) y1 : iu kin bin
(4.26)
x1 , x 2 , y1, y 2 (x1 x 2 ) : cc gi tr cho trc.

Bi ton bin: Khng phi lun c nghim.
4.2.2. Cc phng trnh gim cp c
a. Phng trnh F(x, y, y) 0 (vng y)
t y p p(x) . o hm y p .
Thay vo PT F(x, p, p) 0 : PT cp I (x: bin c lp, p: n hm).
i) x y2 y 1 ;
ii) y x y / x .
Gii. i) t y p p(x) y p , ta c x p2 p 1 .
y l PT cp I vi bin x. Li t
t p x t 2 t 1 , dx (2t 1) dt .
dp
2t 3 t 2
2
V
t; dp t dx t(2t 1) dt (2t t) p p(t)
C.
dx
3
2
4
5
1
y p(x) dx p(t) x(t) dt t 5 t 4 t 3 Ct 2 Ct D.
15
12
6
x t 2 t 1,
( nghim dng tham s)
4 5 5 4 1 3
2
y
Ct
Ct
D.
15
12
6
123
ii) t y p p(x) y p , ta c p
1
p x : PT TTcp I,
x
1
C
NTQ: p y x 2 .
3
x
NTQ PT cho: y x 3 / 9 C ln | x | D .
b. Phng trnh F(y, y, y) 0 (vng x)

d(y)
p(y).y p.p .
dx
Thay vo PT: F(y, p, p p) 0 : PT bc nht (y: bin c lp, p: n hm).
t y p p(y) y
V d 4.16. Gii phng trnh 2y y y2 0 .

Gii. t y p p(y) y p p , PT tr thnh
2y.p p p 2 0 p(2y p p) 0.
* p 0 y y D .
* p 0 2y p p 0. y 0,
2 dp
dy
p
y
1
C
ln p ln y ln C0 p
2
y
y
dy
C
y3/2 Cx D.
dx
y
Trng hp C 0 ta tr v h ni. Tm li, y3/2 Cx D .

4.2.3. Phng trnh tuyn tnh
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh (PTVPTT) cp hai c dng
y p(x)y q(x)y f (x)
(4.27)
p(x), q(x), f(x) -lin tc trn (a, b).

Nu f (x) 0 PT thun nht
y p(x)y q(x)y 0 .
(4.28)
PT (4.28) cng c gi l PT TN tng ng vi PT khng TN (4.27).
Cu trc nghim:
nh l 4.3. Nu y1 (x) v y 2 (x) l 2 nghim ca PT TN (4.28) th
C1, C2 , hm s C1y1 (x) C2 y 2 (x) cng l 1 nghim ca (4.28).
Chng minh. Thay y C1y1 (x) C2 y 2 (x) vo PT cho ta c
(C1y1 ) C2 y 2 ) p(x)(C1y1 C 2 y 2 ) q(x)(C1y1 C2 y 2 )

C1 (y1 p(x)y1 q(x)y1 ) C2 (y2 p(x)y2 q(x)y 2 ) 0 .
nh ngha. Hai hm s y1 (x), y 2 (x) c gi l c lp tuyn tnh (ltt)

trn khong (a, b) nu ng thc C1y1 (x) C2 y 2 (x) 0, x (a, b) , trong
C1 ,C 2 l hai hng s thc no , xy ra ch khi C1 C2 0 .
124
Tri li, nu tn ti hai hng s C1 ,C 2 khng ng thi bng 0
C1y1 (x) C2 y 2 (x) 0, x (a, b) .

th hai hm s y1 (x), y 2 (x) gi l ph thuc tuyn tnh (pttt) trn (a, b) .
S c lp, ph thuc cng c nh ngha tng t cho h n hm s.
nh l 4.4. Nu y1 (x), y 2 (x) l hai nghim ltt ca PT thun nht (4.28)
th nghim tng qut ca PT thun nht l
y C1y1 (x) C2 y 2 (x) , C1, C2 -hng s ty .
nh l 4.5. Nu y1 (x) 0 l mt nghim ring ca PT thun nht (4.28)
th ta c th tm nghim ring th hai ltt vi y1 (x) di dng
y 2 (x) y1 (x).u(x) . C th hn,
y 2 (x) y1 (x).
p(x) dx
e
y12 (x)
dx .
(4.29)
nh l 4.6. NTQ ca PT khng TN (4.21) bng tng ca NTQ ca PTTN

(4.22) vi mt nghim ring ca PT khng TN (4.21):
y C1y1 (x) C2 y 2 (x) y(x)
C1, C2 - hng s ty , y1 (x), y 2 (x) l 2 nghim ltt ca PTTN (4.22), y(x) l

