Ee251 Student Ver

EE 251 (FA and
d FB)
Introduction to Electrical
Engineering for Non Major
Dr Abdulaziz Uthman
Dr.
Electrical and Computer Engineering

King Abdulaziz University
This Course …
z Applications of Electrical Engineering

i Diff
in Differentt S
Systems..
t
z Concepts and Basics of Electricity and

Electronics..
Electronics
z Practical Engineering Applications..
Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 2

Class Format
z Active Learning
z Teams of 4-5 students
z Weekly Activity
Activity, Journal
z In-Class Readings
z Quiz after each Assignment (no makeup
makeup's)
s)
z T
Term Projects
P j t
z Labs

Grades
z Quizzes 10 15%
z Journals (Summary) 10 10%
z Activities 10 10%
z Labs 5 15%
z Exams 2 20%
z P j t
Project 2 10%
z Final 1 20%
z Bonus 0-3 100%+

Rules
z Quizzes 0 or 10
z Journals due every Sunday
z Absence in Quizzes & Activity = 0 No makeup’s
z Cheating = 0 (BLACK LIST!!)
z Project workload = 100%
z T
Teamwork k
z Any conflict should be stated from the beginning

Course Website
z Visit the course website
http://engg.kau.edu.sa/~authman/ee251new

Sample Pages
g

EE251
Lectures
Introduction
Lecture 01
CNC Machines

Machines Are Monitored

Fully
y Programmed
g Machines

Routers & Engraving
g g

Automation

Automation

Accuracy
y

Robots

ExoMars Mission
Life in other planets!

ExoMars Mission
• landing of a large payload on Mars
• navigation and operation of a mobile scientific platform
• a novel
o e ddrill to obtain
obta subsu
subsurface
ace sa
samples
p es
• sample processing and distribution system
• protection and cleanliness levels

ExoMars Mission

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
( )

Circuit
z Does a specific function

z Electrical Engineers design them…

Manufacturing
g Steps
z Build and Test

z Manufacture or Program

Ask Yourself..
z How industries are working?
z What do I need to know about EE?

EE251
Lectures
Basic Concepts in EE
Lecture 02
Electrons
z Atoms and Electrons

z Heat and Free Electrons

Electricity
y
z If electrons were pushed

pushed, they produce a
current

Battery
y
z Source of pushing electrons

z Electrochemical reactions
z Look for types of batteries in Wikipedia!!

Volt
z Alexander Volta (first battery)

z Electromotive Force
z 1.5V, 110V, 13.8kV

AC and DC Currents
z Cascade 73 batteries in series

series. Do they
generate 110V?
z DC: direct current
z AC: alternating current
volt volt
time
time
Frequency
y of AC Signal
g
z Frequency = Number of cycles per second

1
f =
T
volt volt
time time
Question?
z What s the highest frequency your eyes can

What’s
notice?
z Lamp experiment
experiment..
z frequency vs. amplitude..
z Wh t is
What i the
th ffrequency off 110V battery?
b tt ?

Resistors
z Resists the movement of electrons

z Measured in Ohms Ω
z Have colored rings to indicate value

Resistance of Elements
z Many loads act like pure resistors:

z Heater Bars
z L
Lamps
z But not all:

z Most Rotating Machines
z Florescent Lights

Resistors
0 black 1 brown 2 red 3 orange 4 yellow
5 green 6 blue
bl 7 violent
l 8 gray 9 white
h
5 6 0000 ±5%
9 10 kΩ 560, 000 Ω or 560 kΩ

tolerance 5%
9 470 Ω
5 6 2 0 ±10%
9 33 kΩ
5620 Ω or 5.62 kΩ
tolerance 10%
Closed Loop
z No current will flow in an open loop circuit

circuit..

Closed Loop

Ground Currents
z Why birds do not get shocked

by high voltage lines?
z Can you safely touch one node

of home electricity?
z What about lightening?

Current
z Number of electrons passing every second

z Ampere (A) is a unit of current
z 1 A = 6.28 x 1018 electrons/sec
z At home: 60A,100A (20A per phase)

z Electronics: 10mA

EE251
Lectures
Circuits
Lecture 03
Bread Boards
z A board with spring contact holes to hold

components; no soldering is required
z H l off each
Holes h row are iinternally
t ll connected
t d

Example

Example

Rules
z Study Circuit
z Simulate the circuit (e.g. in Multisim Prog)
z Collect all components
z Start at the middle
z Power must be off
z C f l with
Careful ith sensitive
iti components t
z Nice wiringg

Bad Example

Parallel and Series
z Voltage vs.
vs Current

Parallel and Series
z More Resistance vs
vs. More Admittance
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
1 1 1 1
= + +
RT R1 R2 R3
110
RT = 6 + = 6 + = 11Ω
1 1 2
+
10 10
Examples
RT = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6Ω RT = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6Ω RT = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6Ω

Examples
RT = (2 + 3) // 5 + 1 = 3.5Ω

Ohm’s Law
z A current through a resistor is proportional to

the voltage across its terminals
V
V = I ⋅R or I=
R
R→∞ I =0
R→0 I =∞
Short a 1.5 battery, what will happen?

Internal Resistance
z If you short a 1.5V

1 5V battery,
battery how much current
will pass?

Overloading
g

Question
z What is the total current drawn from the

source?
RL = 4 // 4 + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5Ω
V 10
I= = = 2A
R 5
Activity # 1
Parallel & Series Resistors
EE251
Lectures
Simulation
Lecture 04
Measurements
z How to measure voltage?
z How to measure current?
z How to measure resistance?

Measuring
g Volt
z Measure the voltage drop on R22

Measuring
g Current
z Measure the current through R22

Measuring
g Resistance
z Measure the resistance of R22

CAD Simulators (Demo)
( )

Capacitors
z Temporary Charge Storage Device

z Measured in Farad (F)
z Does current flow through a capacitor?
time
Capacitors Applications
z to block DC
z to filter noise
z to smooth power supplies
z to tune radio channels
z in memories

Inductors (Coils)
( )
z A winding in a conductor line

z Resists (reacts) AC current with delay
z no effect when DC is used
z Measured in Henryy ((H))

Transistors

Other Components
z Each component does a specific function

z Each component has a symbol in circuits
z Each component has specifications

Integrated
g Circuits

Fuses
z Protection devices
z Current limiting devices
z High current Î wire melts Î open circuit
Circuit Symbols

Diodes
z Conducts current in one direction

z Many types with different
applications
li ti
Circuit Symbol

Relays
y
z Switch to change contact points
z Controlled via electric current
z Current in a coil Î Magnet Î Pull a metal lever Î change
contact
z Can be used in turning lights or motors ON/OFF
Circuit Symbols

