Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Anuja P. Ajotikar, Malhar Kulkarni, and Peter M. Scharf
On the Resolution of Conflict between Accentual Rules
and Other Rules of Derivation in Pan.inian Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Tanuja P. Ajotikar, Malhar Kulkarni, and Peter M. Scharf
Counterexamples (pratyudaharan.a) in Pan.inian Grammar . . . . . . . . . 23
Sharon Ben-Dor
On the Relation of the Kasikavrtti to the Mahabhas.ya . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Hideyo Ogawa
Bhartr.hari on A 3.2.60 tyadadis.u dr.so nalocane kan ca . . . . . . . . . . 237
vi
Contents
Junichi Ozono
Verb Suppletion and Pan.inis Grammar: On the Alternation
between ad and ghas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Peter M. Scharf
On the Status of Nominal Terminations in Upapada Compounds . . 291
Magorzata Sulich-Cowley
Alternative Solutions to the Problem of A. 8.2.3 na mu ne
in Pan.inis As.t.a dhyay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Yuki Tomonari
a krtigan.a: Mother for Grammatical Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Toru Yagi
On varttika 1 to Pan.ini 5.4.44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Preface
This volume presents fifteen articles, selected after careful consideration,
of the contributions submitted for publication in the proceedings of the
vyakaran.a section of the sixteenth World Sanskrit Conference, held in
Bangkok, Thailand, from June 28th to July 2nd 2015.
These contributions deal with various topics in the general sphere of
Pan.inis grammar (sabdanusa sana) and its tradition, from textual issues
to technical questions involving derivation within the Pan.inian system and
the history of thought concerning certain questions.
Three articles concern in particular the study of texts, their contents
and textual history. Udayana Hegde deals with a sample of verbal bases
(dhatu) which are not included in Pan.inis dhatupat.ha but the existence of
which is vouchsafed through their mention in sutras of the As.t.a dhyay and
by commentators, both Pan.inian and non-Pan.inian. Sowmya Krishnapur
introduces a unique text on Patanjalis Mahabhas.ya, Prayaga Venkat.a dri
Bhat.t.as Vidvanmukhabhus.an.a, a brief work that deals with a hnikas three
to nine of the Mahabhas.ya in ninety-seven verses. The important study
by Malhar Kulkarni, Anuja P. Ajotikar, Tanuja P. Ajotikar, and Eivind
Kahrs deals with manuscript sources and the testimonia of Jinendrabuddhis
Kasikavivaran.apanjikaalias Nyasaand Haradattas Padamanjar for the
Kasikavrtti on Pan.inis fourteen sutras listing a catalogue of sounds.
viii
PREFACE
middle aorists of the base r: one with a sigmatic stem (e.g., 3du. pl.
neg. imper. ma samrs.a tam, ma samrs.ata let them not come together),
the other with a stem in -a (e.g., 3pl. indic. samaranta have been fulfilled). After a thorough treatment of the discussions, including evidence
from the Candravyakaran.a, Kawamura suggests that Bhat.t.i made use of
an early vrtti in which A 3.1.56 (sarttisa styrtibhyas ca) received an in
terpretation dierent from the one Patanjali adopted, thus accounting for
samaranta in Bhat.t.ikavaya 8.16. Toru Yagi considers the use of certain
terms with the sux tasi, such as a ditas at the beginning, accounted for
in Katyayanas first varttika (tasiprakaran.a a dyadibhya upasankhyanam)
on A 5.4.44 (pratiyoge pancamyas tasih.), and svaratas with respect to accent and varn.atas with respect to a sound, used in a verse that Patanjali
quotes in the introductory section of the Mahabhas.ya. He proposes a particular interpretation of how the last terms are to be accounted for.
Other scholars deal with more technical theoretical issues. Two papers
deal with nominal composition in Pan.inis system. Starting from arguments
presented in the Mahabhas.ya, Masato Kobayashi takes up instances of possible conflict such that, for example, a compound is derived as a member
of the avyaybhava or the bahuvrhi class, and argues that the same general
principles which operate elsewhere in the As.t.a dhyay apply also for composition rules, which, nevertheless, also are stated in the section headed
by A 1.4.12 (a kad.a rad eka sanjna , vipratis.edhe paran karyam), so that
they also can involve extrinsic ordering. Peter Scharf takes up nominal
compounds called upapadasamasa: obligatory compounds consisting of a
nominal pada that includes a derivate formed from a verbal base with a krt
PREFACE
ix
PREFACE
the Mmamsaka
Prabhakara has to say concerning a krtigan.as.
Finally, two studies concern historical relations between the earliest Pan.inyas represented by Katyayana and Patanjali and later thinking represented
by Bhartrhari. Maria Piera Candotti proposes to recognize a switch in the
simply see, look. However, the derivates -drs and -drsa cannot be consid
ered to signify an agent, as is the norm for krt axes (A 3.4.67: kartari krt),
if the base has these meanings, so that Pan.ini specifies that drs not be used
in the sense of perceiving (analocane). One may surmise that Pan.ini considered drs in such derivates to have a dierent conventional sense, appear
ing; Pan.inyas such as Bhat.t.oji consider that, despite the fact that Pan.ini
does derive compounds like tadrs/tadrsa, these are actually unanalyzable
conventional items with a particular meaning. Now, under the assumption that drs in these derivates signifies an act of perceiving, Katyayana
objects that the agentive meaning required is not possible, and suggests instead that tadrs/tadrsa be treated as derivates with taddhita suxes in the
sense like (ivarthe). On the other hand, Patanjali proposes to treat these
as derivates referring to an agent which was earlier an object (karmakartr
ivatmanam
pasyati X (soyam this one [nom. sg.]), while being perceived (drsyamanah.) as like Y (sa iva), shows himself (atmanam) as like
Y (tam iva). The person referred to by tadrk (nom. sg. masc.) simi
lar to that is the one referred to as an object relative to the act of seeing
in (1) and as the agent of showing himself in (2), where pasyati is equivalent to a causative: he causes people to view him as being like another
PREFACE
xi
in the Mahabhas.ya.
