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BY C. D. L U N D I N , C.-P. D. C H O U , A N D C. J. SULLIVAN
ABSTRACT. The fissure bend test originally developed and evaluated for
determining the cracking resistance of
SMA deposited austenitic weld metals
has been extended to evaluate GTA
and GMA deposited filler metals. Fissure bend tests were run on several
commercial fully austenitic and ferritecontaining stainless welds deposited
by GTA, SMA and GMA welding processes. The fully austenitic filler metals
are basically AISI Type 310 or 316 c o m position w i t h a difference in the alloying elements M n , M o , and C.
The effect of nitrogen additions to
the shielding gas, in the GTA process,
on the ferrite content of the deposited
weld metal has been defined. The
nitrogen addition technique shows
that it is an effective way of reducing
and/or controlling ferrite content.
Further, that nitrogen additions have
relatively little effect on fissuring tendency in the materials evaluated. In
fact, it was possible to reduce the
ferrite content from 5 FN to 0.5 FN and
maintain fissuring resistance.
The nature and morphology of the
fissuring in fully austenitic stainless
steel weld metals is similar to that of
the partially ferritic weld metals. The
location, extent and magnitude of the
cracking is dependent upon procedure
characteristics as well as composition.
The weld metal heat-affected zone
thermal history plays an important role
in controlling fissuring tendency in the
fully austenitic weld metals. This effect
has been evaluated using a multiple
thermal cycle technique in the fissure
bend test.
Introduction
Austenitic stainless steels are generally regarded as readily weldable mate226-s I A U G U S T 1980
ered effective in reducing microcracking by reducing the weld pool size and
the extent to which underlying runs
are heated. 8
The fissure bend test was originally
developed and evaluated for determining the cracking resistance of SMA
deposited austenitic weld metals. 9 1 0 1 1
It has the favorable features desired in
a weldability test in that it is economical, easy to conduct, reproducible, and
capable of evaluating fissuring in multipass weldments very similar to those
used in current fabrications.
In this study the test was extended
to the GTAW and G M A W processes
and was used to evaluate the effect of
alloying elements, welding procedures, and multiple weld metal HAZ
thermal cycles on the fissuring propensity of austenitic weld metals.
Experimental Procedures
Welds utilizing commercial austenitic stainless steel consumables were
evaluated in this study. Five weld metals were deposited by the automatic
GTAW process and three weld metals
were deposited by the SMAW process.
In addition, one of the GTA consumables was evaluated in the G M A W
mode. Table 1 shows the chemical
composition and calculated Ferrite
Number (FN) of these weld metals.
The base metal used was Vi x 2 x 9 in.
(1.27 X 5.08 X 22.86 cm) Type 304LN
or Type 304 plate.
The welding parameters are shown
in Table 2. Since the filler metal wires
used for evaluation varied in diameter,
the wire-feed rate was adjusted to
deposit the same amount of wire per
inch of weld. The base plates were
characterized by autogenously fusing
the sample surface w i t h six overlap-
Weld metal
designation
W1 l b l
W2""
W3<b)
W4 ,bl
W5"
E1
(c,
E2
(cl
E3 (.)
B1"
Chemical composition, w t - %
C
Si
Mn
0.014
0.017
0.013
0.093
0.090
0.032
0.025
0.100
0.022
0.15
0.44
0.36
0.37
0.43
1.00
0.28
0.26
0.56
4.57
2.20
5.26
1.49
1.90
5.20
1.94
1.55
1.66
0.009
0.009
0.011
0.013
0.009
0.007
0.014
0.009
0.019
0.021
0.032
0.024
0.000
0.012
0.016
0.004
Cr
Ni
Mo
Ferrite""
Number
25.09
18.50
19.03
27.18
27.00
18.50
17.80
26.14
19.02
21.98
15.20
16.74
20.27
21.10
17.40
13.00
20.99
8.25
2.12
2.80
0.06
0.06
0.13
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.13
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
5.8
Electrode diameter
Polarity
Current
Voltage
Travel speed
Interpass temperature
Argon flow rate
Heat input
2.60
2.22
0.40
0.35
2.57
0.09
SMAW
Vs in. (3.18 mm)
dcrp
90-100 A
25 V
8 ipm (0.34 cm/s)
200 F (93C)
16-17 k j / i n (630-670 k j / m )
GTAW
0.047 in. (1.19 mm)
0.063 in. (1.60 mm)
dcsp
180 A
10.8 V
8 ipm (0.34 cm/s)
250F (121C)
25 cfh (11.8 liters/min)
15 k j / i n . (590 k j / m )
Before
bending
Designation
FN
Cracks
Weld:
W1
0.1
0
W2
0.2
0
W3
0.0
0
W4
0.0
0
2
W5
0.0
SMA Weld:
El
0.1
0
E2
0
0.6
E3
10
0.0
CTA Autogenous
Weld:
B1
6.3
0
After bending
FN
Cracks
0.3
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.0
0
1
3
4
11
0.1
0.9
0.0
0
1
55
7.3
GTA
p i n g b e a d s so t h a t f e r r i t e p o t e n t i a l
could
be
measured
and
dilution
effects c h e c k e d .
