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3/7/zotz
TRANSFORMASI
TEGANGAN DAN TEORI
KEGAGALAN
Tra
nsformations of Stress
3/7
o.\,o)1,6-
nornralstresses
'
T1.y,,
T4 = Ts7)
. Plane
faces
/2012
3/7120t2
{t
I -,
25 mm
(1 in.)
+
=
r_-l
20OkN=
r+s rirpl
l-l
lzoooooN
l+
100
-Lo
,,,"
l_1'' '''
lvlPa
I 5 kiPlin.z
XFx'=
-2310o +20b.000cos30 = 0
o =75.jMPa
EFy'
-g
2310r - 200.000sin 30 = 0
r = 43.3MPa
3/7
c {MPa)
-90
0.0
6.7
?
3
4
-45
5
6
-30
-15
-60
50.0
75.S
0.0
25.0
50.0
*25.0
100.0
0.0
15
25.0
30
45
'1'r
60
75.0
50.0
25.0
12
75
6./
13
9A
0.0
10
43.3
50.0
43.3
0,0
no
-----Plane
x,y,
and x,axes.
- o r(ta
Z Fy, = 0 = rx,r,
sin
M + o,(Al
cosg)sin 0 *
- r,(L,lsine)coso
o
cos O)sin 0
r*r,(M cos1)cos7
+ r rr(Msin g)sin
o,. to,
o,. =
o,+o,.
-rr,.r, - 9'-!'
2
o,.
-o,,
o,.-o,,
-, -ros2e - r", sin20
sir"t2e t
r,,
cos2o
/20L2
31712012
(b)
{?;t
Z F*, = 0 =
- o r(LAsino)sino - r *r(LAsino)coso
Z Fy, = 0 = r *,r, fuf + o *(LA cos d)sin d - r *r(LA cos g) cos d
- o r(nesin g)cos g + r *r,(Msin o)sino
Z F*, =
= o *,
- o r($sind)sin
Z Fy, =
= r *,r,
+ o *($)
cos
- o ,($sin7)cos7
- r rr(lfl
I4, :
d)sin g
+ 2,,
({d
si
- r,r(sin 0)cos 0
A : r,,.,,,+o,(cosd)sin d- t,,,cos, 0
sin2 0
d) sin d
-, rr(#sin g)cos g
cos
n0)sin0
3/7
0:o.,-ofl1Jgf'a)
v-vr'
"'[--2
"''
Q
(o,+o.) (o -o
[-;J.[t;f
-
)cos2o
r,,)Y
"
sin2o
- r.,, cos2o
r
sin20
=-lO
\ .t -O It f.-+f,,
,L
COS2p
sin2or,.'''o"']
[(=l
t
lo., t
{. 2 i-t -l-t)cos2e-r"sin2o
= r x,t,,* (r"
7..,..,
["'
('-o
o'*o,)
sin20
)-"'
o:o,-(
"
/2012
("+l| :[t=;
coszo+..,
.,n,,]
lo,'- (-+")]' :
I
l(=l'
"o,'
20
.r,,' sin, r,
r(t-:'l
(o -o \
l'
L t-;]sin2o+r"cos2ol
- r_ I
- r_ l(o_o\. sin'2ot
Lt-,
3/7l2ot2
o.,
ttr'!
:[f=;
sin22o
r',2
*'*
ze
ot
-zf
*,
r, sln
'*1
T^
,,,,, -l
i=l
sin2
2o+',"
zef
"o*
t'
I
/)ll
l-\ '
zo +sin, zo)
,/
2
+T,,
xy
["
[';'[
(o*,-oare)' *r?,r,
where
= R2
r2
o,-o,
_l
t2)
+ Txy
3/7
PrincipalStresses
- ot'('=
o,.'' + o,,)
P-
'.'
firaxjrr
.4-+.n, lG---o1
)
'-- - *illl \
) l*4.,
>
'\)'
ta*/' q--c,
Nl orde fi ftwDrg*eparlapf
o-r' = oove
q,,,, - *i
(max
=A=
otan20":- ^- o..)
''
xt'
o, = oor,"
0..l:v
l,
"
o\+o,,
2
45o
/20t2
3/7l2ot2
Tnrsi*nal
tutorJe s
in
ffi'EI* e
than
shear.
rnaxirnunr slrear,
'r
i.e., a
plane
Ductile-)maksimum shear
Brittle)maksimum tension
17
Example
SOLUTION:
ttn2d u =
'
Fig.7.13
stress shown,
and
correspond ing
stress.
v lnar.lnrn - -;-z
the
norrnal
stresses,
stress
(Jr+Ov
plane
determine
2t.-.,
r/
or*ov
Ttlax =
, or* 6r,
2
3/7
Example
/20t2
1-
SOLUTION:
tan2o,,
Example 1
''
j'l*^,.
.iffi+*
Frs.7.io
q;-+5 (),,lPa6r-:-14f}41
q-_:-l 0I,{Pa"
- il3of- L4oP
m:JoM-Pd
0r=0u-45
.. 2{i
N1
t'r
6 ,=oa,e=
E'=
zo
nlF
ox+ov
,
50_10
2
10
3/712012
Example 2
SOLUTION:
.