The studies included in this volume thus clearly oer a rich array of
topics that should interest students of Indian thinking in linguistics and language philosophy.
On behalf of Hideyo Ogawa and myself, I express sincere thanks for the
cooperation of contributors to this volume during the rather long exchanges
involving their articles. I personally also wish to extend my deep thanks to
Hideyo Ogawa, not only for his collaboration in the editorial process and
communications with authors but also for having taken upon himself the
task of composing the final text in LaTex. We both hope that this volume
will serve to extend and deepen studies in vyakaran.a.
George Cardona
July 2016
Acknowledgments
The sixteenth World Sanskrit Conference was supported by and held in
honor of HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn of Thailand, whom we
first of all thank heartily.
The conference owed its success to Professor Chirapat Prapandvidya of
Silpakorn University, the chair of the conference, whom we genuinely appreciate.
The publication of this vyakaran.a volume was made possible through
grants from the Ministry of Human Resource Development, the Government of India, and we would like to acknowledge here the generosity of
that organization.
We thank Dr. Amarjiva Lochan, University of Delhi, for valuable advice
about publishing this volume.
We wish to thank Mr. Parmil Mittal of D. K. Publishers for his professionalism as well as accommodative spirit.
My special thanks are also due to Professor Peter M. Scharf for his assistance in editing this volume with LaTeX. Softwares provided by the
Sanskrit Library (http://sanskritlibrary.org) headed by him were
a great help toward editing this volume with LaTeX very much.
Finally, I am grateful to Professor George Cardona for his careful reading
of contributions and suggestions to authors.
Hideyo Ogawa
July 2016
Contributors
Anuja P. Ajotikar
Tanuja P. Ajotikar
Sharon Ben-Dor
Udayana Hegde
Eivind Kahrs
Yuto Kawamura
Masato Kobayashi
Sowmya Krishnapur
xvi
Malhar Kulkarni
Hideyo Ogawa
Junichi Ozono
Peter M. Scharf
Magorzata Sulich-Cowley
Yuki Tomonari
Toru Yagi
CONTRIBUTORS
Abstract: In his As.t.a dhyay, Pan.ini refers to sets of items called dhatu,
as in A. 1.3.1 bhuvadayo dhatavah., which are listed in an appendix
called dhatupa.tha. Bhat.t.oji Dks.ita and earlier Pan.inian commentators note that there are also some roots which, though not listed in
the Pan.inian dhatupat.ha as known by its commentators, are referred
to in sutras of the As.t.a dhyay, hence referred to as sautra roots. In
addition, under particular root entries, Ks.rasvamin and other commentators of the dhatupat.ha take note of similar roots which have
variant forms (pa.thantara other readings), in Pan.inian and nonPan.inian dhatupat.has. In the present paper, I study a sample of such
roots, with a view to answering two questions: (1) Who included
these roots in their dhatupat.has?; (2) where can one find these actually used?
Keywords: Vaiyakaran.asiddhantakaumud, Pan.ini, dhatu, sautradhatu,
Daiva
:pra;ya;ea;ga;Za:=+Na;a ;
a;h ;vEa;ya;a;k+.=+Na;a I+.a;ta ;
a;h :pra;a;sa:;d ;ea;a;H :pa;a;
a;Na;a;na;na;a A;;a;Dya;a;ya;a ;
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;a
;Da;a;tua;pa;a;F+.(a :pa;
a;F+.taH v.ya;va;h;a:=+pa;Tea ;
a;va;d;a;ma;a;na;a;ya;aH ga;a;va;Ra;Nya;aH .sa;mua;a;.ca;tMa v.ya;va;~Ta;a;pa;nMa
.tea;na kx+:tMa ma;h;ta;a (ra;mea;Na ;a;sa:;d ;a;nta;k+:Ea;mua;d;a;Ma . ca Ba;*+:ea;a:ja;d ;a;a;[a;tEaH .sUa:a;a;Na;Ma .sa:*:e +.pea;Na