Circuit Breaker
z Re-usable fuse or switch
z Current increasesÎ Stronger Magnet Î open
circuit
z Reset breaker Î current resumes
z Magnetic,
g Thermal, semiconductor breakers
Circuit Symbols

Solenoids
z Electrical energy Î magnetic energy Î linear motion
z Can be used for
z Pushing buttons, hitting keys on a piano, valve operators, and
even for jumping robots

EE251
Lectures
Voltage & Current Dividers
Lecture 05
Voltage
g Divider
R1 R2
v1 = vs v 2 = vs
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2

Current Divider
R2 R1
I 1 = IT I 2 = IT
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2

Multiple Loads
Combine Parallel
arallel Loads
oads
Solve for: Rs=2 ohm, R1=6 ohm, R2= 9 ohm, R3=18 ohm
vs=30 V. Find all of the currents in the ckt

Multiple Loads
R23 = R2 //R3
R23 R1
I 1 = IT I 4 = IT
R1 + R23 R1 + R23

Multiple Loads
R3 R2
I2 = I4 I3 = I4
R2 + R3 R2 + R3

Current Divider
Rp = R1 // R2 // L // Rn
Rp
Ik = IT
Rk

EE251
Lectures
KCL and KVL
Lecture 06
Nodes and Loops
z A Node
z a point in a circuit where 3 or more elements meet

Nodes and Loops
z How many nodes in the circuits?

Nodes and Loops
z A Loop:
z a closed ring in a planer circuit

Planer Circuit

KVL and KCL
z To solve for all currents and volts in a circuit
z KVL: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

z the sum of voltage
g drops
p in a loop
p is zero
z KCL: Kirchhoff’s Current Law

z the sum of currents into a node is zero

Voltage
g Drop
z A current passing through a load generates a

voltage drop
v = i⋅R
v = i ⋅Z

Circuit Analysis
y
1. count nodes except one (possible ground)

2. number currents in branches
3. write KCL equations
4. countt loops
4 l
5. write KVL equations
q

Examples
1
+ − + −
+
+
−
−

Examples
1
+ − + −
+
+
−
−
0
KCL : I1 = I 2 + I 3 I1 = 152.9 mA
− 1 .5 + 6 I 1 + 5 I 3 =0 ⇒ I2 = 36.4 mA
KVL : I3 = 116.5 mA
− 5I 3 + 4 I 2 + 12 I 2 =0
Simulation
I1 = 152.9 mA
I2 = 36.4 mA
I3 = 116.5 mA

Examples
8b
branches
a c es Æ 8 cu
currents
e ts I1..
..I8 Æ 8 equat
equations
o s
4 nodes Æ 4 eqs
4 loops
oops Æ 4 eqs
EE251
Lectures
AC Circuits Analysis
Lecture 07
AC Source
z Generally produces sine wave
vs i (ω × t )
= v peak × sin
vs = v peak × sin (2π × f × t )

RMS
z RMS: Root Mean Square

z power is measured instead of peak voltage
T
1 2
RMS ≡ ∫
T0
v (t ) ⋅ dt
z for sine or cosine signals,

v peak
RMS =
2

RMS
z If your meter reads 10V

10V~
z then vpeak = 10*1.4

10*1 4 = 14V
z If your peak voltage is 154Vp
z then the meter reads RMS = 154

154*0
0.7
7 = 110V~

Impedance
z treat all passive components as resistors

z but with complex resistances

Impedance
z What is the impedance of a 10μF capacitor

when operated at 60Hz?
j j
ZC = − =− −6
= − j 265.25
wC 2π × 60 ×10 ×10
z What is the impedance of a 2mH inductor

when operated at 60Hz?
−3
ZL = jwL = j 2π × 60 × 2 × 10 = + j 0.754

AC Circuits
z For EE 251,
251 AC Circuits Have
z one source only
z one frequency
f
z no DC mixed with AC
z For Electrical Engineers

g
z multiple AC and DC sources
z different frequencies
z use Laplace instead of jw

Examples

EE251
Lectures
Power
Lecture 08
Power
z Power = rate of energy transfer

z measured in Watts (W)
P = I ⋅V
P = I ⋅V = I ⋅ R 2
2
V
P = I ⋅V =
R
Example
10
I= = 400μA
10 k + 15k
P1 = I ⋅ R1 = 400 ×10
2
( −6 2
) ⋅10 ×10 3
= 1.6mW
P2 = I ⋅ R2 = 400 × 10
2
( −6 2
) ⋅15 ×10 3
= 2.4mW

Example
10 k
V1 = 10 = 4V
10 k + 15k
15k
V2 = 10 = 6V
2 2 10 k + 15k
V 4
P1 = = 1
= 1.6mW
R1 10 ×10 3
V22 62
P2 = = = 2.4mW
R2 15 ×10 3

Example
−6
PS = I ⋅V = −400 ×10 ⋅10 = −4mW
P1 + P2 = 4mW Total Power = Zero

Current Source
z Voltage Source
z Generates constant volt regardless of the load
z Current Source
z Generates constant current regardless of the load

KVL & KCL
v1 = 5 × 10 = 50V
v2 = 5 ×15 = 75V

Example
KCL : I1 = I 2 + I 3 I1 = 0.625 A
− 20 + 3I1 + 5I 3 =0 I2 = −3 A
KVL : ⇒
− 5I 3 + 10 I 2 + vi =0 I3 = 3.625 A
IS : I 2 = −3 A vi = 48.125 V
Complex AC Source
z AC Volt or Current has:

z Amplitude
z F
Frequency
z Phase
z Phase can be expressed

p
in Complex Number
A cos(2π f ⋅ t + ϕ) → A∠ϕ

Complex AC Source
A cos(2π f ⋅ t + ϕ)
A∠ϕ → A ⋅ (cos ϕ + j sin
i ϕ)
110∠30° → 110 ⋅ (cos 30° + j sin 30°)

= 95.26 + j55

Example
z Find the current through the capacitor

z Find the voltage across the coil
z Find the power consumed from the sources

EE251
Lectures
3-Phase
3 Phase System
Lecture 09
Basic concepts
z Repelling/attracting Magnets cause motion

z Motion can generates electricity

What is 3 Phase?
z Method for transmitting alternating power

z Three conductors carrying three alternating
currents ith 120o shift
t with hift b
between
t th
them
z Why the phase shift?
z Constant power on each cycle
z Ability to create a rotating magnet
z They may or may not have a neutral wire

Balanced Complex Numbers

Why 3 Phase?
z To generate a single sine wave

wave, the
generator would have to push power, then
stop then drain power Î breaks down
stop,
z In 3 Phase generation, the power generated
at all times is constant
z Homes use one p phase from the 3,, while
factories generally use all three.