mt nghim ring ca PT (4.21).
nh l 4.7 (Nguyn l xp chng (chng cht) nghim). Cho PT
y p(x)y q(x)y f1 (x) f 2 (x)
(4.30)
p(x), q(x), f1 (x), f 2 (x) : hm lin tc. Gi s
y1 (x) l mt nghim ring ca PT y p(x)y q(x)y f1 (x) ,
y2 (x) l mt nghim ring ca PT y p(x)y q(x)y f 2 (x).
Khi , y y1 (x) y 2 (x) l mt nghim ring ca PT (4.30).
4.2.4. Phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange
Gi s tm c 2 nghim ring ltt ca PT thun nht (4.28) l
y1 (x) v y 2 (x) . Theo nh l 4.4, nghim tng qut ca PT (4.28) l
y C1y1 (x) C2 y 2 (x) , trong C1, C2 l hai hng s ty .
Ging nh trng hp cp I, by gi ta tm nghim ca (4.27) di dng
(4.31)
y C1 (x) y1 (x) C 2 (x) y 2 (x)
vi C1 (x), C 2 (x) l nhng hm ca bin x trong khong (a, b). Ly o hm:
y C1 y1 C1y1 C2 y 2 C2 y2 .
Ta hy chn C1 (x), C 2 (x) tha mn iu kin b sung
C1 y1 C2 y 2 0 .
Khi y C1y1 C 2 y2 . Tip tc, ly o hm ta c
y C1 y1 C1y1 C2 y2 C2 y2 .
Thay vo PT cho, rt gn li ta c
125
C1 (y1 p y1 q y1 ) C 2 (y2 p y2 q y 2 ) C1 y1 C2 y2 f (x) .

V y1 (x), y 2 (x) l nhng nghim ca PT TN dn n
C1 y1 C2 y2 f (x) .
Tm li, C1 (x), C 2 (x) phi tha mn h
C1 y1 C2 y 2 0
(4.32)
C
y
C
y
f
(x)
2 2
1 1
C th chng minh h (4.32) lun c nghim duy nht. Gi s l
C1 (x) 1 (x) dx K1
C1 1 (x)
C2 2 (x) C2 (x) 2 (x) dx K 2
Thay vo (4.31) ta c nghim
y K1y1 K 2 y 2 y1 1 (x) dx y 2 2 (x) dx ,
(4.33)
( K1, K 2 - cc hng s ty ).
Ta c lun nghim tng qut ca PT khng thun nht cho.
Phng php va nu gii PT khng thun nht gi l Phng php
bin thin hng s (Lagrange).
N hiu qu vi PT TT h s hng s (s xt sau), v phi ty .
2x
V d 4.17. Gii phng trnh y y 3 e x .
x
Gii. Trc ht ta gii PT thun nht y y 0 .
mc 4.2.5a chng ta s gii PT thun nht ny mt cch d dng. Tuy
nhin, c th nhn thy y l phng trnh vng x, (hoc coi l vng y). NTQ:
y C D ex .
By gi ta tm nghim PT cho di dng
y C(x).1 D(x).e x ,
C.1 D.e x 0
e x 2e x
2x
C(x), D(x) :
C 2 3 , D 3
x
x
3
x
x
x
C.0 D.e (2 x)e / x
ex
dx
2
2e x
dx
ex
x
x 1 e
dx
e
d
x 2 x 2 C1
x2
x3
1 1
D 3 dx 2 D1.
x x
x
ex
ex
1 1
Vy NTQ y 2 C1 .1 2 D1 .e x hay y C De x . #
x
x
x x
4.2.5. Phng trnh tuyn tnh vi h s hng s v v phi c bit

a. Phng trnh thun nht
Dng: y py qy 0 , p, q
(4.34)
x
2x
126
Ch cn tm hai NR c lp tuyn tnh. Ta tm NR dng y ekx , k l hng

s. o hm hai ln ta c y k e kx ; y k 2 e kx .
Thay vo PT cho
k 2e kx p k e kx q e kx e kx (k 2 pk q) 0
k 2 pk q 0.
PTT
(4.35)
Hai nghim k1 , k 2 thc, phn bit

R rng, y1 e k1x ; y 2 e k 2x l hai nghim (thc). Chng ltt v
y1
e(k 2 k1 )x const . NTQ ca (4.34) y C1e k1x C 2e k 2x .
y2
Hai nghim thc trng nhau: k1 k 2
y1 e k1x l NR. D thy nghim ring th hai l y 2 x e k1x ; r rng hai
nghim ring ny ltt. Vy NTQ ca (4.34) l y e k1x (C1 C 2 x) .

Hai nghim phc lin hp k12 i
Khi xt trong tp s phc, e ( i)x v e(i)x l hai nghim. T ,
1
Y1 e(i)x e( i)x ex cosx
2
1
Y2 e(i)x e(i)x ex sin x
2
cng l hai nghim. Tuy nhin, y l hai nghim thc v ltt. Vy nghim tng
qut ca PTTN l y ex (C1cos x C 2 sin x) .
Bng 4.1. Gii PT thun nht h s hng s y py y 0
PTT
k2 + pk + q = 0
Nghim tng qut
C 2 nghim thc k1 k 2
C1e k1x C 2e k 2x
C nghim kp k1 k 2
e k1x (C1 C 2 x)
C nghim phc lin hp

i
e x (C1 cos x C 2 sin x)
V d 4.18. Tm nghim tng qut ca cc PT

i) y 2y 3y 0;
ii) y 6y 9y 0.
Gii. i) PTT: k 2 2k 3 0 k1 1, k 2 3
NTQ : y C1e x C 2e 3x .
ii) PTT: k 2 6k 9 0 k1 k 2 3
NTQ : y (C1 C 2 x)e3x .
V d 4.19. Tm nghim ca PT y 2y 5y 0 v tha mn

127
i) iu kin ban u y(0) 1, y(0) 3 ;

ii) iu kin bin y(0) 0, y() 1.
Gii. PTT k 2 2k 5 0 k12 1 2i .
NTQ: y e x (C1cos 2x C 2 sin 2x) .
i) T iu kin suy ra y e x (cos 2x sin 2x) .
ii) T iu kin th C1 0 v e C1 1 : v l; bi ton v nghim. #
b. Phng trnh vi v phi c bit
y py qy f (x)
(4.36)
trong p, q l hai hng s cho trc, f(x) l hm lin tc.