v.ya;a;K.ya;a;nMa kx+:tMa ;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma .+.pa;a;
a;Na :pra;d;
a;ZRa;ta;a;a;na *: +:a;.ca;t,a :pra;ya;ea;ga;a;(a :pra;d;
a;ZRa;ta;aH ta:a
d ;a;a;[a;tEa;BRUa;va;a;d;ya;ea ;Da;a;ta;va I+.a;ta .sUa:a;~ya v.ya;a;K.ya;a;na;a;va;sa:=e .~ta;}Bva;a;d ;a;na;a;mua;
a;d;tk+.=+Nea;na
140
o+.d;ya;na :he;ga;qe
.sa;Ea:a;a;Na;Ma ;Da;a;tua;tvMa :]a;a;pya;tea . cua;lu +.}.pa;a;d ;a;na;Ma tua ba;hu;l+.mea;ta;
a;a;d;ZRa;na;m,a I+.a;ta ga;Na;sUa:ea;Na .sa;*:" +.h
I+.tyua;+:m,a1 ba;hu;l+.mea;ta;
a;a;d;ZRa;na;m,a I+.a;ta va;.ca;na;ma;sma;ByMa nUa;a;Ma :pa:;d ;a;tMa :pra;d;ZRa;ya;a;ta A:a
:pa;a;
a;Na;na;a;yea ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe A;pa;
a;F+.ta;a A;
a;pa :ke+:.ca;na ;Da;a;ta;va;ea ;
a;va;d;a;nta I+.a;ta :]a;a;ya;tea .tea;Sua :ke+:.ca;na
.sa;Ea:a;a ;Da;a;ta;vaH .sa;vRa;
a;va;
a;d;ta;aH A;nyeaY;
a;pa ba;h;va;ea ;Da;a;ta;va o+.pa;l+.[ya;ntea .tea;Sa;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga;a;(a
dx;Zya;ntea :de;va;mEa:ea;ya;[a;a:=+~va;a;}ya;a;
a;d;a;Ba;=e +tea ;Da;a;ta;vaH :pa;
a;F+.ta;aH :pa;a;
a;Na;na;a;ya;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe Y;pa;
a;F+.ta;a;na;
a;pa ba;hU;n,a ;Da;a;tUa;n,a Ba;*+:ea;a:ja;d ;a;a;[a;ta;aH :pa;a;F+.a;nta:=;+.pea;Na;ea;
a;+:Ka;nta;eaY;*: +.a;ku+:vRa;a;nta
/ /
:pa;a;
a;Na;na;a;yea ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe Y;pa;
a;F+.ta;a;na;a;ma;
a;pa ;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga A;a;sa;a;
a;d;tya;nea;na;a;va;ga;}ya;tea .tea;Sa;Ma
. ca ;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma :ke+:a;.ca;d;a;sma;n,
/ / / a :pa:ea .sa;*:x +.h;a;ta;aH A:a ta;a;dx;Za;a ;Da;a;ta;vaH :pra;a;Da;a;nyea;na :pa:=+a;mxa;Zya;ntea
O;;tea . ca ;Da;a;ta;vaH ;kE H :pa;
a;F+.ta;a;~tea;Sa;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga;(a *: +:ea;pa;l+.[ya;ta I+.tya:a :pra;~ta;ea;Sya;tea
I+.mea :pra;~tua;ta;a ;Da;a;ta;vaH
;
a;hM ;sa;a;ya;a;m,a :pa;Za ga;a;ta;na;a;Za;na;ya;eaH ma;ea;[a A;sa;nea .=+Za .sa;mUa;h;
a;k+.=+Na;Za;b.de;Sua
d ;a;a;Ea l+.ea;l . ca;l+.nea bua;a;ga . ca;l+.nea Za;*:x ga;ta;Ea Za;dR ku+:a;tsa;te
/ / a Za;b.de ;
a;Za;a;Ka
Zua ga;ta;Ea Zua;k ga;ta;Ea .sa;a;a;taH .sua;Kea .sxa;Bua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;ya;a;m,a .sxa;}Bua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;ya;a;m,a
ga;ta;Ea .~ta;}Bua :pra;a;ta;Ga;a;tea .~tUa;pa .sa;mua;.cC"+.a;yea :a;=+:
/a;f .=+:ea;h;nea .~ya;l ;
a;va;ta;keR
:=e;jxa
ga;ta;Ea
.sea;lx
.~va;tRa
2. +.a;taH
Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe Y;pa;
a;F+.ta;~ya;a;pya;~ya +.tea:=+a;ya;z,2 I+.a;ta A;nua;va;a;d;a:;d ;a;tua;tvMa
ba;ea;Dya;m,a .jua;gua;p~ya;a;ya;a;ma;ya;a;ma;a;ta ba;h;vaH kx+:pa;a;ya;Ma . cea;tyea;ke3 +.ta;a;ya;kH +.ta;a;a;ya;k+:a
BUa;va;a;
a;d;sUa:ea :pra;Ea;Q+ma;na;ea:=+ma;a (:pxa. 63, 64)
:pa;a..sUa. 3.1.29
3
tua. +.a;taH .sa;Ea:a;ea ;Da;a;tua;GRxa;Na;a;ya;Ma va;tRa;tea (k+:a;
a;Za;k+:a 3.1.29) na;a:a kx+:pa;a;ya;Ma ;Gxa;Na;Za;b.dH
;
a;k+:nta;
a;hR .jua;gua;psa;a;ya;a;m,a (:pa;d;ma:*+:
=+a 3.1.29) ;Gxa;Na;a;ya;Ma va;tRa;ta I+.a;ta ;Gax ;Na;a .jua;gua;psa;a (nya;a;saH
3.1.29)
1
2
;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga;sa;ma;a;[a;Na;m,a
141
3. . ca;Na d;a;nea
A;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH .sa;a;ya;Na;a;.ca;a;yeRa;Na Bva;a;
a;d;ga;Nea5 . ca;Na Za;Na (ra;Na d;a;nea . ca I+.tya:a :pa;
a;F+.taH o+.+.*.a
. ca;
a;Na;(ra;Nya;eaH . ca;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k+:ya;eaH :he;tua;ma;a;NNa;.