Balanced Complex Numbers
1∠120o
1∠0o
1∠240o

Balances 3-phase Currents
i1
i2
i3
3-phase
3-phase load
supply
In

z Apply KCL
z Suppose we have three currents such that
i1 = I∠0 o , i2 = I∠120
20 o , i3 = I∠240
2 0o
z if we decide to supply i1, i2, i3 to a load as

shown we make interesting conclusions:
shown,

z Clearly,
I n = i1 + i 2 + i 3
But ,
i1 + i 2 + i 3 = 0
∴ In = 0
I n = 0 ; needless to have neutral wire
∴ There
Th i always
is l NO neutral
t l i
wire
in a balanced 3 phase system

Advantages of balanced 3-phase
supply
z 1.The
1 Th elimination
li i ti off a neutralt l wire
i iis clearly
l l th the
biggest saving.
z 2 If we wanted
2. t d to
t supplyl the
th same amountt off
power using single phases, we would have used 6
wires! But we have managed with just 3 of them them.
z 3. The fact that line voltages are higher means
that the line currents are lower hence reduced
losses.
2
I R
Line & Phase Values
z In practice
practice, when a 33-phase
phase system is used
used,
we do have both the currents & voltages as
3 phase Their values may be given as phase
3-phase.
or line values.
z Let us consider a balanced 3-phase voltage
system.
z Just as we did in the case of currents, the
voltage is given by:

Line & Phase Values
v 1 = V ∠ 0 = V (1 + j 0 )
o
1 3
v 2 = V ∠ 120 = V ( − + j ) o
2 2
1 3
v 3 = V ∠ 240 = V ( − − j
o
)
2 2
wheree V = phase value ; measu
whe measured
ed
between phase wire & earth .
Line & Phase Values
3 3
v12 = v1 − v2 = V ( − j ) = 3V∠ − 30 o
2 2
v23 = v2 − v3 = V (0 + j 3) = 3V∠90o
3 3
v31 = v3 − v1 = V (− − j ) = 3V∠ −150o
2 2
∴∑line− voltages= 0 + j0
Line & Phase Values
z It is however usual to measure voltage

between one phase & another phase. So the
value is that of one phase with respect to the
other. Since it is measured between one
phase & another it is referred as the ‘line
line
voltage’.
z The line voltages must the phasor differences
as shown below:

Phasors for Phase & Line
Voltages
v23
v2
v1
v31 v12
v3 − v2
v1

Phase & Line Voltages
z The following conclusions are made:

z 1. The line voltages
g also constitute a balanced 3-
phase system.
z 2. line − voltage = 3 phase − voltage.
Examples :
V = phase − voltage = 240
∴ 3V = line − voltage = 240 3 ≈ 416
V = line − voltage
g = 11,000
V 11,000
∴ = phase − voltage = ≈ 6,351
3 3

Line & Phase Values
z Please note that:

z 1. In a 3-phase system; the line values (voltage &
current) are the ones specified
specified.
z 2. It is very dangerous to touch any two line wire
(because of much higher voltages)
voltages).
z 3. All values are rms.
z 4 Red,
4. R d Y Yellow,
ll Bl
Blue representt .
v1 , v2 , v3

Line & Phase Values
z While it is easy to identify phase & line

voltages; caution is taken on phase & line
currents.
currents
z It is easier to assume that phase & line
currents are the same.

Star & Delta
z There are two distinct ways of representing 3

3-
phase voltages/currents;
z St or Delta.
Star D lt [Star
[St isi sometimes
ti called
ll d W
Wye].
]
z Let us re-draw the phasors for 3-phase
voltages.

Star & Delta
z Phasors
v2
Star
Delta v2
v3 v1
v3
v1

Star & Delta Connections
z Power connections
v2 Y
Y
Delta v2 Star
v3 v3 v1
R R
v1
B B

Star & Delta Connections
z It is noted that:
z A Star connection has a neutral point (n) and
can be accessed when need arises
arises. But the
Delta connection does not have one.
z Hence in a Delta connection only the line
voltages can be measured. But in the Star
connection both line & phase voltages are
measurable.

Star-Star Connection
z Supply-load connections
i1
supply Load
n n
i2
i3
Star-Delta Connection
z Supply-load
Supply load connections
i1
I1
supply
Load
n I3
i2 I2
i3
Line & Phase currents
z In the star connection; the line current=phase

current phase
current.
z But in Delta connection; the line current DOES
NOT equal to phase current e.g.
i1 ≠ I1
z But we may use KCL to find the relationships
between line and phase currents.
i1 − I1 + I 3 = 0
Power in 3-phase
z We know that is 1-phase;

Power = VI cos θ
B t in
But i 3 − phase
h ;
Total power
= 3 VI cos θ ;
where V , I are phase values .
VL
∴ Total power = 3 I L cos θ = 3 V L I L cos θ
3
where V L , I L are line values
( assume I = I L )
Power Factor
z Ratio of real p
power to apparent
pp p
power
IV cosθ
Pf = = cosθ
IV
z Power factor is cos of angle between volt and
current
z Between 0 and 1
z Ideal value = 1

3-phase Exercises
Exercise − 1 :
v1 ( t ) = V sin( wt ) = reference voltage ;
exp ress v 2 ( t ), v 3 ( t ) as sin e functions .
E
Exercise
i 2:
A 2 MW ,11 kV , 3 − phase source uses 80 %
of its capacity to sup ply a load .
dett er min
d i e theth currentt if power
ffactor is 0 . 5
Solution 1
z The 3-phase
p voltages
g differ by
y angle
g only:
y
v1 (t ) = V sin(wt)
∴v2 (t ) = V sin((wt − 120 ) o
v3 (t ) = V sin(wt − 240 ) = V sin(wt + 120 )

o o

Solution 2
sup ply = 2 MW
∴ Load = 0 . 8 * 2 = 1 . 6 MW
Load = 3 V L I L cos θ
∴ 1 . 6 * 10 6
= 3 * 11 * 10 3
* I L * 0 .5
3200
∴ IL = ≈ 168 . 0 A
11 3
= currentt i line
in li = phase
h currentt
if star connection

3-phase exercises
z Exercise 3:
z A 0.6MW, 416V, 3-phase, 50Hz load has a
power factor
f t off 0.5.
05
z Determine the necessary capacitors and
show their connections so as to improve the
power factor to 0.9.
p

Solution 3
z The power factor improvement is done by

connecting a capacitor between @ phase &
the neutral point
point.
z [Though it is possible to connect a capacitor
between phases but then the capacitors are
more expensive because of the higher (line)
voltages].

Star-Star connection
z Supply-load connections
i1
C
Supply Load
n n
C
i2
C
i3
Solution 3
z Since @ capacitor is connected across a

phase & neutral; phase voltages must be
used.
used
z We are at liberty to use the phasor diagram
studied earlier.

