1.

Explain
Data
A data model is a collection of concepts that can be used to
describe the structure of a database. Data models have 3
categories:

Conceptual data models (based on entities &

relationships)
Physical data models It provides concepts that
describe the details of how data is stored in the
computer.
Implementation data models (record-based, objectoriented) It provide concepts that can be understood
by end users.

Field
A space allocated for a particular item of information. A tax
form, for example, contains a number of fields: one for your
name, one for your Social Security number, one for your
income, and so on. In database systems, fields are the
smallest units of information you can access.
Record
A complete set of information. Records are composed of
fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set
of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file
might contain records that have three fields: a name field, an
address field, and a phone number field.
File
Relative data and information is stored collectively in file
formats. A file is sequence of records stored in binary format.
A disk drive is formatted into several blocks, which are
capable for storing records. The following are the types of file
organization
1)

Heap file system

2)

Sequential file system

3)

Hash file system

4)

Clustered file system

Differentiate
Desktop Database

Workgroup Database

Enterp

1 user
Limited Storage
User can only
access db

<50 Users
4GB Of Storage
Users within the
group can access
db

Stored as single
Microsoft Access
file(.mdb)

Stored using
Microsoft Access
file and FileMaker
Pro

>50 U
Up to
Vario
enter
the d
super
Store
Oracl
Serve

Functionality of DBMS
There are several functions that a DBMS performs to ensure
data integrity and consistency of data in the database. The
ten functions in the DBMS are:
1. Data Dictionary Management
Data Dictionary is where the DBMS stores definitions of
the data elements and their relationships (metadata).
The DBMS uses this function to look up the required
data component structures and relationships. The Data
Dictionary is often hidden from the user and is used by
Database Administrators and Programmers.
2. Data Storage Management
This particular function is used for the storage of data

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and any related data entry forms or screen definitions,

report definitions, data validation rules, procedural
code, and structures that can handle video and picture
formats. Users do not need to know how data is stored
or manipulated.
Data Transformation And Presentation
This function exists to transform any data entered into
required data structures. By using the data
transformation and presentation function the DBMS
can determine the difference between logical and
physical data formats.
Security Management
Security management sets rules that determine
specific users that are allowed to access the database.
Users are given a username and password or
sometimes through biometric authentication (such as
a fingerprint or retina scan) but these types of
authentication tend to be more costly. This function
also sets restraints on what specific data any user can
see or manage.
Multiuser Access Control
Data integrity and data consistency are the basis of
this function. Multiuser access control is a very useful
tool in a DBMS, it enables multiple users to access the
database simultaneously without affecting the
integrity of the database.
Backup And Recovery Management
Backup and recovery is brought to mind whenever
there is potential outside threats to a database. For
example if there is a power outage, recovery
management is how long it takes to recover the
database after the outage. Backup management refers
to the data safety and integrity; for example backing
up all your mp3 files on a disk.
Data Integrity Management
The DBMS enforces these rules to reduce things such
as data redundancy, which is when data is stored in
more than one place unnecessarily, and maximizing
data consistency, making sure database is returning
correct/same answer each time for same question
asked.

8. Database Access Languages And Application

Programming Interfaces
A query language is a nonprocedural language. SQL is
the most common query language. The use of this
language makes it easy for user to specify what they
want done without the headache of explaining how to
specifically do it.
9. Database Communication Interfaces
This refers to how a DBMS can accept different end
user requests through different network environments.
An example of this can be easily related to the
internet. A DBMS can provide access to the database
using the Internet through Web Browsers (Mozilla
Firefox, Internet Explorer).
10.Transaction Management
This refers to how a DBMS must supply a method that
will guarantee that all the updates in a given
transaction are made or not made. All transactions
must follow what is called the ACID properties:
Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability.

2. Normalization

A Technique of organizing the data in the database.

A Systematic approach of decomposing tables to
eliminate data redundancy and undesirable
characteristics like insertion, update and deletion
anamolies.
A Multi-step process that puts data into tabular
form by removing duplicated data from the relation
tables.
Used for mainly two purpose
o eliminating reduntant(useless) data
o ensuring data dependencies make sense i.e
data is logically stored.
Without Normalization, it becomes difficult to
handle and update the database, without facing
data loss.
Insertion, updation and deletion anamolies are very
frequent if database is not Normalized.

Normalization rule are divided First Normal Form,

Second Normal Form, Third Normal Form and BCNF.

3. Basics of DBMS
Entity
An entity is a distinct or discrete things or objects
which helps us to make a efficient data management
system providing the relation between the entities. For
example - An office could have these entities likeEmployees, Department, Salary.
Attribute
an attribute refers to a database component, such a
table. It also may refer to a database field. Attributes
describe the instances in the row of a database.
Primary Key
The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each
record in a database table. Primary keys must contain
unique values. A primary key column cannot contain
NULL values. Most tables should have a primary key,
and each table can have only ONE primary key.
Foreign Key
A foreign key is a field in a relational table that
matches the primary key column of another table. The
foreign key can be used to cross-reference tables.
Relationship
A relationship exists between two database tables
when one table has a foreign key that references the
primary key of another table. Three different types of
database relationships:i.
One-to-one relationships
ii.
One-to-many relationships
iii.
Many-to-many relationships
Data Dictionary
A data dictionary contains a list of all files in the
database, the number of records in each file, and the
names and types of each field. Most database
management systems keep the data dictionary
hidden from users to prevent them from accidentally
destroying its contents. It do not contain any actual
data from the database, only bookkeeping

information for managing it. Without a data

dictionary, however, a database management
system cannot access data from the database.

4. SQL Statements
Insert
Used to insert a one or more records into a table. Example of
SQL INSERT statement when inserting a single record using
the VALUES keyword is:
INSERT INTO table
(column1, column2, ... )
VALUES
(expression1, expression2, ... );

Delete
Used to delete a one or more records from a table. Example
of SQL delete statement is
DELETE FROM table
WHERE conditions;
Select
Used to retrieve records from one or more tables in your SQL
database. Example of SQL select statement is:
SELECT expressions
FROM tables
WHERE conditions;
Update
Used to update existing records in the tables.Example of SQL
update statement when updating one table is:
UPDATE table
SET column1 = expression1,
column2 = expression2,
...
WHERE conditions;

6. Fill In The Blanks-Database Theories

5. ERD-Draw

7. SQL - Specify The Output