Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Metabolism
Chapter
Chapter 88
DR. LEONARDO C. MEDINA, JR.
Chapter Outline
1 Metabolic Pathways
2 Exercise and Energy
Metabolism
3 The Bloodstream: A
Metabolic Connection
4 Anaerobic Sequence
5 Citric Acid Cycle
(Aerobic Sequence)
6 Gluconeogenesis
7 Overview of Complex
Metabolic Pathways
8 Hormones
9 Blood Glucose and
Hormones
Metabolic Pathways
A metabolic pathway is a
series of biochemical
reactions that serve a
specific purpose.
Exercise and
Energy Metabolism
Muscle Contraction
When a muscle contracts, energy is
consumed.
Muscle contraction uses ATP; ATP is in
short supply.
Muscle tissue can contract for no more
than several seconds before the supply of
high-energy phosphate bonds is depleted.
7
Muscle Contraction
After the initial contraction, the muscle cells
look for other energy sources.
Muscle glycogen is the next available source.
This polymer breaks down to glucose, which is
oxidized to replenish the ATP supply.
Because glucose oxidation is a complex process,
muscle contraction must proceed at a slower rate.
This energy supply is only useful for about 2
minutes of work; muscles rapidly deplete their
glycogen stores and build up lactic acid.
8
The Bloodstream: A
Metabolic Connection
9
10
Anaerobic Sequence
13
Embden-Myerhof pathway
The anaerobic conversion of glucose to
pyruvate is known as the EmbdenMyerhof pathway.
The sequence is a catabolic one in which
glucose is oxidatively degraded.
D-glucose
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
2 pyruvate
15
16
Glycolysis
When lactate is the final product of
anaerobic glucose catabolism, the pathway
is termed glycolysis.
What glycolysis does for the cell can be
summarized with the following net
chemical equation:
C6H12O6 + 2 ADP + 2 Pi
2CH3CH(OH)COO- + 2 ATP + 150 kJ
17
Energy Summation
glucose
glycolysis
2 ATP
2 lactate
citric acid cycle,
e- transport,
oxidative phosphorylation
+ 30 ATP
6 CO2
32 ATP
21
Gluconeogenesis
22
Gluconeogenesis
The formation of glucose from
noncarbohydrate sources is called
gluconeogenesis.
Most of the glucose formed during
gluconeogenesis comes from
lactate, certain amino acids, and the
glycerol of fats.
23
Overview of Complex
Metabolic Pathways
25
Hormones
27
Hormones
Hormones are chemical substances that act
as control agents in the body, often
regulating metabolic pathways.
Hormones help to adjust physiological
processes such as:
digestion
metabolism
growth
reproduction
28
Hormones
Hormones are often called the chemical
messengers of the body.
They do not fit into any single structural
classification:
Polypeptides or proteins
Steroids
Phenol or amino acid derivatives
29
30
Conditions
related to the
concentration of
glucose in the
blood.
33
34
35
36