INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing,

mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions
of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, and then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe,
North America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning
point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Most notably, average income
and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the
world's average per capita income increased over tenfold, while the world's population increased over six
fold. The First Industrial Revolution, (beginning18th cent ) merged into the Second Industrial Revolution
around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained further momentum with development of
steam-powered ships, railways, and later in 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electrical
power generation.
According to Robert E. Lucas, "For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary
people have begun to undergo sustained growth Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has
happened before".
Key factors fostering this environment where:(1) The period of peace and stability this followed the unification of England and Scotland
(2) No trade barriers between England and Scotland
(3) The rule of law (respecting the sanctity of contracts)
(4) A straight forward legal system which allowed the formation of joint-stock companies (corporations)
(5) A free market (capitalism)

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:-1

Major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation profoundly affected socioeconomic

& cultural conditions in Britain.

The onset marked a major turning point in human society; almost every aspect of daily life was

eventually influenced in some way

Spread throughout Western Europe & North America during19th century, eventually affecting most
of the world.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 2

Three leading sectors of key innovations, which allowed economic take off during Industrial Revolution
Steam power The development of the stationary steam engine was an essential early element of the
Industrial Revolution; however, for most of the period of the Industrial Revolution, the majority of industries
still relied on wind and water power as well as horse- and man-power for driving small machines.
James Watts improved steam engine, initially used for pumping out mines, from 1780s applied to power
machines. Enabled rapid, large-scale development of efficient semi-automated factories in places that were
most convenient because other resources were available, rather than where there was water to power a
watermill.

A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by James Watt. In close collaboration with
Matthew Boulton, he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine, which incorporated a series of
radical improvements, notably the closing off of the upper part of the cylinder thereby making the low
pressure steam drive the top of the piston instead of the atmosphere, use of a steam jacket and the celebrated
separate steam condenser chamber. All this meant that a more constant temperature could be maintained in
the cylinder and that engine efficiency no longer varied according to atmospheric conditions. These
improvements increased engine efficiency by a factor of about five, saving 75% on coal costs. Bolton and
Watt opened the Soho Foundry, for the manufacture of such engines, in 1795.
In the textile sector such mills became models organization of human labor, epitomized by Cotton polis,
(vast collection of cotton mills and administration offices in Manchester). Also important was the 1756
Rediscovery of concrete (Based on hydraulic lime mortar) by the British engineer John Smeaton.
In the early 19th century after the expiration of Watt's patent, the steam engine underwent many
improvements by a host of inventors and engineers.
Textiles - Improved cotton spinning methods using new inventions (Spinning Jenny, Spinning Mule),
leading to erection of cotton mills.
Iron founding - Iron industry, coke finally applied to all stages of iron smelting, replacing charcoal.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION -- 3

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Metallurgy- Iron cheaper and more plentiful -- becomes a major structural material with The Iron Bridge
in 1778.Supply of cheaper iron & steel aided development of boilers, steam engines, and eventually
railways. Improvements in machine tools allowed better working of iron & steel further boosting industry.
Mining - Steam powered engines: deep mining of coal possible. Chemicals 1824: patenting of chemical
Process for Portland cement, important advance in building trades - used by engineer Marc Brunel several
years later for constructing Thames Tunnel. Also used later in London sewerage system.
Machine Tools Enabled manufacturing machines to be made.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION -- 4
Gas Lighting -- The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812-20. The process
Consisted of large scale gasification of coal in furnaces, purification of gas (removal of sulphur, ammonium,
and heavy hydrocarbons), its storage & distribution, allowing factories, stores to remain open longer, and
night life to flourish.
Glass Making - A new method of producing glass was developed, used in 1832 to create sheet glass
allowed for larger panes of glass without interruption, freeing up space in interiors as well as the fenestration
of buildings.
Transport Improved transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network, a canal, and waterway
network, and a railway network. Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and
cheaply than before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly.
EFFECTS ON TOWN PLANNING
Structure of cities changes
Poor live separately
Suburbs
Beaches and Tourism
Department stores

Housing - Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from the splendor of the homes of the
owners to the squalor of the lives of the workers. Poor people lived in very small houses in cramped streets.
These homes would share toilet facilities, have open sewers and would be at risk of developing pathologies
associated with persistent dampness. Disease was spread through a contaminated water supply. Conditions
did improve during the 19th century as public health acts were introduced covering things such as sewage,
hygiene and making some boundaries upon the construction of homes. Not everybody lived in homes like
these. The Industrial Revolution created a larger middle class of professionals such as lawyers and doctors.
Health conditions improved over the course of the 19th century because of better sanitation; the famines that
troubled rural areas did not happen in industrial areas. Back to back housing was there.
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Housing condition during