/ / / ca;eaY;Ba;a;va;a;t~va;a;TeRa tua :Na;Ea na;a;nyea ;a;ma;ta;eaY;he ;ta;Ea I+.a;ta
;a;ma:va;a;na;Sea;Da;a;a ta;ya;ea:a:=+ma;a;va;nua;va;a;d;a;
a;va;a;ta ;Da;a;tva;nta:=+BUa;ta;a;vea;ta;Ea6 I+.a;ta A;~ya va;a;k+.a;~ya
:pa;ya;Ra;l+.ea;.ca;na;ya;a :]a;a;ya;tea . ca;Na ;Da;a;tua;(a ;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k+:eaY;
a;pa va;tRa;ta I+.a;ta (:pa;a;
a;Na;na;a;yea ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe
Bva;a;d;a;vea;va . ca;Na;Da;a;tua;dR x ;Zya;tea na . cua:=+a;d;Ea) A;ya;ma;a;Ba;pra;a;yaH kx+:d;nta:+.pa;ma;a;l+.a;ya;Ma dx;Zya;tea7
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa;
a:a;pa;ya;Ra;l+.ea;.ca;na;ya;a . cua:=+a;d;a;va;
a;pa k+:(a;na . ca;Na;Da;a;tua:=+~ta;a;a;ta :]a;a;ya;tea [a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a;a;sa:;d ;a;nta;k+:Ea;mua;d;a;a;
a;d;Sua ta;~ya;a;nua;pa;l+.}Ba;a;t,a na ta;~ya .+.pa;a;
a;Na ;a;l+.a;Ka;ta;a;
a;na ta;~ya
.sa:vea tua . ca;a;Na;kH-;
a;Na;k+:a, ;a;.ca;.ca;a;Na;a;ya;Sa;kH-;
a;Sa;k+:a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a;
a;Na . ca;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k-k+:Na;Da;a;tua;va;t,a (159) :]ea;ya;a;a;na I+.a;ta A;~ya . ca . ca;Na;Da;a;ta;eaH . ca;a;Na;kH . ca;a;
a;Na;k+:a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na
.+.pa;a;
a;Na Ba;va;a;nta
/ /
4. A;a;q+.}ba:=H ;
a;va;q+.}ba;na;m,a
A;a;q+.}ba:=H ;
a;va;q+.}ba;na:*.ae;a;ta :pra;a;sa:;d ;Ea Za;b.d;Ea ;
a;k+:ntva;na;ya;eaH Za;b.d;ya;ea;mRUa;l+.Da;a;tuaH .q+.
a;ba
I+.a;ta :pa;a;
a;Na;na;a;yea ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe .nEa;va dx;Zya;tea A;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH [a;a:=+~va;a;a;ma;na;a :pa;
a;F+.taH 8 .q+.
a;ba
;
a;q+.
a;ba I+.a;ta . ca;ndH ;
a;va;q+.}ba;ya;a;ta A;a;q+.}ba:=H ;
a;q+.}ba;ya;a;ta ;
a;q+.}ba;m,a Za;a;~:a;k+:l+.hH I+.a;ta
[a;a:=+~va;a;ma;a9 :pra;d;
a;ZRa;ta;pra;ya;ea;ga;a;nua;sa;a:=e+Na .q+.
a;ba;
a;q+.
a;ba;Da;a;tva;ea:=+
a;pa :pa;a;FH .sa;ma;a;.ca;a;na I+.a;ta
:pra;a;ta;Ba;a;a;ta
:pa;a..sUa. 3.1.31
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa;
a:aH 1.525 (:pxa. 196 :pMa. 5)
6
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa;
a:aH 1.525 (:pxa. 196 :pMa. 7)
7 x
k+:d;nta:+.pa;ma;a;l+.a :pxa. 473 ;a;f. B
8
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 10.121 (:pxa. 304 :pMa. 19)
9
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 10.121 (:pxa. 304 :pMa. 21)
4
o+.d;ya;na :he;ga;qe
142
5. d;Ba ;
a;hM ;sa;a;ya;a;m,a
Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH :pa;a;
a;Na;na;a;yea ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe na :pa;
a;F+.taH
. ca10
;
a;k+:ntua l+.