Solution 3
Ιc V
θ φ
Ι 1
Ι
Solution 3
cosθ = 0.5
cosφ = 0.9
I C = I sinθ − I 1 sin φ
I cosθ = I cosφ1
I cosθ
∴I = 1
cosφ
∴ I C = I (sinθ − cosθ tanφ )

Solution 3
But
P = 3VL I L cos θ
h − IL = I
where
P 0.6 *106
∴I = =
3VL cos θ 3 * 416 * 0.5
6
10
≅ 1,388
416 3
Solution 3
10 6
0 . 5 sin φ
∴ IC = [sin θ − ]
416 3 0 .9
10 6 3 5 19
= [ − ]
416 3 2 9 10
≅ 865 . 9
Voltage across capacitor
1
= V = IC Z = IC *
2 π ffC
C C

Solution 3
IC
=
100 π C
IC IC
∴ C = =
100 π V C 100 π * 416
3
≅ 0 . 01839 F = 18390 μF
∴ 3 cap of 18390 μ F
I pratice
In i use nearest hi h
higher
valuable available on market .
Question 4
z A 440V,
440V 3 3-ph
ph, Y-connected
Y connected source has two
loads connected as:
z O load
One l d iis b
balanced
l d iin @ phase
h with
ith
Z=10+j5.
z The second load is balanced in @ phase with
Z=15+j0.j
z (i) Find the average power to @ load.
z (ii) Fi
Find
d th
the ttotal
t l power ddelivered.
li d

Question 4 Cont.
V∠0 V
i1 = = ∠ −θ
Z ∠θ Z
Powerin3 − phase=
3VI cosθ = 15.5*10 ≅ 15.5kW 3

Question 4 Cont.
z Total load =(10+j5)+(15+j0)=25+j5=Z

(10 j5) (15 j0) 25 j5 Z
5
Z = 25 + j 5 = Z ∠θ ;θ = arctan
25
440 ∠0
3 440
∴ i phase = = ∠ −θ
Z ∠θ Z 3
∴Total − power = 3 *V phase * i phase cos θ
440 440 440 2
= 3* * * cos θ = cos11.3o
3 3Z 650
≈ 7.45kW

Power Factor Correction (Y)
( )
r +y 2
y2 2
x= → Zeq = r +
y r
Power Factor Correction (Δ)
( )
r +y 2
y2 2
x= → Zeq = r +
y r
EE251
Lectures
Transformers
Lecture 10
1820
z Hans Christian Oersted:

z a current produces a magnetic field

1820
z André-Marie
André Marie Ampère:
z parallel wires carrying currents attract/repel each
other

1821
z Michael Faraday:
z a changing magnetic field induces an electric field

1831
z Joseph Henry
z discovered self-induction and built an
electromagnet

Ideal Transformer

Ideal Transformer Equations
n2
v2 = × v1
n1
n1
i2 = × i1
n2
2
⎛ n1 ⎞
Req = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × RL
⎝ n2 ⎠
P1 = P2

Example
2
⎛ 10 ⎞
Req = ⎜ ⎟ × 10 = 1000Ω
⎝ 1 ⎠
115
i1 = = 0.1147 A
3 + 1000
Example
+
v1
−
v1 = 115 − i1 × 3 = 114.7V
1
v2 = × v1 = 11.47
10
11.47
i2 = = 1.147 A
10
Transmission

EE251
Lectures
DC Machines
Lecture 11
DC Machines Examples
z microwave fan z screwdriver
z hi-fi tape deck z leaf blower
z fridge
dge z toothbrush
toot b us
z mixer z hair dryer
z washing machine z razor
z tumble dryer z CD player
z vacuum z video player
z computers z clocks
z electric saw z pond pumps
z drill z toys

Simple DC Motor

DC Machine Parts
1 Static Magnet
1.
z permanent or electromagnetic
2. Rotor (Armature)
( )
z produces voltage and torque

DC Machine Parts

Basic Concept
S
Source: htt //h
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/motdc.html
h i h t d /hb / ti / td ht l

Operation
z wind a wire on a nail
z connect a battery to the
wire
z place the winding in a
magnet
z the nail moves about

h lf a tturn and
half d stops
t
z flip battery polarity
exactly after the half
turn to start rotation

Electric Motor Parts

Electric Motor Parts

Two-Pole DC Motor

Four-Pole DC Motor

DC Motor Variables
EA (volt) is the back EMF

VT (volt) is the applied voltage
Tdev (N.m) is the torque developed by DC Motor
Tload (N.m) is the opposing load torque
ωm (rad/s) is the armature shaft speed
Ra (Ω) is the motor internal resistance
IA (A) is the motor current
DC Generator Variables
EA (volt) is the generated voltage

VT (volt) is the load voltage
Tppm (N.m) is the prime-mover generated torque
Tdev (N.m) is the opposing motor torque
Ra (Ω) is the motor internal resistance
DC Machine Equations
EA = K ⋅ Φ ⋅ ωm
Tdev = K ⋅Φ ⋅ IA
EA (volt) is the generated voltage
Tdev (N m)
(N.m) is the motor torque
K is the machine constant

Φ (Wb) is the magnetic flux per pole

Power
z Electric Power:
P = I ×V
z Mechanical Power:
P = T ×ω

Ideal DC Machine
z Motor
z IN: Electric Power
z OUT
OUT: M h i lP
Mechanical Power
Pelec = EA ⋅ I A
= K ⋅ Φ ⋅ ωm ⋅ I A
= Tdev ⋅ ωm
= Pmech

Ideal DC Machine
z Generator
z IN: Mechanical Power
z OUT
OUT: El t i P
Electric Power
Pmech = Tdev ⋅ ωm
= K ⋅ Φ ⋅ I A ⋅ ωm
= EA ⋅ I A
= Pelec

DC Machine Operating
g Principle

Fleming’s
g Left Hand Rule Or
Motor Rule
FORE FINGER = MAGNETIC FIELD
900
900
900
MIDDLE FINGER= CURRENT
FORCE = B IAl
B …flux densityy ((Wb/m2)
l … bar length in (m) LP11 181
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule Or
Generator Rule
FORE FINGER = MAGNETIC FIELD
900
900
900
MIDDLE FINGER = INDUCED

VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE = B l u
u … is the bar velocity in (m/s)
LP11 182
Commutator

Generated Voltage
g

Exercise I
z A DC motor having
z Ra = 2Ω, IA=5A, EA=220V, ωm = 1200 rpm
z What is:
z voltage applied to armature?
z developed torque?
z developed power?