T h e fissure b e n d test m e t h o d s w e r e
used t o e v a l u a t e t h e w e l d s . W e l d pads
were g r o u n d , bent, penetrant tested,
and e x a m i n e d by optical microscopy.
T h r e e layer p a d s w e r e u s e d f o r t h e
G T A d e p o s i t s t o e l i m i n a t e base p l a t e
d i l u t i o n effects.
V.
Ferrite N u m b e r (FN) r e a d i n g s w e r e
m a d e o n all g r o u n d p a d s u s i n g an
A m i n c o - B r e n n e r M a g n e G a g e . In o r d e r
to m i n i m i z e the error d u e t o w e l d m e t al i n h o m o g e n e i t y , t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e o f
15 d e t e r m i n a t i o n s t a k e n f r o m d i f f e r e n t
l o c a t i o n s in t h e c e n t e r f o u r i n c h e s
along t h e pad surface was used.
Selected specimens w e r e sectioned
in
three
perpendicular
planes,
m o u n t e d and polished. The specimens
w e r e t h e n e l e c t r o l y t i c a l l y e t c h e d at
7 - 9 v o l t s (V) u s i n g a stainless steel
c a t h o d e f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60 s e c o n d s
(s). T h e e t c h i n g s o l u t i o n c o n s i s t e d o f
25 g r a m s C r O a , 133 m l g l a c i a l a c e t i c
acid, and 7 ml distilled water.
Fig. 1Microstructures
metal. X500
of as-deposited
SMA austenitic
stainless steel El
weld
The m i c r o s t r u c t u r e of t h e e t c h e d
specimens w e r e examined by optical
m i c r o s c o p y a n d by e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y . E n e r g y d i s p e r s i v e X-ray analysis
w a s also a p p l i e d in o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e
elemental d i s t r i b u t i o n s in
selected
regions.
y
y%.
%:
- A
F/g. 2Hot cracks in the SMA austenitic stainless steel E3 weld metaltop face view;
A-unbent, polished and etched (optical); B-bent, ground and unetched (SEM). Strain
direction indicated by arrows. X500 (reduced 50% on reproduction)
6-S
IA
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
23 29
30
31
Before bending
After bending
0
8
10
0
0
66
95
4
mixed z o n e " characterized by the ferrite potential of the base plate. Some
dilution is also to be expected adjacent to the fusion line, and in the
multilayer GTA pads the first layers
averaged Vi to 1 FN. The second layers
were essentially ferrite-free. Thus, in
our testing, (with t w o or three layer
pads) the undiluted weld metal was
evaluated.
In order to determine the relationship between hot cracking tendency
and the ferrite potential, the DeLong
diagram, as shown in Fig. 4, was used.
The weld metals used are shown on
the diagram. No consistent trends
were f o u n d . This lack of correlation
indicates that both the welding procedures and the consumable chemistry
are important in hot cracking behavior.
Table 5-Chemical Analysis on the Wl Bare Wire, GTAW Deposited Weld Metal, and GMAW Deposited Weld Metal
Wt-%
Materials
Si
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
Bare wire
G T A W weld metal
G M A W w e l d metal
0.019
0.023
0.029
0.130
0.190
0.210
4.40
3.99
4.08
0.010
0.007
0.010
0.010
0.013
0.011
24.67
24.35
23.26
22.49
21.06
20.20
2.23
2.03
1.91
0.120
0.100
0.100
25
oo
'
15
--
0,30
l
ES
20
10
3
308L(MODIFIED)
304
.r
<K
-A__
V-f ._._
^
10
15
20
25
n,?5
30
ry
1
^r
i
<=c
CD t u
HZ
1
-*
A/a
<JD
CD
0,7(1
- /
/
0,1b
1 ?'
0.1U
I /
rfiM
( i 11 1
/
w
A 308L(i'IODIFIED)
0.05
0,C0
304
i
10
15
20
25
30
'
Hi
Fig. 8Effect of nitrogen on the microstructure of autogenously fused Type 304 stainless steel
base: A-0.0% N 5.2 FN (X200); B-2.0% N._ 0.2 FN (X200); C-0.0% N2, 5.2 FN (X100);
D-2.0% N. 0.2 FN (X100). A, B, C and D reduced 33% on reproduction
ification of the deposited weld chemistry might account for the great difference in cracking behavior. Chemical
analysis of the wire and the w e l d
metals deposited by both techniques,
as shown in Table 5, did not support
this contention. There are some minor
differences but, in reality, nothing
which could account for significant
cracking sensitivity change noted.