a;pa;d;a;Ba;Bya;Ma
;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga;sa;ma;a;[a;Na;m,a
143
8. ma;ea;[a A;sa;nea
. ca;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH ;a;sa:;d ;a;nta;k+:Ea;mua;d;a;a;ma;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH .nEa;va;a;va;l+.ea;k+.a;tea [a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Nya;Ma22
;Da;a;tua;pra;d ;a;pea23 ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa:a;Ea24 . ca;ea;pa;a:aH ma;ea;[a;ya;a;ta Za:=+a;a;na;tyua;d;a;h:=+NMa [a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Nya;Ma
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa:a;Ea . ca dx;Zya;tea ;Da;a;tua;pra;d ;a;pea tua ma;ea;[a;ya;tya.~:a;a;ma;tyua;d;a;&+.ta;m,a
9. .=+Za .sa;mUa;h;
a;k+.=+Na;Za;b.de;Sua
Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH txa:$va;tk+:ea;uH 25 ;a;~:
/ a;ya;Ma . ca I+.a;ta .sUa:a;ya;ea;Ba;Ra;Syea26 .=+
a;Za:=+sma;a;ya;a;
a;va;Zea;Sea;Na;ea;pa;
a;d;H .sa .=+a;
a;ZaH .=+a;ZmaH
/ / / .=+Za;na;a I+.tyea;vMa;
a;va;Sa;ya I+.tyua;+:m,a ta:a . ca :pra;d ;a;pea27
.=+
a;Za;lu +.Za;a A;pa;
a;F+.ta;a;va;
a;pa Ba;a;Sya;k+:a:=+va;.ca;na;a:;d ;a;tUa ba;ea:;d ;v.ya;Ea I+.a;ta v.ya;a;K.ya;a;ta;m,a A;nea;na
:]a;a;ya;teaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH :pa;a;
a;Na;na;a;yea ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe na :pa;
a;F+.ta I+.a;ta na;a;gea;Za;Ba;*e+:na tua ;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe
:pa;
a;F+.ta;a;va;a;.ca;a;yeRa;Nea;a;ta ba;ea:;d ;v.ya;a;
a;va;tya;TRaH 28 I+.tyua;+:m,a A;a;sma;npa;[e
///
a .=+Za;Da;a;tua;Da;Ra;tua;pa;a;Fe
:pUa;va :pa;
a;F+.taH :pa;(a ;a;u+:a I+.tya;va;sea;ya;m,a l+.ea;k+:pra;ya;ea;ga;a;nua;sa;a:=e+Na;a:a;a;TRa;a;na;deR ;ZaH kx+:taH
Ba;a;Sa;a;pra;ya;ea;ga;a;j.]a;a;ya;tea o+.+.+.pa:a;ya;
a;va;Sa;ya O;;va;a;~ya :pra;ya;ea;ga I+.a;ta A;nyea;Sua ;
a:a;Svea;va;a;TeRa;Sua
:pra;ya;ea;ga I+.a;ta Ba;a;Syea o+.+:tva;a;NNua;txa:ja;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a;
a;Na na .sa;}Ba;va;nta;a;a;ta
10.
:=e;jxa d ;a;a;Ea
Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH ;a;sa:;d ;a;nta;k+:Ea;mua;d;a;Ma .nEa;va dx;Zya;tea [a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Nya;Ma29 . ca;nd+sa;mma;ta[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 1.93 (:pxa. 36 :pMa. 7)
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 10.176 (:pxa. 313 :pMa. 12)
23
;Da;a;tua;pra;d ;a;paH 10.168 (:pxa. 152 :pMa. 3)
24
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa;
a:aH 10.173 (:pxa. 559 :pMa. 14)
25
:pa;a..sUa. 1.3.58
26
ma;h;a;Ba;a;Sya;m,a 7.1.9576 (.sa;a;ma;a;;ma;a;Dya;a;ya;Ba;a;gea :pxa. 90 :pMa. 12)
27
:pra;d ;a;paH 7.1.9576 (.sa;a;ma;a;;ma;a;Dya;a;ya;Ba;a;gea :pxa.90 :pMa. 17)
28
o+.+a;ea;taH 7.1.9576 (.sa;a;ma;a;;ma;a;Dya;a;ya;Ba;a;gea :pxa. 90 :pMa. 2526)
29
O;:jxa Brea:jxa Bra;a:jxa d ;a;a;Ea ([a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 1.111)
21
22
o+.d;ya;na :he;ga;qe
144
;
a;k+:ya;tea lu +.f ;
a;va;l+.ea;q+.nea34 I+.tya:a;a;h vxa;
a:a;k+:a:=H 35 BUa;sUa:ea .sua;Da;a;k+.=H lu +.l ;
a;va;l+.ea;q+.nea
I+.a;ta l+.a;nta;eaY;
a;pa dx;Zya;tea l+.ea;l+.;u ;ja;a;k+:a:= I+.a;ta ma;a;GaH .q+.l+.ya;ea;=e +k+:tva;sma:=+Na;a;ma;a;ta va;a
:pra;a;ta;
a;va;Dea;ya;a;ma;a;ta
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dx;Zya;tea
Za;dR ;ma;a;naH
Za;
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a;d;tva;a;t,a Za;dR ;kH Za;
a;dR ;k+:a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a;
a;Na
:=e;jxa I+.a;ta . ca;ndH ([a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a :pxa. 37 :pMa. 15)
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa;
a:aH 1.111 (:pxa. 89 :pMa. 3)
32
;
a;va:(;a;gua;Na;a;d;ZRa;.ca;}.pUaH (;+e a;kH 1
33
;
a;Za;Zua;pa;a;l+.va;Da;m,a 3.72
34
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa;
a:aH 1.211 (:pxa. 111 :pMa. 4)
35
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa;
a:aH 1.211 (:pxa. 67 :pMa. 1920)
36
k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:a;Da;a;tua;pa;a;FH 1.412
37
k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:a;Da;a;tua;pa;a;FH :pxa. 67 :pMa. 1920
38
:pa;dR k+:dR ga;dR Za;dR ku+:a;tsa;te
/ / a Za;b.de (k+:a;Za;kxt=+:a;Da;a;tua;pa;a;FH 1.394)
30
31
I+.tya;~ya
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145
14. ;
a;Za;a;Ka
ga;ta;Ea
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a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH o+.Ka o+.a;Ka.