PT k 2 pk q 0 : PT c trng ca (4.36).
phn a) chng ta bit cch tm nghim tng qut ca PTTN. Ta ch
cn tm mt NR; cng hai nghim ny li ta s c NTQ ca PT (4.36). Chng
ta tm NR ca PT khng TN (4.36) khi v phi f(x) c dng c bit.
Bng 4.2. Tm nghim ring PT h s hng s y + py + q = f(x)
V phi f(x)
e x Pn (x)
So snh vi nghim
PTT
2
k pk q 0
Dng nghim ring
khng l nghim
e x Q n (x)
l nghim n
x ex Q n (x)
l nghim kp
x 2 ex Q n (x)
i
ex [Pm (x)cosx
Q n (x)sin x]
khng l nghim
ex Hs (x)cosx K s (x)sin x
xex Hs (x)cosx K s (x)sin x
l nghim
( s Max (m, n) )
Cng thc o hm sau rt c ch
(eax f (x)) eax (f (x) af (x)) .

V d 4.20. Gii PT y 2y y 1 x .
PTT:
k 2 2k 1 0 k1 k 2 1 .
NTQ PTTN y e x (C1 C 2 x) .

Thy rng 1 x e0x P(x) 0 khng l nghim PTT.
Tm NR dng y y e0x (A Bx) A Bx .
128
Thay vo PT, ng nht h s hai v ta c A 3, B 1 NR y 3 x .

NTQ y e x (C1 C 2 x) 3 x .
V d 4.21. Gii PT y 3y 2y e x (3 4x) .

PTT: k 2 3k 2 0 k1 1, k 2 2 .
NTQ PTTN y C1e x C 2e 2x .
* f (x) e x (3 4x) e1x P1 (x) 1 l nghim ca PTT, tm NR dng
y y x e x (A Bx) e x (Ax Bx 2 ) .
y e x [A (A 2B)x Bx 2 ],
y e x [2A (A 4B)x Bx 2 ].
Thay vo PT cho, ng nht h s 2 v ta c A 1, B 2 .
NR : y xe x (1 2x) NTQ : y C1e x C 2e 2x xe x (1 2x). #
V d 4.22. Gii PT y 4y 4y 4e 2x .
PTT: k 2 4k 4 0 k1 k 2 2 .
NTQ PTTN: y (C1 C 2 x)e 2x .
f (x) 4e 2x e 2x .P0 (x) 2 nghim kp ca PTT. NR dng
y y x 2e 2x A A e 2x x 2 y 2Ae 2x (x x 2 );
y 2Ae2x (1 4x x 2 ) .
Thay vo PT cho, ng nht h s 2 v ta c A 2 .
NR : y 2e 2x x 2 NTQ : y (C1 C 2 x 2x 2 )e 2x .
V d 4.23. Gii PT y y xe x 2e x .
PTT: k 2 1 0 k i 0 i .
NTQ PTTN y e0x (C1cos1x C 2 sin1x) C1cos x C 2 sin x .
Thy rng f (x) f1 (x) f 2 (x), f1 (x) xe x , f 2 (x) 2e x .
* Xt PT y y f1 (x) xe x .
f1 (x) xe x e1x P1 (x) 1 khng l nghim PTT, tm nghim ring
y y1 e x (A Bx); y e x (A B Bx); y e x (A 2B Bx).
Thay vo PT ta c
A 1 / 2; B 1 / 2 NR : y1 e x ( 1 x) / 2 .
* By gi xt PT y y f 2 (x) 2e x .
1 khng khng l nghim PTT, tm nghim ring dng

129
y y 2 e x C y e x C, y e x C .
Thay vo PT c C 1 NR : y 2 e x .
#
NTQ : y C1cos x C 2 sin x e x (x 1) / 2 e x .
Mt s ng dng thc t ca PTVP cp II
b) Tho lun
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai: nh ngha, PT
c) T hc
thun nht tng ng, pht biu 5 nh l ni ln cu trc
nghim ca PTVPTT cp hai.
- a PT cp II v cp I:
t p p(x) y y p (vng y)
hay p p(y) y y p.p (vng x).
Bng 4.2
c cc V d: VD 4.51; VD 4.52; VD 4.53; D 4.54((i), (ii)).
d) Bi tp
Ti liu [1], tr ....
Ti liu
Bi ging 14: Phng trnh vi phn (tip)

Chng, mc: 4
Tit th: 66-70
Tun th: 14
Mc ch, yu cu:
Nm c cc khi nim cn bn v h PTVP, s tng ng gia
h PTVP cp I v PTVP cp cao.
PP a h v PTVP cp cao, p dng vi h thun nht, h s hng
s.