Exercise II
z A DC motor with negligible armature

resistance operates at 1800 rpm under no-
load with VT = 240V(rated voltage)
voltage). The rated
speed of the motor is 1750 rpm.
z D t i VT if th
Determine the motor
t has
h to
t operate t att 1200
rpm under no-load
z D i Φ (flux/pole)
Determine (fl / l ) if the
h motor h has to
operate at 2400 rpm under no-load; given that K =
400/π
400/
z Determine the rated flux per pole of the machine

EE251
Lectures
Application Specific Circuits
Lecture 12
Applications
Applications
S
Sources A lifi
Amplifiers Di it l
Digital M t
Meters RF

Applications
Sources
Converters
VIC, IVC Regulators Generators Protection
AC-DC
A lifi
Amplifiers
Gain Buffers Mixers Filters

Applications
Digital
ADC DAC ASIC FPGA
RF
TX RX Modulators Links

Operational Amplifier
z Integrated Circuit
z Infinite Gain, Zero Input Currents

555 Timer
z Integrated Circuit
z For Timers, Pulse Generators, Triggers, …

EE251
Lectures
Sensors & Actuators
Lecture 13
Fundamental elements of a measuring instrument
Process or
measurement Environmental
medium effects (noise,
Physical variable temperature etc)
to be measured
Observer
Feedback signal for control
Input
signal
Intermediate Modified
stage signal Controller
Primary stage Manipulation
Detector-transducer
Transduced & Indicator
Sensing & conversion signal transmission
Calibration Recorder Quantity
signal presented
to observer
Calibration signal Final (output )
External
source representing stage
power
known value of
physical variable

Electronic versus Mechanical Measuring
Instruments
z Electronic devices are versatile and easy to use.

use
z An electrical quantity can be easily manipulated,
displayed and used for feedback control
control.
z Electronic equipment has a very high speed of
response; it can be used to measure both static
(constant in time) and dynamic (time-varying) signals.
z With electronic equipment,
equipment no physical connection is
needed between the sensing element and the observer
since electromagnetic waves can be used
used.

Definitions
z Transducer: a device that converts one form

of energy into another.
z S
Sensor: a device
d i th thatt converts
t a physical
h i l
parameter to an electrical output.
z Actuator: a device that converts an electrical
signal
g to a p
physical
y output.
p

What to look for in a Sensor?
z Dynamic
y range
g
z Min and max range of the measured physical quantity
z Min and max range for electric output
z Input/output relation
z Sensitivity/Resolution
z Smallest change to be detected
z Power requirements
z Passive vs active
z Power consumption/requirements
z Band width and frequency response
z Ho to calibrate
How

General Sensors
z Resistive
z Capacitive
z Inductive

Resistive Sensors
Translational Rotational displacements from 10o to

o
distance from 2 50 or more
to 500 mm
• Linear and active
Vo=I * R
R=constant * Length/area (ρ
(ρ*L/A)
L/A)
Capacitive sensors
z The capacitance between two parallel plates of
area A separated by distance d is
A
C =∈
d
z ε is a constant related to the di-electric material

b t
between both
b th plates.
l t
z Change d (distance)Î change the capacitance

Example Capacitive sensors
z Elevators button switches, calculator key pads,
z Other applications: Position sensing, small dynamic motion,

z Activity calculate Vo in terms of d
Activity,
Inductive Sensors
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
( )
z Used to measure pressure,

displacement and force
c
z Inductance (L) α Distance and
number of turns
z Can vary distance and number of
turns mechanically
d
z Non
o linear
ea

Strain Gauges
g
z Definitions
z Stress and Strain
z Measuring force and pressure with strain
gauges
z Circuits involving strain gauges

T
Stress and strain
L
Tension: A bar of metal is subjected to a force
(T) that will elongate its dimension along the
D
long axis that is called the axial direction.
C
Compression:
i th force
the f acts
t in
i opposite
it
A metal bar direction and shortens the length
A
Stress: the force per unit area
σa = T/A (N/m2) L
L+dL L T
dL B with
Bar ith tension
t i
T Strain: The fractional change in length
Strain εa = dL/L (μm/m)
Stress and strain
z Stress Î Internal resistance to external force

z StrainÎ displacement and deformation due
t
to external
t l force
f
z Stress is linearly related to strain for elastic
materials
z εa = σa /Ey = (T/A)/Ey
z Ey : constant, T: external force, A: cross area

Strain Gages
g
z Mechanical motion Î Electricity
z ∆R, ∆ C, ∆ L α εa
z ΔR/R = K εa
z K (gage factor) is ration of relative change in R
to relative change in length=
ΔR
K= R
ΔL
L
Example: Strain Gage
Resistance
z A strain gage has a gage factor 2 and

exposed to an axial strain of 300 μm/m. The
unstrained resistance is 350 Ω.
Ω Find the
percentage and absolute changes in the
resistance.
resistance
z εa = 300 μm/m = 0.3x10-3;
z ΔR/R = Kεa = 0.6x10-3
z %age change = 0.06%
z ΔR = 350x0.6x10-3 = 0.21 Ω.

Example 2: Strain Gage
Resistance
z A strain gage has an unstrained resistance of
1000 Ω and gage factor of 80. The change in
the resistance is 1Ω when it is exposed
p to a
strain. Find the percentage change in the
resistance,, the percentage
p g changeg in the
length and the external strain (μm/m)
z ΔR/R ((%)) = 0.1 %;;
z ΔL/L (%) = [ΔR/R (%)]/K = 1.25x10-3%,
z εa = [[ΔL/L ((%)]/100
)] = 1.25x10-5 = 12.5 μ
μm/m

Bonded Strain Gage
g
Res ist ive
Backing
W ires
z Beam deformation Î
Connectinng wires
Bonded Strain
Gage change in resistance
proportional to stress
D irect ion of strain and strain
z Change in resistanceÎ
Solid ((fixed)) pplatform
change in voltage
z Calculate stress and
Beam Fixing
Fi i th
the strain
Strain Gage
Gage
T
Un-Bonded Strain gauge as pressure Sensor
c
R2 R1 Diaphragm
Rx
b A
υi a B
Ry
R3 R4
Armature
d C
D
Δ υo Ri (a) Strain-gage wires

((b))
• When Pressure increases, strain pairs B and C is increased, while

gage pairs A and D is decreased.
elements. R1 = A,
Wheatstone bridge with four active elements A R2 = B,B R3 =
D, and R4 = C when the un-bonded strain gage is connected for
translation motion.
• Resistor
R i R and
Ry d potentiometer
i R are used
Rx d to iinitially
i i ll bbalance
l the
h
bridge.
• vi is the applied voltage and Dv0 is the output voltage on a voltmeter
with an internal resistance of Ri.
THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
B
z Variation in impedance
p
R2
usually small Î use R1
Wheatstone bridge Eb A C
z Activity: + VAC -
z Calculate VA-VC R4
+ +
VA VC R3
z VA-V
VC= - -
D
R4 R3 R2R4 −R1R3
Eb( − ) = Eb
R1 + R4 R2 + R3 (R1 + R4)(R2 + R3)
z Balanced BridgeÎ R2R4=R1R3 Î VA-V
VC=0
Bridge with a Single Active
Element ((Quarter Bridge)
g )
B
S o lid p latfo r m
S train
t i R1 R2
Q
g ag e
Eb
A Ig C
Rg
W
C antile ver R3
R4 = Rx
z R4 is taken as the strain gage.