. . I+.tya;a;sma;n,
/ / / a d;Nq+.ke (128155) :pa;a;F+.a;nta:=+tvea;na
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a;F+.taH
40
o+.d;ya;na :he;ga;qe
146
;vxa:a;a;vua;+:m,a ;a:ja;nea;nd+h:=+d:a;Ea .sa;a;a;ta;heR ;tua;ma;NNya;ntaH I+.a;ta48 I+.a;ta .sa;vRa:a .sa;a;a;ta;a:=+a;ta
I+.k+:a ;a;na;deR ;ZaH na tva;a;
a;d;ta;a .sa;a;ta I+.tyea;va ;Da;a;tua;~va:+.pa;m,a Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:tvea .sa;ta I+.a;ta
:pa;
a;F+.ta;v.ya;m,a
A;nua;pa;sa;ga;Ra;
a;+:}.pa;
a;va;nd;Da;a;a:=+pa;a;a:=:vea;d;au;de ;a:ja;a;na;sa;a;a;ta;sa;a;
a;h;Bya;(a 49 I+.a ;ta Za;pra;tya;yea ;
a;Za;tva;a;t,a
Za;
a;pa :pa:=;+.pea :Nea:=+ya;a;de ;Zea .sa;a;ta;ya I+.a;ta .+.pa;a;sa;a:;d H
18. .sxa;Bua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;ya;a;m,a
Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH .sa;a;
a;d;pa;a;FH [a;a:=+~va;a;a;ma;naH .sa;mma;taH 50 ;Da;a;tua;pra;d ;a;pea51 k+:Ea;mua;d;a;Ma52
. ca :Sa;ea;pa;de ;Za;tvea;na :pa;
a;F+.taH .sa;BRa;a;ta .sa;BRa;kH .sa;a;BRa;k+:a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a;
a;Na
19.
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a;hM ;sa;a;ya;a;m,a
Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH :Sxa;}Bua I+.a;ta mEa:ea;ya;sa;a;ya;Na;Ea53 .sxa;nBua I+.a;ta [a;a:=+~va;a;a;ma;pra;Bxa;ta;yaH 54
O;;ta;a;va;pya;Sa;ea;pa;de ;Za;Ea .sxa;va:jRa;m,a55 I+.tya;nea;na;a;TRa;k+:~ya;a;
a;pa g{a;h;Na;a;
a;d;a;ta [a;a:=+~va;a;ma;a56 .sxa;}Ba;a;ta
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/ / / a I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a;
a;Na
20.
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Ba;Ea;va;a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH Zea;lx I+.a;ta ;Da;a;tua;v.ya;a;K.ya;a;va;sa:=e ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa:a;a;vua;+:m,a A:a
:ke+:a;.ca;t,a .sea;lx I+.a;ta :pa;F+.a;nta
/ / .sea;l+.tea;~tua d;ntya;a;de H :pa;a;FH :Sa;ea;pa;de ;Za;pa;yRua;d;a;sa;va;a;k+.aeY;nua;pa;a;d;a;na;a;d;na;a;SRaH 57 I+.a;ta
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa;
a:aH 1.33 (:pax . 65 :pMa. 3132)
:pa;a..sUa. 3.1.138
50
.sxa;Bua .sxa;nBua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;Ta;ERa ([a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 1.291)
51 x
:Sa;Bua :Sxa;nBua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;Ta;ERa (;Da;a;tua;pra;d ;a;paH 1.283) :Sxa;Bua :Sxa;}Bua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;Ta;ERa (ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa;
a:aH
1.286)
52 x
:Sa;Bua :Sxa;nBua ;
a;hM ;sa;a;Ta;ERa (;a;sa:;d ;a;nta;k+:Ea;mua;d ;a ;Da;a;tua;sa;* +;a;a
430431 [3:O; Ba;a;gea :pax . 134])
53
;a;f. 5051 d+;v.yea
54
;a;f. 50 d+;v.ya;a
55
ma;h;a;Ba;a;Sya;m,a 6.1.64 (:Sa;+a;Dya;a;ya;Ba;a;gea :pxa. 588 :pMa. 3)
56
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 1.291 (:pxa. 65 :pMa. 20)
57
A:a *: +:a;.ca;t,a Kea;lx :Sea;lx .sea;lx I+.tya;
a;pa a;yaH :pa;F:a;ntea ta:a Kea;l+.a;taH mEa:ea;ya;a;d;a;nua;sa;a:=e+Na;a;g{ea
48
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21.
147
kx+:d;nta:+.pa;ma;a;l+.a;ya;a;mua;.cya;tea ;Da;a;ta;ea:+:
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22.