- Thi gian:
- a im:
- Ni dung chnh:
Cha bi tp phng trnh vi phn cp 1
4.2 Phng trnh vi phn cp hai (tip)
4.3 H phng trnh vi phn.
n tp chng 4
4.2. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP HAI (tip 1 tit)
4.2.5. PT TT vi h s hng s v v phi c bit
V d 4.24. Gii PT y 9y 4x sin x .
PTT: k 2 9 0 k 3i .
NTQ PTTN y C1cos3x C2 sin 3x .
130
Ta thy f (x) 4x sin x e 0x (0.cos x 4x sin x) i 0 i khng l

nghim PTT, s Max(0, 1) 1 . Vy ta tm nghim ring dng
y y e0x [(A Bx)cos x
(C Dx)sin x]
(A Bx) cos x
(C Dx)sin x,
Bcos x
( A Bx)sin x
(C Dx) cos x
Dsin x
(B C Dx) cos x ( A D Bx)sin x,
y
D cos x ( B C Dx)sin x
( A D Bx) cos x
Bsin x
( A 2D Bx) cos x (2B C Dx)sin x.
Thay vo PT, hng ng hai v ta c:
(8A 2D 8Bx) cos x (2B Cc 8Dx)sin x 4x sin x
2D 0
8A
A 1 / 8
B 0
8B
0
8A 2D 8Bx 0
2B 8C 8Dx 4x
2B 8C 0
C 0
D 1 / 2
8D 4
1
1
y cos x x sin x .
8
2
1
1
NTQ y cos x x sin x C1cos3x C 2 sin 3x .
#
8
2
Nhn xt. Nu v phi cha cc hm cosin, sin th l bi ton dng kh.
Khi o hm, ta nn vit cos di cos, sin di sin, vit cc s hng ca a thc
theo th t lu tha tng dn, h s theo th t A, B, C.... iu quan trng l
phi tp trung cao ta mi hy vng nhn c p s ng.
1
2
V d 4.25. y y 2cos 2 x . S y C1 C 2e x x cos 2x sin 2x .#
10
10
c. Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp cao vi h s hng s
NR
Dng: y (n) p1y (n 1) ... p n 1y p n y f (x)
(4.37)
p1, p 2 , ..., p n - cc hng s, f(x):hm lin tc trn (a, b).

Bng 4.3. Gii PT thun nht h s hng s
PTT
k n p1k n 1 ... p n 0
Nghim ring LTT tng ng
k l nghim n
e kx
k l nghim kp bi m
e kx , xe kx , ..., x m 1e kx
i l nghim phc lin hp
ex cosx, xex cosx, ... , x m1ex cosx
bi m
ex sin x, xex sin x, ... , x m1ex sin x

131
Tm nghim ring PT khng thun nht tng ng cng nh phng php

bin thin hng s Lagrange vi PT cp cao rt ging trng hp PT cp II.
V d 4.27 . Gii cc PT
i) y 3y y 3y 3e 2x ;
ii) y (4) 8y 48 x e 2x ;
iii) y (4) y 4sin x : T c
Gii.
i) PTT k 3 3k 2 k 3 0 (k 2 1)(k 3) 0 k 1, 1, 3 .
NTQ PTTN y C1e x C 2e x C3e3x .
tm nghim ring, ta thy f (x) 3e 2x : 2 khng l nghim ca
PTT. Ta tm nghim ring di dng y y Ae2x .
Thay vo PT cho, hng ng h s 2 v ta c A 1 y e 2x .
Vy, NTQ phng trnh cho l y C1e x C 2e x C3e3x e 2x .
ii) PTT k 4 8k 0 k(k 2)(k 2 2k 4) 0
k1 0; k 2 2; k 34 1 3 i .
NTQ PTTN: y C1 C 2e 2x C3e x cos 3 x C 4e x sin 3 x .
* Nghim ring. f (x) 16xe 2x : 2 l nghim n ca PTT.
Tm nghim ring dng y y xe 2x (A Bx) e 2x (Ax Bx 2 ) .
y ... e 2x A (2A 2B)x 2Bx 2

y ... e2x 4A 2B (4A 8B)x 4Bx 2
y ... e 2x 12A 12B (8A 24B)x 8Bx 2
y(4) ... e 2x 32A 48B (16A 64B)x 16Bx 2
Thay vo PT cho ta c
y(4) 8y e 2x 24A 48B 48Bx f (x) e 2x (48x)

B 1; A 2 y e 2x (2x x 2 ).
Vy nghim tng qut PT cho l
y C1 C 2e 2x C3e x cos 3 x C 4e x sin 3 xe 2x (2 x) .
iii) S: NTQ y C1 e x C 2 e x C3 cos x C 4 sin x x cos x .