Industrial revolution

However, urban people especially small

children died due to diseases spreading
through the cramped living conditions. Tuberculosis (spread in congested dwellings), lung diseases from the
mines, cholera from polluted water and typhoid were also common.
As the new towns and cities rapidly developed during the Industrial Revolution the need for cheap
housing, near the factories, increased. Whilst there were some men, such as Robert Owen, who were
willing to create good housing for their workers, many employers were not. These employers ruthlessly
exploited their workers by erecting poor, and often unsanitary, shoddily built houses. Workers often paid
high rents for, at best, sub-standard housing.
In the rush to build houses, many were constructed too quickly in terraced rows. Some of these houses had
just a small yard at the rear where an outside toilet was placed. Others were back to back with communal
toilets. Almost as soon as they were occupied, many of these houses became slums. Most of the poorest
people lived in overcrowded and inadequate housing, and some of these people lived in cellars. It has been
recorded that, in one instance, 17 people from different families lived in an area of 5 meters by 4 meters.
Sanitary arrangements were often non-existent, and many toilets were of the earth closet variety. These
were found outside the houses, as far away as possible because of the smell. Usually they were emptied by
the soil men at night. These men took the solid human waste away. However, in poorer districts, the solid
waste was just heaped in a large pile close to the houses. The liquid from the toilets and the waste heaps
seeped down into the earth and contaminated the water supplies. These liquids carried disease-causing germs
into the water. The most frightening disease of all was cholera. Housing was provided for workers on site.
These houses were in very bad condition, these houses were very congested and many families live together
in one shelter. Common toilets, open sewerages were there.

Social Structure During the Industrial Revolution, the social structure of society changed dramatically.
Before the Revolution most people lived in small villages, working either in agriculture or as skilled
craftsmen. They lived and often worked as a family, doing everything by hand. With the advent of
industrialization, however, everything changed. The new enclosure lawswhich required that all grazing
grounds be fenced in at the owner's expensehad left many poor farmers bankrupt and unemployed, and
machines capable of huge outputs made small hand weavers redundant. As a result, there were many people
who were forced to work at the new factories.
As a result, women and children were sent out to work, making up 75% of early workers. Families were
forced to do this, since they desperately needed money, while factory owners were happy to employ women
and children for a number of reasons. First of all, they could be paid very little, and children could be
controlled more easily than adults, generally through violent beatings. Children also had smaller hands,
which were often needed to reach in among the parts of a machine. Furthermore, employers found that
children were more malleable and adapted to the new methods much better than adults did. Children were
also sent to work in mines, being small enough to get more coal and ore from the deep and very often unsafe
pits. They could also be forced to work as long as eighteen hours each day. For these reasons, children as
young as eight years old were sent to factories.

Homes of the
workers

Homes of the wealthy

This unprecedented growth and profit was another social change that occurred during the Industrial
Revolution. There were little or no government regulations imposed upon factory policies, and this
allowed the wealthy, middle-class owners to pursue whichever path was most profitable, regardless of the
safety and well being of their workers. This relentless pursuit of money caused another important social
change: the ultimate breakdown of the family unit.Since workers, especially women and children, were
laboring for up to eighteen hours each day, there was very little family contact, and the only time that one
was at home was spent sleeping. People also had to share housing with other families, which further
contributed to the breakdown of the family unit.

As a result, children received very little education, had stunted growth, and were. The living conditions
were indeed horrible; working families often lived in slums with little sanitation, and infant mortality
skyrocketed. During the early Industrial Revolution, 50% of infant died before the age of two. However,
the social changes that took place were not all negative. Most classes eventually benefited in some way from
the huge profits that were being made, and by 1820 most workers were making somewhat better wages.
Overall health and material conditions of the populace clearly improved. The government, however, did
have to eventually intervene in order to put an end to child labor and other unacceptable practices.
There were many positive and negative effects of the Industrial Revolution in the society. During the time
that it was taking place, many workers suffered due to the poor housing conditions, sickness, low-wages,
and child labor practices; yet others did not struggle to survive. Conversely, the Industrial Revolution
had a great effect on society because of the new machinery and new jobs that were created. Ideas to make
new inventions or improve old ones motivated others to do the same. It is important aspect that the longterm effect is not only more important, but has a larger impact than the short-term cost.
Victory of middle class industrialists & businessmen over landed nobility. Ordinary working people found
increased opportunities for employment in new factories, but these were often under strict working
conditions with long hours of labor. In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution middle class of
industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry.
Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories, but
these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labor dominated by a pace set by
machines. As late as the year 1900, most industrial workers in the United States still worked a 10-hour day,
yet earned from 20 to 40 percent less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life. However, harsh
working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society
was very static and often cruelchild labor, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as
prevalent before the Industrial Revolution.

