Safety Factor

For Example:

Factors

Yielding

=>

Yield Strength

Fatigue

=>

Fatigue Strength

Fracture

=>

Ultimate Strength

Uncertainty about Load

(well determined or not)
Uncertainty Material Strength
extensive test data as fabricated or
only single value for standard condition
Uncertainty Stress Analysis
Suitability, Assumptions, Accuracy
Consequences of failure
human safety and economics
ductile yielding or brittle fracture
Cost for larger safety factor
compromise on reliability

SF

Material

Load/Stress

1.251.5

extreme reliable

controllable/known

1.52

well-known

const./determined

22.5

average

determined

2.53
34

less-tried
brittle

average

untried
known

uncertain

Balance safety factors for consistency

weight saving

Safety Factor

SF =

preferred:

Design Overload Concept

SF =

significant strength
(6.9)
significant stress
design overload
normal load

slender
column

(6.10)

Frequency

Properties of Gaussian Distribution

68 %

95 %

Juvinall
Fig 6.20

% Failure

% Reliability

99.9 %

k, Number of standard Deviations

Reliability
mostly: wear and fatigue
Mathematical model: Normal or Gaussian Distribution

Frequency p( x ) =

1
(x )
exp
2
2
2

Frequency

1 n
(xi )2
Standard Deviation =

n 1 i=1

1 n
Mean value = x i
n i=1

Reliability
Interference Theory

p(y)

p(x)

Standard Deviation

z = 2x + 2y

Safety Margin z = x - y

Mean z = x y

p(z)

Standard Deviation z =
Probability of Failure
where p(z<0)

2x + 2y

Frequency p ( zx ) =

1
exp
2 z

(x z)
2 2

Reliability

Example: Interference Theory

Given: Allowed Failure 1/500 =0.2%

Frequency

z = x y

Wrench torque setting?

Standard Deviation z =

2x + 2y =

Fig 6.20: allowed failure 0.2%

(1Nm)2 + (1.5Nm)2

k=2.9

Mean value of margin: k z = 2.9 1.8Nm = 5.22Nm

z = x y

= 1.8Nm