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a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH [a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Nya;Ma :pa;
a;F+.taH 61 ta:a . ca;ea;M .~tua;pa I+.a;ta du;gRaH I+.a;ta
k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:a;Da;a;tua;pa;a;Fe :x;pa .sa;mua;.cC"+.a;yea I+.a;ta ;dE ;va;a;
a;d;k+:ea ;Da;a;tuaH 62 ta;ma;a;Da;kx+:tya
.sa;}.pa;a;d;ke+:na;ea;M .~tUa;pa I+.a;ta k+:a;ta:n:a;a A;nyea . ca :ke+:.ca;na ;vEa;ya;a;k+.=+Na;aH 63 I+.a;ta ma;a;Da;va;a;ya-
;Da;a;tua;vxa:a;Ea ;
a;q+.pa [ea;pea64 I+.tya:a;ea;+:m,a I+.h *: +:a;.ca;t,a .~tUa;pa .sa;mua;.cC"+.a;yea I+.a;ta :pa;F:a;tea
ta;d;na;a;SRa;m,a .~tyaH :pra;sa;a:=+Na;mua;a65 I+.a;ta .~tya;a;ya;teaH ya;pra;tya;yea ya;k+:a:=+~ya o+.k+:a:=e .sa;}.pra;sa;a:=+Nea
d ;a;GeRa . ca .~tUa;pa;Za;b.d;v.yua;tpa;a;d;na;a;t,a A;ta O;;va A;a:ea;ya;mEa:ea;ya;a;d;ya;eaY;
a;pa na :pa;F+.a;nta
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o+.+:m,a .~tUa;pya;n,a -nta;a A;~ya ;Da;a;ta;eaH ;
a;va;Zea;SaH ;
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a;pa;k+:a
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a;Na
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(ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa;
a:aH 1.353 :pxa. 150 :pMa. 910)
58
:pa;a..sUa. 8.3.114
59 x
k+:d;nta:+.pa;ma;a;l+.a :pxa. 1386
60
:pa;a..sUa. 3.2.82
61
[a;a:=+ta:=+
a;*: +.Na;a 4.125 (:pxa. 231 :pMa. 17)
62
k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:a;Da;a;tua;pa;a;FH 3.88
63
k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:a;Da;a;tua;pa;a;FH :pxa. 144 ;a;f. 2
64
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa;
a:aH 4.129 (:pxa. 441 :pMa. 12)
65
o+.Na;a;
a;d;sUa:a;a;
a;Na 3.25
66
ma;a;Da;va;a;ya;Da;a;tua;vxa;
a:aH :pxa. 441 :pMa. 1517
o+.d;ya;na :he;ga;qe
148
:a;=+:
/a;f .=+:ae ;h;nea
23.
. ca;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH
24.
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a;va;ta;keR
. ca;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH
nya;a;sa;k+:a:=H na;a;.ca;a;yRa:=+a:ja;a;tvR
/ a;#sMa;yua;+.:]a;a;tya;a;K.yea;ByaH 68 I+.a;ta
.sUa:ea .~ya;l ;
a;va;ta;keR A;sma;a;ua:=+a;
a;d;
a;Na:ja;nta;a;t,a :pa;.ca;a;d;a;a;.ca .~ya;a;l+.Za;b.d;eaY;nta;ea;d;a:aH 69 I+.a;ta
v.yua;tpa;a;d;ya;a;ma;a;sa .~ya;a;l+.k H I+.tya;a;d ;a;a;na .+.pa;a;
a;Na
25.
.~va;tRa ga;tya;Ma . ca
. ca;Ea:=+a;
a;d;k+:eaY;yMa ;Da;a;tuaH .~va;tRa ga;tya;Ma . ca . ca;k+:a:=+a;tkx+:.cC"+ja;a;va;nea . cea;a;ta .~va;a;ma;a70 .tea;nEa;va
:Sa;ea:pa;de ;ZaH I+.a;ta na;nd ;a (;a;Bra ga;ta;Ea . ca I+.a ;ta d;Ea;ga;RaH I+.tya;pyua;+:m,a71 ma;a;Dava;k+:Ea;mua;d ;a;kx+:ta;Ea
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a;Na
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68
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149
:pa:=+a;ma;ZRa;g{a;nTa;sUa;.ca;a
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a;k+:ya;a;sa;vRa;~va;m,a .sa;}.pa;a;d;kH :pra;ea;P. :ke. ;
a;pa.
na;a:=+a;ya;a;Na;
a;pa;Sa;a:=+ea;f ;a gua:+:va;ayua:= gua:+:va;a;yua:= :de;va;~va;m,a 1998 :pra;Ta;mMa
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a:ava;a;a;tRa;k;a;f;ppa;Na;a .sa;
a;h;ta;a)
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. ca;Ea;Ka;}ba;a .sua:=+Ba;a:=+ta;a :pra;k+:a;Za;na 1992
o+.Na;a;
a;d;sUa:a;a;
a;Na
o+.Na;a;
a;d;sUa:a;a;
a;Na (ea;ta;va;a;a;sa;
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;vxa;
a:a;yua;ta;a;a;na ;a;ta. .=+a. ;a;.ca;nta;a;ma;
a;Na;na;a
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a;d;ta;a;a;na ma;d+pua:=+a ma;d+pua:=+a;