gage
z R3 is made variable to balance the bridge when there is no force
applied

Quarter Bridge
g Calculation
z Let
z R1 = R2 = R3 = R and
z R = R + ΔR = R(1 + ΔR/R)
R4 = Rx
R2 R4 − R1R3 R( R + ΔR) − R 2 ΔR
E0 = Eb = Eb = Eb
( R1 + R4 )( R2 + R3 ) ( R + R + ΔR)( R + R) 2(2 R + ΔR)

Definition of Temperature
z An expression for the kinetic energy of vibrating
atoms and molecules of matter.
z Can be measured by various secondary
phenomena, e.g.,
z changeg of volume or p pressure,,
z electrical resistance,
z electromagnetic force,
z electron surface charge, or
z emission of electromagnetic radiation.

EE251
Lectures
Temperature Measurement
Lecture 14
Temperature Scale
z Celsius, divide the difference between the
Celsius
freezing and boiling points of water into 100°
z Fahrenheit which divide the difference between
the freezing and boiling points of water into 180°
z °C = ((5 /9)) ((°F - 32),
) and °F = ((9 /5)) °C + 32.
z The thermodynamic scale begins at absolute
zero, or 0 Kelvin, the point at which all atoms
cease vibrating
ib ti and d no ki
kinetic
ti energy iis
dissipated.
z 0 K = –273.15°
273 15° C = –459.67°
459 67° F.
F
z The official Kelvin scale does not carry a degree sign.
The units are expressed
p in “kelvins,”
, not degrees
g
Kelvin.
Temperature measuring
devices
z Temperature can be measured via a
diverse array of sensors. All of them infer
temperature
p by
y sensingg some change g in a
physical characteristic.
z In the chemical process industries
industries, the
most commonly used temperature
sensors are thermocouples, resistive
devices and infrared devices.

Fluid Expansion Devices
Fluid-Expansion Safety bulb
z Types: 50
z the mercury type: an environmental Capillary tube
hazard, so there are regulations
governing the shipment of devices that Stem
contain it
it.
0
z the organic-liquid type.
Temperature
z gas instead of liquid
g q type
yp sensing
i bulb
b lb
z No electric power, do not pose
explosion hazards, and are stable
even after repeated cycling.
z On the other hand,
z they do not generate data that are easily
recorded or transmitted, and
z they cannot make spot or point
measurements.
Thermocouples
Metal A Metal A z Two strips or wires made of

different metals and joined at one
end
end.
Metal B
z Changes in temperature at that
junction induce changes in the emf
b t
between the
th other
th ends.d
Metal A
z As temperature goes up, this
+ output
ou pu eemf o
of thee thermocouple
e ocoup e
VAB rises, though not necessarily
- linearly.
Metal B
VAB = Seebeck voltage
VAB = αT, where α, the Seebeck coefficient, is the constant of proportionality.

Peltier effect
z If a voltage is applied
applied, then there will be
temperature change at the junction. This is
called the Peltier effect and can be used for
heating and cooling (refrigeration).

Thomson effect
ff
25° C 100° C 200° C

300° C z 2nd effect
ff t that
th t generates
t voltage
lt and
d it
400° C is the temperature gradient along a
500° C
single conductor.
z The net e.m.f. due to this effect is
proportional to the difference between
the squares of the absolute junction
T’s.
600° C Metal Bath
z the voltage is actually generated by the
section of wire that contains a T
gradient, not necessarily by junction.

Equation of a thermocouple
z The output voltage “V”

V of a simple thermocouple (with a
reference temperature T0 = 0°C = 32°F) is:
1 1
V = AT + BT + CT 3
2
volts,
2 3
where T is the temperature of the measuring junction in °C, A, B,
and C are constants that depend upon the thermocouple material.

Characteristics of
thermocouples
80
E Type of Metals
+ -
60 E Chromel vs Constantan
K
J J Iron vs Constantan
40 K Chromel vs Alumel
Millivollts
R Platinum vs Platinum
20 T R 13% Rhodium
S S Pl
Platinum
i vs Pl
Platinum
i
10% Rhodium
0 T Copper vs Constantan
500 1000 1500 2000
Temperature, °C

Resistance Temperature Devices
z Resistance temperature
p devices capitalize
p on the fact that the
electrical resistance of a material changes as its temperature
changes;
z R = R0[1 + α(T(T – T0)]
z Where R0 is the resistance at T=T0 and α is the temperature
coefficient of the device
device. Ex
Ex. Thermistors
z Equation of a thermistor
T0 −T
β( )
R = R0e TT0

Thermistor Circuit
If the temperature increases, the thermistor resistance

decreases, yielding more current that flows through Rf, thus
Vo increases.

Light Sensors
Optical Sensors
z Light Î Electric Energy

z Radiation sources
z Tungsten lamps
z Arc discharges
z Light-emitting diodes (leds)
z LASERs

Photo-resistor/Photoconductor
z Resistance depends on light

z Made of cadmium sulfide

Photodiode
z Light
g Î current or voltage
g
z Light PhotonÎ Electron
z Photo-multiplier
z Sensitive detectors of light in the
ultraviolet visible
ultraviolet, visible, and near-
near
infrared ranges of the
electromagnetic spectrum
z Multiply the current produced by
incident light by as much as 100
million times
z Used in Geiger counters

Light
g Emitting
g Diodes (LED)
( )
z Transmit light at different
wavelengths (visible, infra-
red))
z Photodiodes with matching
wavelengths are used to
detect the light
z Transmitted information can
be decoded through voltage
to pulse width techniques

Voltage
g to pulse width coding
g
z Coding is sometimes referred to as

modulation
Transmit Receive
Signal Signal
PWM PWM-1
z Transmtited light can be infra red or laser

Laser Light
g
z Why laser?
z Coherent (narrow beam)
z L
Less attenuation
tt ti with
ith di
distance
t d
due tto short
h t
wavelength
z Detected
D t t d viai photodiode,
h t di d photo
h t sensors
operating at laser wavelengths

X-Ray
y detection
z X Ray detectors convert x-ray

X-Ray x ray photons into
electric current
z El t
Electrons generated
t d proportional
ti l tto photons
h t
z Detectors
z X-Ray film
z Image intensifier (mesh of photo-diodes)
photo diodes)
z Solid state detectors

