2016

WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of

Try Yourself Questions

Mechanical Engineering
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning

Heat Engine, Heat Pump, Refrigerator

& Reversed Carnot Cycle

T1 : Solution
(COP)RE = (COP)HP 1 = 4 1 = 3
(COP)RE =

Required cooling effect

Power input

Required cooling effect = 3 3 = 9 kW

= 9 60 kJ/min
= 540 kJ/min

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Vapour Compression
Refrigeration System

T1 : Solution
T

Entropy at point 1:

s1 = s f 1 +

x1 hfg1
T1

298

x1 (1433.05 135.37)
263

= 0.5443 +

= 0.5443 + 4.934 x1
Similarly, entropy at point 2,

s2 = s f 2 +

263

1
s

hfg 2
T2

= 1.1242 +

(1465.84 298.9)
= 5.04
298

s1 = s2
x1 = 0.91

h1 = hf1 + x1hg1
= 135.37 + 0.91 (1433.05 135.37)
= 1316.26 kJ/kg

COP =

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h1 h3
1316.26 298.9
=
= 6.8
h2 h1 1465.84 1316.26

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Mechanical Engineering Refrigeration and Air-conditioning

T2 : Solution

h4 = h3 = 134 kJ/kg
h1 = 244 kJ/kg
h2 = 285 kJ/kg

2
2
3 1.6 MPa

h2 h1
h2 = h1 +
comp.

QR =
=
Winput =
=
COP =

285 244
244 +
= 292.2 kJ/kg
0.85
(h2 h3) = 292.2 134
158.2 kJ/kg
h2 h1 = 292.2 244
48.2 kJ/kg

240 kPa

QR
158.2
=
= 3.2821
Winput
48.2
T

T3 : Solution

s1 = sf1 +

x1hfg1

T1

x1 1297.68
263
= 0.5443 + 4.934x1

= 0.5443 +

s 2 = sf2 +

x2hfg 2
T2

= 1.2037 +

0.95 1145.8
303

= 4.796
0.5443 + 4.934 x1= 4.796
x1 = 0.86
h 1 = hf + x1hfg
1
1
= 135.37 + 0.86 1297.68
= 1251.4 kJ/kg
h2 = hf + x2hf g
2
2
= 323.08 + 0.95 1145.8
= 1411.6 kJ/kg
We know that theoretical C.O.P.
=

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h1 hf3
h2 h1

1251.4 323.08
= 5.8
1411.6 1251.4

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T4 : Solution
T

R.E . h1 h3
=
COP = 5.5 =
W .D. h2 h1
187.53 69.55
=
h2 187.53

h2
h2
208.9
T2

=
=
=
=

208.9 kJ/kg
h2 + (cp)v (T2 T2 )
202.45 + 0.6155 (T2 303)
40.5 C

2
3

1
s

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Vapour Absorption
Refrigeration System

T1 : Solution

COP =

TG T0
TR

TG
T 0 TR

TR = Evapourator Temperature
TG = Generator Temperature
T0 = Ambient Temperature (condenser temperature)
COP =

360 310
260

360
310 260

= 0.72
0.72 =

TG 310
250

TG
310 250

TG = 374.9 K

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Refrigerants

T1 : Solution
R-13 (Tetra-fluoro-ethane, C2H2F4) has zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) because of the absence of Cl
atom. Its global warming potential (GWP) is also very less, hence known as environment friendly refrigerant.
T2 : Solution
R-12 is generally preferred over R-22.
Because R-12 is miscible with oil over large range of temperatures.
T3 : Solution
NH3 is used in large installations.
Because
(i) It has a large latent heat
(ii) It is relatively cheap
(iii) It has moderate working pressure

