Name: Jouya Najafi

2016

Date: Aug 25th,

Biology 12 NVDL:
Unit 6: DNA and Genes VIRTUAL LAB

1. Describe the mutation rule for each of your 3 trials.

1. The 5th C becomes a U
2. Insert A in front of the 4th C
3.The third A becomes a C
2. How many amino acids were changed?
1. One amino acid was changed
2. Eleven amino acid was changed
3. One amino acid was changed
3. What do you think will be the impact of this mutation? Why?
1. The impact of this mutation was that one of the nucleotides
had changed. This had not impact on the amino acid as the mutation was a
silent mutation. Even though the nucleotide changed, the amino acid did not
change.
2. The impact of this mutation was that eleven of the
nucleotides had changed position. The amino acids after the changed
nucleotides had been altered. Since this was a frameshift mutation, the
amino acids were greatly affected
3. The impact of this mutation was that one of the nucleotides
had changed. This had not impact on the amino acid as the mutation was a
silent mutation. Even though the nucleotide changed, the amino acid did not
change.
4. Was the sequence a result of point or frameshift mutation?
1. The sequence was a result of a point mutation
2. The sequence was a result of a frameshift mutation
3. The sequence was a result of a point mutation
5. Explain why all mutations are not necessarily harmful.
Some mutations can have no affect on the cell or can be beneficial.
Some mutations like silent mutations can have little effect. Since some
codons can have the same affect it wouldn't alter the outcome. For example,
AUU and AUC are both different codons. Even though they are different they
still result in Isoleucine being produced. Some mutations can be beneficial.
Mutations in populations increase the genetic variability. These mutations are
essential for species to survive.

6. Does changing the sequence of nucleotides always result in a different

amino acid sequence? Explain.
Changing the sequence of nucleotides does not always result in a
different amino acid sequence being produced. As a safety net, some codons
produce the same amino acid in case of mutations. While some codons such
as UAU and CAC produce completely different amino acids, some produce
the same. For example, if CGU were to mutate into CGC the amino acid
arginine would still be produced.
7. Explain the differences between a point mutation and a frameshift
mutation.
A point mutations is when one nucleotide is replaced with another. This
would usually affect only one codon in a sequence. A point mutation can also
be a silent mutation. A silent mutation is a point mutation that does not
affect the outcome of the amino acid. It is possible for a point mutation to
either be negative, neutral, or a beneficial outcome. A frameshift mutation is
when one or more nucleotides is either added or deleted from the sequence.
This can shift all nucleotides that are after the alteration. This can cause
completely different amino acids to be produced. Since this mutation can
greatly affect what amino acids are made, it is always disadvantageous and
detrimental. Point mutations can be positive, negative, or have no affect
while frameshift mutation will be always negative.

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3