4.3. S LC V H PHNG TRNH VI PHN (1 tit)
4.3.1. nh ngha - Bi ton Cauchy Cc loi nghim
a. nh ngha
132
dy1
dx f1 (x, y1,..., y n )
Dng: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dy
n f n (x, y1 ,..., y n )
dx
x: bin c lp, y1, y 2 ,..., y n : cc n hm phi tm.
(4.40)
* H cc hm s y1 y1 (x),..., y n y n (x), x (a, b) c gi l nghim

ca h (4.40) trong khong (a; b) nu khi thay vo h, c cc ng nht thc.
b. Bi ton Cauchy
nh l 4.8 (nh l tn ti duy nht nghim ca h PTVP cp I)
c. Nghim ring, nghim tng qut
4.3.2. Gii h phng trnh vi phn (xem ti liu [1] tr ...)
a. Phng php kh
- T mt PT no ca h, o hm hai v lin tip theo bin x.
- Dng cc PT khc ca h, dn n PT cp cao ca mt n hm.
- Gii PT cp cao ny, t nhn c cc n hm khc.
y2
z
V d 4.28. Gii h phng trnh
z 1 y
2
Gii. Lu rng bin c lp l x. o hm PT th hai
1
z y .
2
Dng c PT u, c PT sau, dn n
1 y 2 1 (2z)2
z z 2z2 : PT bc hai vi z, vng x.

2 z
2 z
t z p p(z), z p.p , c
z
z p p 2p 2 .
* R rng p 0 l nghim, ng vi n l z C 0, y 0.
* p 0,
p
dp
dz
2 . Gii ra ta c
p
z
dz
1
.
Cz 2 z
dx
Cx D
T PT sau, y 2z 2p 2Cz 2
y 0
S
;
z C 0
b. Phng php t hp
2C
(Cx D) 2
2C
(Cx D)
133
,z
1
.
Cx D
o T mt s PT ca h tm mt s nhng biu thc rng buc gia bin

c lp x vi cc n hm y1 , ... , y n ):
i (x, y1,..., y n ) 0, i 1, ..., k : Cc tch phn u
(4.42)
o Suy ra nghim.
x

()
x t 3x 5y
V d 4.29. Gi h
y
y
()
t
3x 5y
Gii. Chia PT (**) cho PT (*); ly PT (*) nhn vi 3, PT(**) nhn vi 5 ri
cng li ta nhn c h
tD
dy y
x
dx x
Cx
3 5C
#
d(3x 5y) 1 3x 5y t D
y C(t D)
dt
3 5C
c. Phng php th. c ti liu [1]
d. Mi quan h gia h PTVP v PTVP cp cao c ti liu [1]
V d 4.31. Xt PTVP cp hai y xy y x 3 (n hm l y y(x) ). Cn

tm nghim trn (a; b).
t z y z y xy y x 3 xz y x 3 , ta a v h
y z
3
z y xz x
(n l y, z)
Vic gim cp ca PTVP phi tr gi bng vic tng s PT trong h.

4.3.3. H PTVP thun nht h s hng s
a. Khi nim. Trng hp rt n gin ca (4.40) l h phng trnh vi
phn tuyn tnh cp mt
y1 a11 (x) y1 . .. a1n (x) y n b1 (x)
(4.44)
.........................
y a (x) y . .. a (x) y b (x)
n
n1
1
nn
n
n
x: bin c lp,1 y1 ,..., y n : n hm, a ij (x), bi (x) : lin tc trn (a, b).
Cng xt: bi ton Cauchy, nghim ring, nghim tng qut, cu trc
nhim v cch gii ca h thun nht, h khng thun nht trong nhng trng
hp c bit cng nh phng php bin thin hng s trong trng hp tng
qut
Tuy nhin, chng ta ch xem xt trng hp c bit n gin ca (4.44),
l h thun nht vi h s hng s (cn gi l h vi phn tnm tuyn tnh)
y1 a11y1 . .. a1n y n
( a ij - const)
(4.45)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
y a y . .. a y
n
n1 1
nn n
134
b. Phng php kh. Chng ta c th dng phng php kh nu trn

a v PT vi phn cp n, sau tm ra nghim tng qut. iu ny c bit thun
li khi n nh (chng hn, n = 2, 3).
()
x x 2y
V d 4.32. Gii h t
()
yt x y
Gii. o hm 2 v PT (*),
x x 2y .
Ta cn a v PT ca mt bin x. S dng PT (**) v sau l (*) ta c
x x 2(x y) x 2x 2y x 2x (x x) x x 0 .
Gii PT thun nht cp hai ny ta c nghim tng qut x Ce t De t .
T , y (x x) / 2 ... De t .
Tm li, nghim ca h l x Ce t De t , y De t .
c. Phng php Euler ()

V d 4.33. Gii cc h PTVP sau
dy
dx y z
i)
dz y 3z
dx
x y z
ii) y z
z x z
y (C D Dx)e 2x
Gii. i) NTQ
z (C Dx)e
2x
x (C 2 C3 ) cos t (C2 C3 ) sin t
ii) NTQ y C1e t C2cos t C3 sin t
t
z C1e C 2 sin t C3cos t
4.4. MT S V D V BI TON TNG HP ( 1 tit)

V d 4.34. Gii PT (x y 1) dx (2x 2y 1) dy 0 .
x y 1 0
Gii. Xt h
.
2x
2y
1 1
V D
0 , nn ta t z x y , dz dx dy dy dz dx .
2 2
2z 1
3
dz dx 2
dz dx hay
z2
z2
2z 3ln z 2 x C x 2y 3ln x y 2 C .
V d 4.35. Gii PT xy x x 2 y 2 y 0 (x 0) bng cch t y zx .