.
.
A single horizontal force P of 150 lb
magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and
shearing stresses on an element at
point H having sides parallel to the x
and y axes, (b) the principal planes
and principal stresses at the point H.
Example 2
SOLUTION:
l' = I 50lb
r = (t50tbxlrin): z.tkip.in
l,t
x:(t5olbxloin)= l.5kip
in
Io'
*lwt
*'tir
_ . Atc
)
t
-rr,'' -t . tc;-l
J
^-l--Lt.
'r\
(r.stip in10.6in)
j z(0.r,
in )a
(z.lrip.in (o.r;in)
I
] .r(u.o
irr )a
;:-r88{tsi4,-r79
11
317
/2012
Example 2
2',t 2(7.?Q
' o, o) = 0-8.84 = -r.8
tan2o,,=
20
l4r5E-q51
ox+ov-ll f;-;7,
_
drnar.rn,n
,')*r;,
8.84
o+
a
L
1.,.,u"
//o
lll
- s.sa\r
l\
= +13.52
qn;,., = -4.6Bksi
STATIC DESIGN
t2
3/7
/20L2
sll'ri\ if
N{}rlllail
Sltcirrslr't'r:
{rr
A:ilirl
,,{
Tllr.r nrx
rr7
ll11
ql/'1
t'
l)irr,L l sltr:itr'
."t
'l'
Tr)r\ iiril
.:
Bt'lJing
Lu-
T'hir
\!,rLL
flutlllj
sphrrir
''rt' =
Thin l,'1lll.t!indft:
slrL:r:t (r, I
Sltr',,r rtrur.
rt
-lr
A.li:rl
:t
Hrr1,.
't,.r'=
STATIC DESIGN
The question now arises as to whether the varues
of the principar stresses (or) and (or)
and the maximum and minimum shear stresses ((."_/
and ((.,"/ found tor a macfrine
element in previous chap., either mathematicaily'or using
the Mohr,s circre graphical
process, represent a safe operating condition.
Depending on whether the material used for the
machine element can be considered
ductile or brittre, the most commonry accepted criteria,
or theories, predicting that a
design is safe under static conditions wiil be presented.
The most common ways to
define a factor-of-safety (n) tor a machine erement wiil
arso be presented, again based
on whether the material being used is ductile or brittle.
For ductile materials, the yierd strength (sr/ in tension
ond in compression ore rerotivery
equal in magnitude, whereas for brittle materials the ultimate
compressive strength
(s,./ is significantly greater in magnitude than the urtimate
tensire strength (s", ). The
Figure reflects the difference between the yield and ultimate
streng-ths, and the
difference between the magnitudes of the urtimate tensire
and compressive strengths.
13
31712012
-sy
so
S,r
,, -"rl-r-"-\
1. Maximum-normal-stress theory
2. Maximum-shear-stress theory
3. Distortion-energy theory
is
1"4
3/7l2ot2
yd fSr,).
o1 -; .Ir. rif
0ll
l
{il
rrl
iFr
,51. l?
lt
s,,
' 'r
ill
i,l
-Sr,
rI
M a xi m u m -S h e a r-St re ss Th e o ry
ffl - ,Tl
Sy
-'. -''
6'I - (rl
_
l\4axirnttrn-nornral-slrcss
theor
r-ch+ar-stres s
rl'
theory
't-
\./\^,/
,/
II
/s.
-sj,
i
I
M.ax
r{t
IV A../
,/
".
lvlaxinti:m-she
the,:rv
-.-
inium-n0fmal-sirgss
the0ry
1_5
317l2oL2
r,2
o2l
o1{J2
<
ri
.s
1
Ivlaximurn.normal.s"trre$s
theoryI
hlaximr:m-sl
tl
ilt
/*4-
Di$lortion'Bilergy
the()ry
-shear-strsss
theory
Maximum-nolmal.glress
ihebry
il
lil
..
1_6
3/7
lzorz
5rL
Boundary ol allor
alloil
combinations
'"
''r/
)'
,ul
',,,,
Dislorti<in-enerqy
theorv
'fir
\\/--'<
-ry
t-sht,ilr-strlsl
,/
Mirxir rrull-rrolnlll-stress
lheor v
Biaxial where
G1
: or;'
Boundary of allowable
combinations -q_
--)
//
Biaxial whi:re
$t=Zcrz>A
';-\-
"'
Uniaxial where
t\
n1>0,o2-0
l
I
o, - *o,
L7
3/7
/2012
Example 1, Plot the combinations given in the table below of the principal stresses
(or,o), on a static design coordinate system for ductile materials. use a yield
strength (5, / of 8+ MPa that is at the low end for magnesium alloys.
Srurm:ry of thr flr,inripal
Ex&aplo
"<tre_qscs
Pri,:cipal $turJs
Pr
5 (1i5,2)
i$5.;1)
84
.l
{}.i,3}
112
4 {$5.-i)
7{)
lt
>.Q
,,.