Flow and Speed
p
Measurement
Flow measurement using
g light
g
z Using Light
z Two laser sources along a pipe
z T
Two Photo
Ph t sensors tot detect
d t t laser
l
z Sensor 1 picks up the scatter of laser due to flow
z Sensor 2 picks up the scatter of laser at a later
time
z The time difference can be used to measure the
flow

Flow Measurement using
Temperature
z As g
gas/fluid flows Î Temperature
p decreases
z Flow rate can be detected based on the
change in temepratures at sensors

Flow Measurements using
g
Magnetic flied
z Apply Magnetic field along a pipe

z The flow of the liquid will act as a variable
resistance
i t
z The voltage drop across the pipe will be
proportional to the flow rate

Ultrasound:Piezoelectric
Crystal
y
z A piezoelectric disk generates a voltage when
deformed
z Used to measure strain
strain, force
force, or pressure by
converting them to electricity
z Also used to generate clocks for computers

Piezoelectric Crystal
y
z A piezoelectric disk generates a force with a

voltage is applied
z U d tto generate
Used t ultrasound
lt d waves

Doppler Effect
z Applied
pp in Ultrasound,, laser and Radar applications
pp
z Definition:
z The e cchange
a ge in frequency
eque cy oof a wave
a e for
o aan
observer moving relative to the source of the
waves is proportional to the relative speed
b t
between both
b th objects
bj t
z Speed detectors, radars, ultrasound imaging, blood
flow in arteries ..etc
etc

Doppler Frequency
Doppler
opp e frequency
eque cy iss calculated
c cu ed according
cco d g to:o: fd / fo = u / c,
where
fd = Doppler frequency shift
fo = source frequency
u = target velocity
c = velocity of the sound
fd 2u 2u
Two shifts due to two paths yielding = ≅
f0 c + u c
The approximation is valid since c ≅ 1500 m/s and u ≅ 1.5 m/s.
We have to take the transmission angle θ into consideration.
Th the
Then h Doppler
D l frequency
f becomes
b
2 f 0 u cosθ
fd =
c
Principle Circuits to measure
blood flow
Boost Doppler Detect freq

frequency difference
2 foucosθ
fd =
c Detect freq
difference
Convert frequency
difference
to voltage

Summary
y on Sensors
z Temperature, flow, speed, acceleration,
angle, position, pressure, force, light and
manyy pphysical
y q
quantities can be converted to
electrical signals through different techniques
z The resulting electrical signal carries
information contained in the physical quantity
sensed
z Signal processing techniques allow us to
understand the environment

Fundamental elements of a measuring instrument
Process or
measurement Environmental
medium effects (noise,
Physical variable temperature etc)
to be measured
Observer
Feedback signal for control
Input
signal
Intermediate Modified
stage signal Controller
Primary stage Manipulation
Detector-transducer
Transduced & Indicator
Sensing & conversion signal transmission
Calibration Recorder Quantity
signal presented
to observer
Calibration signal Final (output )
External
source representing stage
power
known value of
physical variable

ECE Dept
References
z www.analog.com
www analog com
z www.wikipedia.com
z www.lionprecision.com
z Medical Instrumentation, Application and
Design by John Webster, 3rd edition
z Dr Bahattin Karagazuglu’s
Karagazuglu s notes on sensors

Basic
Electrical
Safety
January 2008 Ver 1.1

Electrical
ect ca SaSafety
ety
Topics
Electrical Safety Awareness

Electricity basics & few simple pointers
Specific laboratory examples,
A few Do
Do’s
s & Don
Don’ts
ts & Watch out for
for’s
s
January 2008 Ver 1.1

Basic Electrical Theory
y
z Voltage [driving force] causes current [e - ] to flow

z AC / DC - from safety perspective - negligible difference
z Single Phase / Three Phase. 3φ get a professional
z Circuit / loop is necessary for current to flow

z a start point - a route - an end point
January 2008 Ver 1.1 248

Voltage, Current and Resistance
z Voltage increases => Current increases
z Resistance decreases => Current increases
Voltage = Current / Resistance - Ohms Law

The complete circuit
A complete Circuit or loop is
necessary for current to flow

A complete circuit
complete Circuit or loop
is necessary for current to flow
Current takes the path of least resistance

Basic Electrical Theory
z Voltage causes a
Current to flow
z Water analogy
z A complete Circuit is
necessary for current
to flow
z Bird on HT wires

V lt
Voltages
z Low Tension 0 => 50V
z Batteries: AA, AAA, MP3 player
z Car, trucks, busses 12 / 24 / 48
z Garden lights, domestic halogen lights
z High Tension 100 =>

> 300V
z EU Mains, Electrophoresis, DART, Capacitors SM PSUs
z Very High Tension 1KV +

z ESB pylons, TV tubes, photocopiers, X
X-Ray
Ray machines, Mass
Spectrometers

Electricity
th body
i the
in bod

Electricity
y in the body
y
z Muscles
z Muscles control all the body movements
z Including & importantly those that keep us alive -

Breathing and Heart
z The brain controls voluntary muscles using

Current pulses along nerves

Electricity
y in the body
y
z External
E t l currentt through the body causes
z Loss of muscle control
z Spasms & Involuntary movement
z Inabilityy to let g
go
z Burns - external & internal

Electricity
&
associated hazards

Electricity - associated
Hazards
z Indirect Injury
j y
z Falls from ladder
z Thrown back. Fall to ground, onto sharp edge
z Drop objects
z Thermal burns – Very hot equipment surface, explosion
z Wires & cables - Trailing

g leads => trips
p & damage,
g ,
Re-route, tidy up, cover over
z Life Support muscles

z Diaphragm and breathing
z Heart Fibrillation Random, uncoordinated heart contractions
z De-fribrillation: High
g voltages
g ((3000 V at 20 A)) fraction of a second
z Burns - death of tissue

z Internal [organs]
z External [skin]
Electrical Appliances
Safety - design guidelines
Connectors, cables & fuses
Selection, maintenance & use
D li
Dealing with
ith electrocution
l t ti

Electrical Appliances
Safety guiding principle
“keep
keep currents and voltages inside apparatus and away
from our bodies”
Inherently safe - Low voltage / low current

Enclosures
Insulation
Safe & secure connections

Electrical cables & plugs
Mains cable
z Brown Live - power
z Blue Neutral
z Green/yellow Earth

Electrical cables & plugs
Mains cable
z Brown Live power
z Blue Neutral
z Green/yellow Earth