Gii. Xt x 0 , t y z.x (z z(x)) z
Thay vo PT c
135
y
, y z.x z .
x
x 2 z xz x 2 1 z 2 zx 0 z 1 z 2
dz
1 z
dx
ln z 1 z 2 x C y x 2 y2 Dxe x 0 .
Lu rng PT cho khng thun nht; tuy nhin ta vn gii thnh cng
khi t y zx !
#
V d 4.37. (Bi ton nng dung dch). Mt b 1000 l nc c ha tan
50 kg mui. Bm nc bin vi nng mui 10 g/l vo b vi vn tc 10l/pht,
gi th tch nc trong b c nh bng cch rt nc khi b vi vn tc 10
l/pht.
i) Lp phng trnh vi phn m t lng mui trong b theo thi gian.
ii) Sau 40 pht, lng mui cn li trong b l bao nhiu? S: 36,8 kg.
V d 4.46. S lng ban u ca m vi khun bung cy l 1000 v vn
tc sinh trng t l vi s lng vi khun c mt bung cy. Sau 2 gi, qun
th c 9 000 con.
(a) Tm biu thc s lng vi khun sau t gi.
(b) Tm s vi khun sau 3 gi.
(c) Tm vn tc sinh sau 3 gi.
(d) Sau bao lu s lng vi khun tng ln gp i
V d 4.47 (Bi ton xc nh nin i ha thch). Ngi ta cho rng, lng
phng x m tri t nhn t v tr v c bn cn bng vi lng phng x m
cc cht phng x mt i trong qu trnh phn r. V th, c th coi lng carbon14 trong mi c th sng mi thi i v c bn l nh nhau. Tuy nhin, khi
mt c th sng cht i th tc thay i carbon-14 l t l thun vi khi
lng hin c ca n trong c th. Gi y(t) l lng carbon-14 trong ha thch
ti thi im t th tc thay i ca carbon-14 trong ha thch ti thi im
l
y(t) ky(t) , k - hng s m.
Bit rng chu k bn phn r ca carbon-14 l 5730 nm, hy tnh h s
phn r k.
Ha thch ca c th ngi cha 54% lng carbon-14 ban u, ngi
sng cch y bao nhiu lu?
HD. Vi T 5730 , y(T)
0,54y 0 y 0e kt t
1
y 0 y 0e kT k 0,00012 .
2
ln 0,54
5134 (trn nm ngn nm).
k
V d 4.48. Gii PT (sin 2 y x 2 ) dx x sin 2y dy 0 .
Q P
Q
P
x y 2
(x) e
sin 2y,
sin 2y
x
y
Q
x
136
2
dx
x
1
x2
PT
(sin 2 y x 2 ) dx
x sin 2y dy 0 , l PTVP ton phn.

x
x2
Trn min {(x, y) : x > 0} , vi (x 0 , y0 ) (1, 0) , tch phn tng qut l:
2
1
sin 2 y
1 2
sin
0
1
dx
sin
2ydy
C
hay
x
C.
x
x
x
1
0
V d 4.49. Gii phng trnh y 2dx (2xy 3)dy 0 .

Gii. R rng y = 0 l mt nghim.
2
3
Vi y 0 , PT x x 2 , nghim tng qut l:
y
y
2
2
y dy 3 y dy
1
xe
e
dy C Cy 2 hay xy 1 Cy3 .
2
y
(y l tch phn tng qut PT cho).

V d 4.50. Gii phng trnh: (x y 2)dx (x y 4)dy 0
x y 2 0
x 1
Xt h
x y 4 0
y 3
u x 1
x u 1
t
, dx du, dy dv . Nhn c PT
v y 3
y v 3
(u v)du (u v)dv 0.
y l PT vi u l bin c lp, v l n hm, n l PT ng cp.

t v tu dv u dt t du dn n
u(1 2t t 2 ) du u 2 (1 t) dt 0
1 2
d u (1 2t t 2 ) 0
2
u 2 (1 2t t 2 ) C u 2 2uv v 2 C.
Tr v bin c, x 2 2xy y 2 4x 8y C .
Cch II. Tht may, y l PTVP ton phn!
V d 4.51 . Gii PT x 2 y xy y cos(ln x) bng php i bin x e t .

Gii. t x e t 0, x t e t t ln x, t x 1 / x e t .
dy dy dt
. yt .e t ,
dx dt dx
yxx (yt .e t )t .t x (y2 .e t yt .e t ).e t (ytt yt ).e 2t .
yx
Thay vo c y 2y y cos t, (y y(t)) .

PTT: k 2 2k 1 0 k1 k 2 1 .
NTQ PTTN ng vi (*) y (C1 C 2 t) e t .
137
(*)
NR ca PT (*) c dng: y y1 A cos t Bsin t .

1
1
Tm c A 0, B y (C1 C 2 t)e t sin t .
2
2
1
NTQ ca PT cho l y C1x C 2 x ln x sin (ln x) .
2
Nhn xt. PT ax 2 y bxy cy f (x) gi l PT Euler. N lun gii c

bng php i bin x e t trong min {x 0} (trong min {x 0} t x e t ).
Cc bn phi thun thc khi tnh yt , ytt mi mong gii ng!
#
V d 4.52. Gii phng trnh
xy 2y xy e x bng php i hm z = yx.