To put to rest the chemistry question, weld metal deposited by G M A W
was refused autogeneously by GTAW
over the w e l d pad surface and tested
by the normal fissure bend test methods. This remelting of the G M A W
deposit virtually eliminated the cracking as shown in Table 4. Thus, it
appears that the deposition technique,
probably related to both solidification
mechanics and the HAZ thermal cycle
severity, is a primary reason for the
behavior.
The microstructures of the welds
deposited by G M A W and GTAW re-
A (
IH
B
BEAD SEQUENCE
CG
IK
yJ_^-^~~C~^
[ L \
p
\
230-s I A U G U S T 1980
Table 6Welding Parameters for Deposited Weld Metal and GTA Remelting
Process
W e l d metal
W1
GTAW
GTAW
SMAW
GTAW
E2
uu
Voltage
10.8
9.5
25.0
10.5
deposit
remelting
deposit
remelting
0 FN (Wl)
1/2 FN (E2)
(0.32)
(0.33)
(0.33)
(0.37)
Interpass temperature
250F
90F
200F
90F
(121 C)
( 32C)
( 93C)
( 32C)
30
60
7.6
7.7
7.8
8.8
195
180
100
180
90
70
Travel speed
i p m (cm/s)
Current, A
40
30
50
A /
y
20
10
-111
1
OF HAZ EXPOSURES
of multiple
HAZ thetmal
cycle
:':.
n o t i n f l u e n c e arc b e h a v i o r t o a n y great
extent,
whereas
greater
additions
c h a n g e t h e arc b e h a v i o r in a n o n advantageous manner.
Figure 8 s h o w s t h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e
change w h i c h w o u l d be e v i d e n c e d by
a d d i n g N 2 t o t h e a r g o n s h i e l d i n g gas
f o r a u t o g e n o u s l y m e l t e d T y p e 304 base
material. The substructure does not
c h a n g e s i g n i f i c a n t l y as t h e f e r r i t e n u m ber c h a n g e s f r o m 5.2 w i t h p u r e a r g o n
t o 0.2 w i t h t h e 2% N 2 in a r g o n . In
a d d i t i o n , t h e u n m i x e d z o n e is e v i d e n t
w i t h the predicted a m o u n t of ferrite
( c a l c u l a t e d FN p o t e n t i a l ) in t h e n i t r o g e n - c o n t a i n i n g w e l d m e t a l (Fig. 8 D ) .
T h e fissure b e n d test w a s u t i l i z e d t o
e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t of n i t r o g e n o n t h e
fissuring t e n d e n c y of t h e austenitic
stainless steel base m a t e r i a l
when
a u t o g e n o u s l y fused. The plate surface
w a s f u s e d w i t h six o v e r l a p p i n g beads.
These w e l d s
were
made
at
220
a m p e r e s ( A ) , 10.8 i p m (0.34 c m / s ) ,
200F (93C) i n t e r p a s s t e m p e r a t u r e .
Welds were made w i t h pure argon and
a r g o n + 2% N 2 in t h e s h i e l d i n g gas.
The pure argon autogenous
weld
e x h i b i t e d a f e r r i t e n u m b e r o f 5.2 a n d
t h e 2 % N 2 w e l d h a d 0.2 F N .
N o fissures w e r e f o u n d in e i t h e r t h e
p u r e a r g o n or t h e a r g o n + 2% N 2
w e l d s w i t h t h e fissure b e n d test, e v e n
t h o u g h 2% N 2 a d d e d w e l d h a d o n l y 0.2
FN. This indicates that t h e a d d i t i o n of
N 2 i n t h e s h i e l d i n g gas h a d l i t t l e e f f e c t
o n t h e f i s s u r i n g t e n d e n c y o f t h e base
plate derived w e l d metal and that l o w
f e r r i t e per se m a y n o t b e t h e reason f o r
f i s s u r i n g . It is r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h i s
effect may be c o m p o s i t i o n - d e p e n d e n t
a n d is n o t t o be c o n s i d e r e d as g e n e r a l
behavior.
autoge-
<:V:-:
\y
Fig. 11Microstructures
of GTA remelted
fully austenitic stainless steel weld metal-transverse secton: AW1 weld
metal,
FN = 0.0; B-E2 weld metal, FN = 0.5 X200
(reduced 47% on
reproduction)
n o u s r e m e l t b e a d s as s h o w n in Fig. 9,
the heat-affected zone ( H A Z ) of the
previous bead along t h e pad surface
e x p e r i e n c e s m u l t i p l e e x p o s u r e s o f an
i d e n t i c a l n a t u r e . For e x a m p l e , t h e first
remelt bead (left side of pad) experiences o n l y o n e H A Z c y c l e f r o m t h e
second bead (immediately to
the
right) and t h e n the second
bead
receives t w o H A Z e x p e r i e n c e s f r o m
t h e t h i r d b e a d w h i c h is a d o u b l e
r e m e l t pass a n d so f o r t h u n t i l t h e last
b e a d ( w h i c h is r e m e l t e d 5 t i m e s )
exposes t h e p r e c e d i n g b e a d t o 5 H A Z
e x c u r s i o n s . T h e w e l d i n g c o n d i t i o n s are
carefully c o n t r o l l e d t o ensure a precise
r e m e l t i n g p r o c e d u r e so t h a t t h e H A Z
e x c u r s i o n s are i d e n t i c a l .