Live Neutral
Live, Neutral, Earth & Fuses
L

Live Neutral

RCD Residual Current Device
RCCB Residual Current Circuit Breaker
ELCB Electric Leakage Circuit Breaker
MCB g
Magnetic Circuit Breakers
RCBO Residual Current Breaker
with Overcurrent protection
z current difference of >30 mA
z for a duration of >30 ms
L
L
N
E

z The Live and Neutral wires carry current around the circuit
z The Earth wire is there to protect you.

z The Earth wire can act like a back-up Neutral wire,
z Many appliances have metal cases e.g. kettles, toasters,
dishwashers, washingg machines etc.
z The Fuse is very thin piece of wire.
z The wire has a quite low melting point. As current flows through the
wire it heats up
up.
z If too large a current flows it melts, thus breaking the circuit
z Use appropriate fuse size/rating
z Additional safety devices - RCDs, ELCBs, MCBs

Electrical Equipment
Guidelines

Guidelines
z Use low & safe voltages
EU 230 VAC / US 110 VAC Hz
z Select equipment appropriate for environment & use
z Use equipment as per manufacturer
manufacturer’s
s instruction &
design
z Ensure adequate q maintenance
z Insulate and enclose live parts
z Prevent conducting parts from becoming live. Earth,

double insulation separate supply from earth, limit electric
power
z Avoid
A id electricity
l t i it where
h it use could
its ld be
b dangerous.
d
Rubbing, Induction & Capacitance effects can build up
static electricity
z Toxic - Berilium heat sinking, Incomplete burning can
produce carbon monoxide
Electrical Hazards
&
Personal Safetyy

Electrocution

Electrocution
z Prevention & Training : Where are red mushroom switches ?
z Response: Immediately cut power, red buttons / switch / plug
z If in any doubt - Do not touch victim.

z One hand behind back, stand on insulation, tip with back
of hand
z Use insulating rod / stick to move wires from victim.
z Call for assistance

z Talk & reassure victim
z If unconscious then use first aid, CPR

Electrical Hazards & Personal
Safety
z Where
z Office & home 95%
z Laboratory 5%
Trailing wires
wires, faulty wires
z Mains
z Avoid
A id direct
di t working
ki withith mains.
i U only
Use l low
l voltages
lt (t
(tension
i )
z Check all leads for: Fraying, Proper clamping, Proper earthing.
z Repairing
z Do not repair, competency required
z One hand behind back,
back tip cautiously with back of hand
z Trust nobody, remove fuse, use phase tester
Note: Switch Mode PSU,
PSU laptop chargers,
chargers CF lamps
[high voltages persists on capacitors long after switch off]

Specific Hazards & Personal
Safety
z Medical / sports equipment
z Very strict regulations on equipment operation, design, repair
z Never modify or tamper with such equipment
z ECG measurements. even a few micro amps in a susceptible location can
have massive consequences [Basis of Heart pacemaker ]
z Pace makers
z Susceptible to strong magnetic fields [NMR! ],
z P
Possibly
ibl RF & Micro
Mi waves
z Solvent
z Flammable environments require specialised electrical equipment
E.g. Fridge storage of samples stored in solvents
z Cold rooms / water cooling
g
z Equipment moved from a cold room with get condensation on its internal
electrical
z circuits Avoid this movement, Use LT, give lots of time to acclimatise

Safety
z RF & µW
z Capacitive coupling, no need to touch,
z Both can burn severely internally and externally depending on how
focused. Think of them like an open air μ-wave oven
z HT
z Static, OK [Very low current, moderate power]
z Will jump considerable distances, beware of capacitors
z Power
z Heating effect in body => internal burns / damage
z Contact burns, deep burns & necrosis
z Trailing power and signal wires - Protect & Tidy them up

S f t
Safety
z Other Laboratory Situations
z Other Office Situations
z Oth
Other H
Home Sit
Situations
ti

Where to g
get more Information
z Your Supervisor, Manager, Head of Department
z Department Safety Statements
z Department Safety Committees & Safety Officer
z DCU safety - WEB
z Edinburgh H&S - WEB

z University London H&S - WEB

Summary
z Awareness of the need for electrical safety
z Introduction to the source of electrical dangers
z Your responsibility
Y ibilit tto ttake
k care
of yourself and others

What’s the problem?

M.C.Q.s
z Q1) Use you knowledge of insulators and conductors to explain
z Why the wires are made of copper;
z Wh the
Why th sheaths
h th are maded off plastic.
l ti
z Q2) Why are the pins made of brass and why is the case plastic?
z Q3) Why is only the part nearest the cases sheathed? Why not the whole pin?
z Q4) A ttable
bl llamp usually
ll carries
i a currentt off 0.5A.
0 5A What
Wh t fuse
f should
h ld be
b putt in
i th
the
plug: 3A, 5A, or 13A?
z Q5) An iron usually carries a current of 5.2A. What fuse should be put in the plug: 3A,
5A or 13A?
5A,
z Q6) A kettle is protected by an earth wire and a 13A fuse. The live wire comes loose
and touches the side of the kettle. The fuse blows. Explain why.
z Q7) Explain why the fuse is always located on the live wire and not the neutral wire?
z Q8) Describe and Explain what happens in the following scenarios:
z a) The earth and live wire switch terminals on the plug
z b) The Live and neutral wire switch terminals on the plug
z c) The neutral and earth wire switch terminals on the plug
z d) When the earth wire is removed

A quiz in Electrical
Safetyy

A
Answers to
t the
th Safety
S f t Quiz
Q i

END

Ee251 Student Ver

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Ee251 Student Ver

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

EE 251 (FA and

Electrical and Computer Engineering

z Applications of Electrical Engineering

z Concepts and Basics of Electricity and

z Practical Engineering Applications..

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 2

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 3

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 4

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 5

z Visit the course website

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 6

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 7

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 9

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 10

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 11

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 12

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 13

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 14

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 15

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 16

Life in other planets!

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 17

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 18

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 19

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 20

z Does a specific function

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 21

z Build and Test

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 22

z How industries are working?

z What do I need to know about EE?

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 23

z Atoms and Electrons

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 25

z If electrons were pushed

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 26

z Source of pushing electrons

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 27

z Alexander Volta (first battery)

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 28

z Cascade 73 batteries in series

z Frequency = Number of cycles per second

z What s the highest frequency your eyes can

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 31

z Resists the movement of electrons

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 32

z Many loads act like pure resistors:

z But not all:

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 33

0 black 1 brown 2 red 3 orange 4 yellow

9 10 kΩ 560, 000 Ω or 560 kΩ

z No current will flow in an open loop circuit

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 35

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 36

z Why birds do not get shocked

z Can you safely touch one node

z What about lightening?

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 37

z Number of electrons passing every second

z At home: 60A,100A (20A per phase)

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 38

z A board with spring contact holes to hold

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 40

Electrical & Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Slide 41