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Refrigeration Equipment &

Gas Refrigeration

T1 : Solution
The ideal regenerative BCC is represented on T-s diagram as shown in figure.
The given data is
Tmin = T5 = 200 K
Tr (refrigerator temperature) = T6 = 250 K
Ta (atmospheric temperature) = T3 = T1 = 300 K and p1 = 1 bar
As
T3 T4 = T1 T6
(ideal regeneration assuming 100% effectiveness) T
And
T3 = T1

T4 = T6 = 250 K
Applying isentropic law to the process 4-5
T4
p2
T 5 = p
1

p
= 2
p1

0.286

250
200

p2

p1
3
4

Ta

5
s

250 0.286
p2 = p1
200

= 1 (1.25)3.5 = 2.18 bar

Again applying the isentropic law to the process 1-2
T2
p2
T1 = p
1

Re (refrigerating effect)

2.18
=
1

0.286

= 1.25

T2 = 300 1.25 = 375 K

= maCpa(T6 T5)
= 1 1 (250 200) = 50 kW
W (done dore) = maCpa[(T2 T1) (T4 T5)]
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= 1 1 [(375 300) (250 200)]

= 75 50 = 25 kW

COP =

R e 50
=
=2
W
25

T2 : Solution
Clearance factor is a ratio of clearance volume to the swept volume of the cylinder.
C=

Vc
Vs

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Air-conditioning

T1 : Solution
For air at 20C and 60% RH
pv = pvs = 0.02384 0.6 = 0.0143 bar
1 =

0.622 pv 0.622 0.0143

=
pt pv
1.033 0.0143 = 0.0087 kg/kg of dry air

h1 = Cpt + [2500 + 1.88 t]

= 20 + 0.0087 [2500 + 1.88 20] = 42 kJ/kg of dry air
For air at 30C and 50% RH
pv = pvs = 0.04325 0.5 = 0.021625 bar
2 =

0.622 pv 0.622 0.021625

=
pt pv
1.033 0.021625

= 0.01329 kg/kg of dry air

h2 = 30 + 0.01329 [2500 + 1.88 30]
= 63.97 kJ/kg of dry air
Heat added per kg of dry air
= (h2 h1) (2 1) hw
Where hw is the heat in water per kg
= (63.97 42) (0.01329 0.0087) 4.18 30
= 21.97 0.575 kJ/kg of dry air
= 21.39 kJ/kg of dry air
Mass of dry air in 100 cu m of mixture

Wa =

5
p aV (1.033 0.0143) 10 100
=
= 121.14 kg/min.
RT
287 (20 + 273)

Total heat added = 121.14 21.39 = 2591.18 kJ/min.

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11

T2 : Solution

Specific humidity, = ?

Patm
DBT

Pvs

=
=
=
=

1 bar = 100 kPa

30C
70% = 0.7
4.25 kPa

Pv
= PV
s
Pv
4.25
Pv = 2.975 kPa

0.07 =
Specific humidity,

= 0.622
= 00.0191

2.975
Pv
= 0.622
100 2.975
P Pv

kg water vapour
kg dry air

T3 : Solution
Specific humidity,
1479
Pv
= 0.622
101325
1479
Pt Pv
= 0.009214 kgw.v./kg d.a

= 0.622

Parts by mass of water vapour

mv

0.009214
=
=
= 0.00913 kg.w.v/kg mixture
m
1 + 1.009214
m
m = ma+ mv;
= v
where
ma
T4 : Solution
Wet bulb depression at the inlet =

(t db t wb )inlet

= (38 18)inlet = 20C

Wet bulb depression at the outlet = (24 18) = 6C

Percentage change =

( twb inlet = twb exit)

20 6
= 70%
20

T5 : Solution
Given, P = 85 kPa, Psat @ 30C = 4.24 kPa, = 0.65
Pv

= P
s

Pv = 0.65 4.24 = 2.756 kPa

0.622 Pv
0.622 2.756
=
=
= 0.02084 kg w.v/kg d.a
P Pv
85 2.756
(in grams) = 20.84 g.w.v/kg d.a

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