Gii. t z yx z yx y, z 2y y.x .
Thay vo phng trnh nhn c z z e x
(*)
PTT ca PT (*) l k 2 1 0 k1 1, k 2 1 .
NTQ PT TN tng ng l z C1e x C 2e x .
V phi f (x) e x , 1 l nghim n, tm nghim ring ca (*) dng
z A.xe x z Ae x Axe x , z 2Ae x Axe x .
Thay vo PT (*) i ti 2A 1 A 1 / 2 z xe x / 2 .
NTQ ca PT cho l:
z 1
1
y C1e x C2e x xe x .
x x
2

e2x
i) y 4y 5y
,
ii) y - 2y y e x / (1 x 2 ) .
cosx
Gii. i) Phng trnh c trng: k 2 4k 5 0 k1,2 2 i .

NTQ PTTN tng ng: y e 2x (C1 cos x C 2 sin x) .
NTQ ca phng trnh khng TN di dng
y C1 (x) e 2x cosx C 2 (x) e 2x sin x .
C1 e2x cos x C2 e2x sin x 0

C1, C2 :
2x
2x
2x
C1 e (2cos x sin x) C2 e (2sin x cos x) e / cos x
C (x) sin x / cos x C1 (x) ln cosx A
1
C2 (x) x B
C2 (x) 1
NTQ ca PT cho l
y ln cosx A e2x cosx (x B) e 2x sinx .
ii) NTQ ca PT thun nht y1 (C1 C 2 x)e x .
138
NTQ ca PT ban u di dng:

y C1 (x)e x C 2 (x) xe x vi
C1 e x C2 xe x 0
x
1
C1
,
C
x
2
x
x
x
2
1 x2
1 x2
C1 e C2 (e xe ) e / (1 x )
C ln 1 x 2 K
1
1
C 2 arctan x K 2
NTQ ca PT cho: y e x K1 K 2 x x arctan x ln x 2 1 .
x 2x 5y
x 2x 2y
V d 4.54. i)
;
iii)
y 3x 4y
y 8x 2y
Gii. i) o hm PT u, s dng PT th hai v PT u ta c
x 2x 5y 2x 5(3x 4y) 2x 15x 20(x 2x) / 5
x 6x 7x 0.
PTT: k 2 6k 7 0 k 1, k 7 NTQ : x Ce t De7t .
y (x 2x) / 5 (3 / 5)Ce t De7t .
x 5C1e t C2 e7t
t C 5C1 , D C2 , nhn c
t
7t
y 3C1e C2 e
iii) o hm PT th nht, dng PT u v PT th 2 ca h ta c
x 2x 2y 2x 2(8x 2y) 2x 16x 4(2x x) / 2
(*)
x 4x 20x 0.
PTT: k 2 4k 20 0 k 2 4i .
NTQ ca PT (*): x e 2t (Ccos 4t D sin 4t) .
y (2x x ) / 2 e 2t ( 2D cos 4t 2C sin 4t) .
x (Ccos 4t Dsin 4t)e 2t

NTQ h cho
2t
y (2Dcos 4t 2Csin 4t)e
*CNG B KT QU im Qu trnh, im thng xuyn
Hc vin thc mc Gio vin tr li v im Qu trnh Thng xuyn
gii PTVP cp cao ta c th dng PP no?
b) Tho lun
- Phng php kh gii h PTVP
c) T hc
24(e); 26(h, i, j); 27(c); 30(d, e, f); 31(b); 32; 33(a, b, c).
d) Bi tp (2t)
Ti liu [1], tr ....
Ti liu
TM TT CHNG 4
PTVP
cp
PT
Dng: f (x) dx g(y) dy
phn ly
139
mt
f (x) dx g(y) dy C
PT
thun
Nht
PT tuyn
tnh
y
Dng: y f
x
t y u(x).x y ux u , a v PT phn ly
Dng: y p(x)y q(x)
p(x) dx
p(x) dx dx
C
q(x)
e
NTQ: y e
Dng: y p(x)y q(x)y ( 0 v 1 )

PT
Bernoulli
Chia hai v cho y , t z y1 a v PTTT
PT VP
Ton
phn
Q P
x
y
TPTQ: u(x, y)
P(x, y0 )dx Q(x, y) dy C

x0
PTVP
cp
hai
y0
Q P 1
(x) dx
(x)
(x)
:
Chn
Tha s
x y Q
tch
P Q 1
(y) dy
phn
(y) : Chn (y) e

y x P
F(x, y, y) 0 (vng y): t y p p(x) , y p
Gim
cp
F(y, y, y) 0 (vng x) : t y p(y) , y p.p
Dng:
y p(x)y q(x)y f (x)
PT
Thun nht: y p(x)y q(x)y 0
tuyn
tnh
Cu trc nghim: y C1y1 (x) C2 y 2 (x) y
Tm 2 nghim LTT ca PT thun nht y1 (x) v y 2 (x)
PP
Tm nghim ring y C1 (x) y1 (x) C 2 (x) y 2 (x) :
bin
thin
C1 y1 C2 y 2 0
hng s
C1 y1 C2 y2 f (x)
H s
hng
H
PTVP
PP kh
PP
T hp
H s
hng
Thun nht:
Bng 4.1
V phi c bit:
Bng 4.2
Cp cao, v phi c bit: Bng 4.3
a v PT cp cao
Tm ra mt s tch phn u
Dng PP kh a v PT cp cao
Dng PP Euler
140
Bi ging 15: n tp
Chng, mc: 4
Tit th: 70-75
Mc ch, yu cu:
Tun th: 15
Cng c kin thc v mn hc