The
remelted
pads
were
then
ground,
polished,
electrolytically
e t c h e d , a n d b e n t in t h e fissure b e n d
test d e v i c e . Figure 10 s h o w s t h e results
o f t h e tests. It w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e
n u m b e r o f c r a c k s in t h e H A Z i n c r e a s e d
as t h e n u m b e r of m u l t i p l e t h e r m a l
c y c l e s e x p e r i e n c e d by t h e H A Z i n creased. W i t h
the fully
austenitic
stainless steel w e l d m e t a l , 12 cracks
w e r e f o u n d in a d o u b l e H A Z a n d 16
cracks w e r e f o u n d i n t h e t r i p l e H A Z .
Finally, 70 fissures w e r e f o u n d i n t h e
WELDING
R E S E A R C H S U P P L E M E N T I 231-s
Ce)
Fig. 12Effect of multiple thermal cycles on
austenitic stainless steel weld metal: A
Wl weld metal, FN = 0.0; B- E2 weld
metal, FN = 0.5. Numbet on HAZ indicates
multiplicity ot HAZ cycles experienced.
x 200 (reduced 50% on reproduction)
Conclusions
The work described in this paper has
led to the following conclusions:
1. The fissure bend test can be used
to evaluate SMAW, GTAW. and
G M A W deposits and the results closely correlate w i t h fabrication experience.
2. Consumables are available and
others no doubt can be developed to
provide fissure-free fully austenitic
w e l d deposits.
3. M n and M o are to be strongly
favored as alloying elements for preventing hot cracking in the austenitic
weld metals.
4. Adding nitrogen in the shielding
gas is an economical and effective way
to reduce the ferrite number in the
austenitic welds.
5. Fissures found in the austenitic
the Hot Cracking of Stainless Steels," Welding lournal, 46 (9), Sept. 1967, Research
Suppl. pp. 399-s to 409-s.
2. Gooch, T. G., "A Question of Ferrite,"
The Welding Institute Research Bulletin, 15
(7), 1974, pp. 183 to 188.
3. Malone, M. O., "Sigma and 885F
Embrittlement of Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Weld Metals," Welding journal,
46 (6), )une 1967, Research Suppl., pp. 241-s
to 253-s.
4. Hull, F. G., "Effect of Alloying Additions on Hot Cracking of Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steels," Trans. ASTM,
60,1960, pp. 667 to 690.
5. Honeycombe, J., and Gooch, T. G.,
"Effect of Manganese on Cracking and
Corrosion Behavior of Fully Austenitic Steel
Weld Metals," Metal Const, and British
Welding lournal, December 1972, pp. 33 to
44.
6. Polgary, S., "The Influence of Silicon
Content on Cracking in Austenitic Stainless
Steel Weld Metal with Particular Reference
to 18Cr-8Ni Steel," Svetsaren, 6, (1-2), 1970,
pp. 8 to 13.
7. Linnert, G. E., "Weldability of Austenitic Stainless Steel as Affected by Residual
Elements," A5TM STP 418, 1967, pp. 105 to
119.
8. Honeycombe, )., and Gooch, T. G.,
"The Effect of Compositional and Process
Variables on Microcracking in Fully Austenitic Stainless Weld Metal," The Welding
Institute Research Report, M/74/73, June
1973.
9. Lundin, C D., DeLong, W. T and
Spond, D. F., "The Fissure Bend Test,"
Welding lournal, 55 (6), June 1976, Research
SuppL, pp. 145-s to 151-s.
10. Lundin, C. D DeLong, W. T and
Spond, D. F., "Ferrite-Fissuring Relationship
in Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metals,"
Welding lournal, 54 (8), Aug. 1975, Research
SuppL, pp. 241-s to 246-s.
11. Lundin, C D., and Spond, D. F., "The
Nature and Morphology of Fissures in Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal," Welding lournal, 55 (11), Nov. 1976, Research
SuppL, pp. 356-s to 367-s.
12. Seth, O. W., C.B.I., Houston, Private
Communication, May 1979.
13. Haddrill, D. M., and Baker, R. G.,
"Microcracking in Austenitic Weld Metal,"
Brit Welding j., 13 (8), pp. 411 to 419.