The Virtues of Bond Laddering

August 23, 2016

by Larry Swedroe
Bond ladders are frequently criticized in the financial media and even among some professional
advisors (who are often able to use only bond mutual funds or ETFs). But there are many advantages
of owning them.
1. They avoid mutual fund expenses.
An important benefit of owning individual bonds is that they avoid the fees investors have to pay a fund
manager.
2. They offer complete control over credit and term risk.
Perhaps the most important benefit of owning individual bond securities is that advisors take 100%
control over the credit risk and term risk of their portfolios. They also take control over the timing of
cash flows into and out of such a portfolio. This is particularly important to clients relying on their fixedincome assets to provide the cash flow they need to maintain their desired lifestyle (in retirement or
otherwise).
A related issue is that municipal bond funds (and corporate bond funds) typically own bonds with call
risk. Those bonds carry slightly higher yields to compensate investors for taking this risk.
However, not only does that feature cause advisors to lose control over the maturity of their bonds, the
reinvestment risk that calls create can show up at the wrong time, when stocks are doing poorly. The
issuer will call in the bond, and advisors have to reinvest the proceeds at lower rates. If you are going
to consider buying a bond with a call feature, require that it have at least 80% protection (meaning a
bond with 10 years to maturity has at least eight years of call protection).
3. They avoid the impact of hot fund flows.
Theres another little-discussed benefit of owning individual securities. With a mutual fund (or ETF),
after a period of falling interest rates, hot money chasing recent performance will typically buy into the
fund. The fund, therefore, must buy more bonds in a low-rate environment, thus lowering the average
rate for all investors. Then, if rates begin to rise, the hot money will often leave, forcing the fund (and
long-term investors in it) to suffer trading costs and capital losses that cant be waited out.
On the other hand, an investor who holds individual bonds and is satisfied with the yield to maturity
when the bond was purchased, is not subject to the same problem (that is, other investors cannot
force him to sell at depressed prices).
4. They offer the ability to harvest losses at the individual security level.

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Another advantage of owning individual municipal bonds is that, in a rising-rate environment, investors
have the ability to tax manage (harvest losses) at the individual security level rather than just the fund
level.
This option is a greater benefit with municipal bonds than it is with stocks. With stocks, when you
harvest a loss, you reset the basis and eventually (unless you receive a stepped-up basis upon death)
will have to pay a tax on the now-larger gain. Thus, your benefit is the time value of money. With
municipal bonds, when you suffer a loss and buy a similar bond at a now-higher interest rate, you get
the full value of the tax benefit because the higher interest rate you now earn is tax-free.
5. They offer the ability to maximize after-tax returns.
Another key advantage of laddered portfolios is the ability to maximize the after-tax return on municipal
bonds by tailoring holdings to individual investors state and tax bracket.
For example, the bonds of high-tax states (such as New York and California) tend to trade at lower
yields (due to demand from their residents for double tax-free interest) than bonds from no- or low-tax
states (such as Florida, Nevada and Texas). Unless your clients are residents of a particularly high-taxrate state, there is no reason to own their bonds because they can earn higher after-tax returns
purchasing the bonds of low-tax states.
Yet if they own a national municipal bond fund (like those from Vanguard), they are going to hold a
high percentage of bonds originating from high-tax states. For example, according to its 2015 annual
report, the Vanguard Intermediate-Term Tax-Exempt Fund (VWITX) had about 15% of its holdings in
California bonds and about 12% in New York bonds.
Some critics of laddered bond portfolios suggest that lower yields on bonds from states such as New
York and California are a reflection of their lower risk. Unfortunately, that is not correct. Its a result of
their higher tax rates, which lead to more demand for them from their own residents. This should be
obvious, as similarly rated bonds with the same maturity from zero-tax-rate states such as Florida,
Nevada and Texas carry higher yields.
Other advantages
Clearly, there are some diversification benefits that come with a national bond fund, but you can get
more than sufficient diversification buying bonds from the lower-tax-rate states. And as I noted in
another article, if you limit your holdings to bonds of the highest credit quality (as I would recommend),
there is far less need for diversification.
Another benefit of bond ladders is that advisors can take advantage of the differences in the shape of
the yield curves between taxable and municipal bonds. Because the municipal bond yield curve is
typically steeper than the yield curve for Treasury bonds, there are times in which even higher-taxbracket investors can benefit from buying taxable bonds or FDIC-insured CDs for the shorter maturities
in their ladder and municipals for the longer end. This has often been the case over the past five years
for even some of the highest-tax-bracket investors and for maturities of up to five years.
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Finally, bond funds may contain municipal bonds that generate income subject to the alternative
minimum tax. Fund managers buy such bonds to boost the yield, attracting less-knowledgeable
investors. These bonds can be avoided when building your own portfolio.
Summary
When it comes to investing in equities, in general, mutual funds provide a major advantage over
individual securities because of the need to diversify the idiosyncratic risk of stocks. However, if
advisors limit their municipal bond holdings to only the highest-quality issues (the only type of bond I
recommend), theres very little need for diversification. Whats more, youll be able to take advantage of
the times when taxable investments provide higher returns than municipal bonds.
Given the many significant benefits that individual bonds can provide, if you have access to institutional
pricing, you should own individual municipal bonds. I recommend a $1 million minimum for individual
portfolios to achieve sufficient diversification.
And when it comes to taxable investments, because Treasury bonds and FDIC-insured CDs have no
credit risk and you can buy small amounts, there is no need for mutual funds, except for their
convenience or inside of corporate retirement plans where CDs are not generally available.
A version of this article originally appeared on ETF.COM here.
Larry Swedroe is the director of research for The BAM Alliance, a community of more than 140
independent registered investment advisors throughout the country.

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