.or"=
-6,
Distortion-energy theory
Poins9
(o?
+r.
I_
,?
_ r,tr:)tE
.r.,;=F_ 1 *
((.rtti+i--tj):
(,:,.,t:r9+ 1.0,19+:,?iq)1,'2
ri4-:
*(E.i)r_r.r11r,':
/?:::U.81{irniille)
1.::\
{r*Jrjrrr}lj-16rlrg))tl
(,-,rrj(,il,i
I _ (;.i,5ai +t) Tojl,',l
_
_ *, _ ,
,l
H..l
S-+
s-l '
'
poin3)
I,n?
-,
+ oi
- oto:))fl * ] * (t
!,'
,,
tt.l2
-,r-
-----r,!
(5r:)1
- (l t:J(5{,j)j.11
-.-
15
l. L5
18
31712012
(.,'+,,,: -.irt)r.,]
51
1r
(+.900 +:l.9fl0
/,
SI
lt L+:l
((;0):,
t j-?01:,-
(701(-76rrr./:r
S-j
I rl
-
ti.fig (un:rati'l
-:
Poin4) +:t:1ll:t,.
5.. 7r S+
n
:0,75
t_.
(urrsalr.)
5-
rr
"
'is -
N+
() 72 iunstl'c)
.(,
/r
s-+
s-l
_,.."'
\-l -
'
,_
'
tl:_=(J.00ixltsafe)
l.(r?
I----B
ld
19
3lT
lzotz
ff1 <
s:1*2
.)r;
fl
,5u.,
Srit
),4
il
)il
IV
i1
-'6,;
$,n
Coulomb-Mohr theory
jr
O1
,.tl
,r.*-.t;''
Coulomb.ltl*r;
rlo)lrlrrll
5u,
\,r
ll
O.
--- J;tl
-. '
,Su,
,(,,,.
o1
.Jrr
-t
rn'
ll
IMaximum-*orru1-...;tr*s
tlleor/
20
31712012
M od ified Co
u Io m
b-M
oh
Th eo
ry
s,,'\-', !\(t5r, \
S,,,
)
-
.J,,,.
nt /,
.5,,'
d.
s;\'-s-,/-5;:;
0l'
,:
{,
5,,\'
ot /.
s"
\'-
,\',,\
o)
L/-.r;-''
S,r t
J
"t;
ot
:;
-.u
,Modllied CoLrlomb.Molrr
theory
Cbulomb.Moltr \,
lhAory
-'-- \jr,
21
317
/2012
iol
Foulth
(tV):
o:
.,-
.5l,r)
ilV): (c1
.."
(.1
C(,nstlVIli\'(. \ltrtirrtriltt-ritlt.ttlill-:.tl.c\\
*.. .5'/,.
lht.t,r._t
tl,rer tr,)l
irllll\.
strength
compression (5,"/ of 630 Mpa that are typical values for cast iron.
in
Pilint
l
ll{}
)1il
[.1{ |
I ',
I /-,
Iui
ln: i
ii-i
il
t4ii
t "t\
-:1fi5
22
3/7
/20L2
$mle:55.MPa r 35,MFa
ot
I
5rr ,x
-=---:t.i.r
lli0
'l
ir : :::
tl l.\
l..ii
Iloilt I
1U11ri1lg.)
l
I
:<t1 : _:
,lr1 ri
'l
_:l{)
ll{l
/i = , -:
l'l)
ot
.Irr
i:_:_:().(.;
) tr
I
ir
ioLS'.llul
rrtirr':"inall
l+o
I
I -l
l,i)
llt)
// =
li.h i
I\rir
lr'l
l.j ir:rlr't
-:
rr
t
lli
j:_:_=(ri.,l
'S,,, r; j I{l
I
tt : ;-;a : l.l
lt s \
ts.rl.- l
23
3/7
l'()t Ill
i:
t()
t,ltl
il :
I ..',r
-
l:'rrirtt
/2012
.l
.\s
(]iU
.iq.i
/r i{}
(,.q1
-1:
rr')
{t
l?-i * ll.i
(r.ltl
I li
tT.i
-175 Ili
1
.Sor $'',. r?
ll-i
il
llti
I
)t =
-.t.l
6\il
ll()
(11{J
-ifi
t7.i
r,.iit'6.\t)
-l_
7()o
--
_t
r,l(r-"'
lt
: tr \r{l rdilr.rla)
1
Pnint 5:
$t
,\',.,
I
,/
il *-
n:
5o,
105
I I(r
I
l_lt
-
I l(l"i -1$.j
ri : I {i /r:lt)
*-1lj5 105 -r8-i
(1ilr
llt, r,irJ
= Ir,!(1
Ii
_l_
o.ill
:135_
6ili
7(Xr
__ttt
hlt)-"'
11115;11'1.r
Perhatikan gambar dimana P : 200 lb, jika terbuat dari cast iron
dengan ultimate strength in tension 30 kpsi dan ultimate strength
in compression 90 kpsi amankah konstruksi tersebut? dan
berapakah angka keamanannya?
]-----a
II
24