a;va:(;a;
a;va;d;a;a;l+.yaH 1933 (:pua;na;mRua;d+Na;m,a
na;va;a ;
a;d; +:a na;va:=+*: 1992)
+.gvea;dH
+.gvea;d;sMa;
a;h;ta;a (ra;a;ma;tsa;a;ya;Na;a;.ca;a;yRa;
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;Ba;a;Sya;sa;mea;ta;a :pa:*.a Ba;a;ga;aH
:pua;Nea ;vEa;
a;d;k+:sMa;Za;ea;Da;na;ma;Nq+.l+.m,a 19331951
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(ra;a;vea;*: +.f;a;yRa;ta;nUa;;
+vea;na (ra;a;ma;a;Da;vea;na ;
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;a A;pra;k+:a;
a;Za;ta;pUa;va;Ra +.gvea;d;sMa;
a;h;ta;a;v.ya;a;K.ya;a +.ga;TRa;sa;a;
a;pa;k+:a .sa;}.pa;a;d;kH l+.[ma;Na;~va:+.paH . ca;tua;Ta;eRa
k+:a;Za;kx+:t=+:a;Da;a;tua;pa;a;FH
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(ra;a;.ca;a;va;a:=+
a;va;kx+:ta;k+:na;Ra;f;kf ;a;k+:a;ya;aH
x
x
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a;;=+ea ma;a;ma;Ma;sa;kH
A:ja;mea:= Ba;a:=+ta;a;ya:pra;a;.cya;
a;va;d;a;a:pra;a;ta;+a;na;m,a ;
a;va .sa 2022
k+:a;
a;Za;k+:a
ba;ea;a;Da;sa:va;de ;Za;a;ya;a;.ca;a;yRa;a:ja;nea;nd+bua;a:;d ;pa;a;d;
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;ya;a
nya;a;sa;a;pa:=+pa;ya;Ra;ya
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a;Za;k+:a;
a;va;va:=+Na;pa;a:*.a;k+:ya;a ;
a;va;d;d:=+h:=+d:a;a;ma;(ra;
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;ya;a :pa;d;ma:*+:
=+a;v.ya;a;K.ya;ya;a . ca .sa;
a;h;ta;a ;
a;(ra;ma;d;a;ma;na:ja;ya;a;
a;d;tya;
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;a k+:a;
a;Za;k+:a;vxa;
a:aH
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Za;a;~:a;a :pMa (ra;a;k+:a;a;l+.k+:a;pra;sa;a;d;Zua;* :H :Sa;q Ba;a;ga;aH va;a:=+a;Na;sa;a
:pra;a;.cya;B,aA;a:=+ta;a;pra;k+:a;Za;na;m,a 19651967
o+.d;ya;na :he;ga;qe
150
kx+:d;nta:+.pa;ma;a;l+.a
kx+:d;nta:+.pa;ma;a;l+.a
Za.
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/ a;a;BaH .sa;ndx ;b.Da;a . ca;tua;Ta
19892005
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a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;a
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a;va:=+.ca;yya A;a;tmagua:=+ea;hR ;a:=+d ;a;a;[a;ta;~ya
na;a;}:a;a
:pra;k+:a;Za;ma;a;na;a;ta;ea
l+.Gua;Za;b.d:=+aH
I+.a;ta
;Da;a;tUa;na;Ma :pra;ya;ea;ga;sa;ma;a;[a;Na;m,a
ma;h;a;Ba;a;Sya;m,a
151
(ra;a;ma;;
+ga;va;tpa;ta:*+;
:pa;a;ta:*+;lM
ma;h;a;Ba;a;Sya;m,a
a;l+.mua;a;na;
a;va:=+a;.ca;tMa
ma;h;a;ma;h;ea;pa;a;Dya;a;ya;(ra;a;na;a;ga;ea;a:ja;Ba;*+:
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;ma;h;a;Ba;a;Sya;pra;d ;a;pa;ea;pa;+a;ea;;
+a;a;sa;tea;na
ma;h;a;ma;h;ea;pa;a;Dya;a;(ra;a;kE+:ya;f;ea;pa;a;Dya;a;
a;va:=+a;.ca;tea;na
A;a;.ca;a;yRa;(ra;a;gua:+:pra;sa;a;d;Za;a;a;~:
/ a;Na;a
:pra;d ;a;pea;na
v.ya;a;k+.=+Na;a;.ca;a;yeRa;Na
;
a;va:=+a;a:ja;ta;m,a
ma;h;ta;a
:pa;a:=+(ra;mea;Na
txa;ta;a;yMa .sMa;~k+.=+Na;m,a
va;a:=+a;Na;sa;a
:pra;a;.cya;Ba;a:=+ta;a;pra;k+:a;Za;na;m,a 2000
;a;sa:;d ;a;nta;k+:Ea;mua;d ;a
(ra;a;ma;;
+*+:ea;a:ja;d ;a;a;[a;ta;
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;a
;vEa;ya;a;k+.=+Na;a;sa:;d ;a;nta;k+:Ea;mua;d ;a
;d ;a;a;[a;ta;pra;Na;a;ta;ya;a
ba;a;l+.ma;na;ea:=+ma;a;K.ya;v.ya;a;K.ya;ya;a
+sa:=+~va;ta;a;
a;va:=+a;.ca;ta;ya;a
ta:va;ba;ea;a;Da;nya;a;K.ya;v.ya;a;K.ya;ya;a
. ca
ma;h;a;ma;h;ea;pa;a;Dya;a;ya;v.ya;a;k+.=+Na;a;.ca;a;yRa;nya;a;ya;Za;a;~:a;a;
a;d;
a;va:+:d;Ba;a:ja;a . ca;tua;veRa;d;ea;pa;a;+:~va;ga;Ra;ya;(ra;a;ma;
a;+a:=+Da:=+Za;mRa;Na;a ma;h;a;ma;h;ea;pa;a;Dya;a;ya;(ra;a;pa:=+mea:(;a:=+a;na;nd;Za;mRa;Na;a . ca
.sMa;Za;ea;Dya .sa;}.pa;a;
a;d;ta;a . ca;tva;a:=+ea Ba;a;ga;aH ;
a;d; +:a ma;ea;ta;a;l+.a;l ba;na;a:=+sa;a;d;a;sa
1975