Sn sng thi ht mn

- Thi gian:
- a im:
- Ni dung chnh:
n tp ht mn
Cha cc bi cha c iu kin cha
Lm li cc v d cha kp gii thiu
(Gio vin lm l chnh)
Nhc li v cc cu hi l thuyt, cch hc chng
Hng dn thi ht mn
Mt s kinh nghim khi thi
Nhc li tinh thn nghim tc trong thi c
Nhc mt s quy inh trong k thi
141

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HC VIN K THUT QUN S

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

PGS TS T Vn Ban (Ch bin)

BI GING CHI TIT

BI GING CHI TIT

Thng tin v nhm mn hc

a im lm vic: B Mn Ton, P1408, Nh A1 (Gn ng HQ Vit)

Bi ging 1: Hm s nhiu bin s

Nm s lc v Hc phn, cc quy nh chung, cc chnh sch ca gio

Nm c cc khi nim cn bn v cc loi tp m, ng, min trong

Nm c khi nim v thun thc tnh o hm ring, vi phn ca hm

- Hnh thc t chc dy hc:

5 bui s khng c thi.

W.H.Freeman and Co.

Bi tp v nh GTII (trong ti liu [1])

V d: T c; Bi tp: Cha trn lp

Bu lp trng lp hc phn. Kt qu:

Chng 1: HM S NHIU BIN S

x y (x1 y1, ... , x n y n ) ,

d(x , y ) (y1 x1 )2 ... (yn x n ) 2 .

Khong cch ny cn gi l khong cch Euclide, c cc tnh cht sau y:

d(x, y ) d(y, z ) d(x, z)

bt ng thc tam gic

Trong 2 , im hay c k hiu l (x,y), trong 3 l (x,y,z).

ng nht im M vi b s (x, y, z) l to ca n trong mt h to

im a c gi l im trong ca tp hp E 2 nu E cha mt hnh

Hnh 1.1. (a) Hnh cu m, (b) tp m, (c) hnh cu ng,

D 2 {(x, y) : a x b, c y d} : Khng m, khng ng

Hnh 1.2. Hnh ch nht trong 2

Khi ta vit lim (x n , y n ) (x 0 , y0 ) , hay n gin lim u n u 0 hoc

* im gii hn (im t). im a c gi l im gii hn ca tp

nh l 1.1. Hm f(u) c gii hn khi u dn n a khi v ch khi

H qu. Nu lim f (u) th vi u (x, y) dn n a (x 0 , y0 ) theo mt

ng cong tu trong D, f(u) dn n .

Hnh 1.5. im dn n (x 0 , y0 ) theo nhng ng khc nhau

ii) Hm s xc nh trn 2 /{(0,0)} . Ta c

0 f (x, y) x 2 y2 0 (khi (x, y) (0,0) .

nh ngha gii hn v hn tng t nh vi hm mt bin.

khi (x, y, z) (0,0,0).

* Hm f(x,y) c gi l lin tc trn min D nu n lin tc ti mi im

f (x1, y1 ) m Min f (x, y); f (x 2 , y 2 ) M Max f (x, y) .

nh l 1.3. Hm f(x,y) lin tc trn tp ng, gii ni th lin tc u trn

R rng hm lin tc ti mi im (x 0 , y0 ) (0, 0) (v l thng hai hm

Vy f(x,y) lin tc ti (0,0).

Hnh 1.6. Cch lp s gia ring ca hm s

1.2.2. Vi phn ca hm nhiu bin

trong A, B l nhng hng s khng ph thuc vo x, y (ch ph thuc vo

(ii) (iu kin hm kh vi). Nu hm s z f (x, y) c cc o hm

f f x (x 0 1x, y0 y)x f y (x 0 , y0 2y)y

V d 1.8. Xt s kh vi v tnh vi phn dz(x,y), dz(0,1) (nu c) ca cc

dz(0,1) 3dx 3dy 3(dx dy) .

Ch . i vi hm nhiu bin, s tn ti cc o hm ring cha m bo

ng dng vi phn tnh gn ng. Nu t

Hnh 1.7. ngha hnh hc ca vi phn

Suy ra A z 1 0,05;1 0,02 z 1,1 (1/ 2) 0,05 (1 / 2) 0,02

0,035 0,785 0,035 0,820. (Gi tr ng A 0,8209 ).

Cng thc (1.12) c p dng hiu qu tnh sai s ca i lng o.

- V tp m, ng, bin, b chn, com pc, lin thng, min

Bi ging 2: Hm s nhiu bin s (tip)

- Hnh thc t chc dy hc:

nh l 1.6. Gi s hm f (u,v) c cc o hm ring

tin k hiu, ta khng phn bit f v F khi tnh o hm ring, vy

ii) Trng hp z f (x, y), y y(x) z f (x, y(x)) (hm mt bin) th

iii) Trng hp z f (x, y), x x(t), y y(t) z f (x(t), y(t)) th