Factories & Urbanization The Industrial Revolution first started in Great Britain and eventually
progressed to the United States in the early 19th century. It was first created to raise people's standard of
living. Before the revolution, the majority of Americans lived on farmland, small towns, or villages where
there was little manufacturing. A farmer usually also was able to make shoes, and the women spent
their days making soap and candles, or spinning yarn or
making clothing.

The manufacturing that did take place was in homes or rural areas and it was done by hand. Some products
made in the home (including clothing, furniture, tools, cloth, hardware, jewelry, leather, silverware, and
weapons) were even exchanged for food. But, people lived in fear that the crops they grew might fail, as
many of them already suffered from malnutrition.
In addition, diseases and other epidemics were unfortunately common. In the late 1700s, the first sign of a
revolution occurred when the steam engine was developed. It introduced the concept of companies and
factories being able to create goods using machinery, as opposed to a family working together at home. One
of the purposes of the Industrial Revolution was to have more goods produced at a lower cost. An
immediate change included the production of goods; what was produced, as well as where and how, its cost,
and efficiency. The Industrial Revolution was beginning to turn an agricultural economy into one with
machines and manufacturing. The term "Industrial Revolution" describes the period in which there was
a gradual shift of improving the process of manufacturing and distributing goods. This started in 1790,
and continued in to the 1830s.
Even though many new jobs were created and some lives were made easier, there were also problems such
as low-wages and pollution. Impact of the American Industrial Revolution profoundly changed the lives of
society and its workers for the good, despite its occasional flaws. Industrialization led to creation of factory
system (created after spinning was mechanized) -- rise of the modern city, as large numbers of workers
migrated into cities for employment in factories Best illustrated in Manchester, "Cotton polis" -- worlds
first industrial city. For much of the 19th century, production was done in small mills, which were typically
water-powered and built to serve local needs. Later each factory would have its own steam engine and a
chimney to give an efficient draft through its boiler.

Workers in mile

Early England industrial town

Also thousands of new workers were needed to work machines in mills and foundries and the factory
owners built houses for them. Cities filled to overflowing and London was particularly bad. At the start of
the 19th Century about 1/5 of Britains population lived there, but by 1851 half the population of the country
had set up home in London. London, like most cities, was not prepared for this great increase in people.
People crowded into already crowded houses. Rooms were rented to whole families or perhaps several
families. If there were no rooms to rent, people stayed in lodging houses. The start of the Industrial
Revolution in England changed the way simple people would survive, and the people couldnt keep up.
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Transport- The changes came in several stages. First Roads were improved, then Canals were built and
finally the Railway was developed. The growth of the Industrial Revolution depended on the ability to
transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances. There were three main types of
transportation that increased during the Industrial Revolution: waterways, roads, and railroads.
Transportation was important because people were starting to live in the West. During this time period,
transportation via water was the cheapest way to move heavy products (such as coal and iron). As a result,
canals were widened and deepened to allow more boats to pass. The roads also improved immensely during
this time period. Previously, people traveled using animals or by foot, but there were many problems with
the conditions of the roads. In 1751, turnpikes were created for easier transportation, especially for the
horse-drawn wagons. John Loudon McAdam made "macadam" road surfaces which consisted of
crushed rock in thin layers. Thomas Telford made new foundations in roads with large flat stones. Soon
after, roads across America were improved based on these techniques. The closest to trains were horses,
commonly used to pull freight cars along rails. In 1801, Richard Trevithick made the first steam
locomotive.

The Thames Tunnel (opened 1843).Cement was

used in the world's first underwater tunnel

The Bridgewater Canal

These improvements on waterways, roads, and railroads all made traveling safer, and it allowed goods to be
moved more efficiently. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, and before the invention of the stream
engine, goods were supply through river way. The industrial revolution totally depends upon the
transportation facility raw material and finishing products to the consumers. The Industrial Revolution
improved Britain's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network, a canal and waterway network, and
a railway network. Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than
before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly. The first successful canal was the
Bridgewater Canal in North West England, which opened in 1761.New canals were hastily built in the
aim of replicating the commercial success of the Bridgewater Canal, the most notable being the Leeds and
Liverpool Canal and the Thames and Severn Canal which opened in 1774 and 1789 respectively.
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Merits of industrial Revolution- The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in Earths
ecology and humans relationship with their environment. The Industrial Revolution dramatically changed
every aspect of human life and lifestyles. From human development, health and life longevity, to social
improvements and the impact on natural resources, public health, energy usage and sanitation, the effects
were profound. Helpful in transportation and communication, housing and other factors like roads,
canals.
Generally, the reality is that the price of land within an urban area is so high that it discourages its use for
more industrial purposes. Instead, cheaper undeveloped land outside the city limits is generally sought for a
new factory. Once such an industry is established however, it quickly attracts workers and shopkeepers who
settle and build close to the source of employment and wages, ultimately often resulting at a later date in
residents who complain about the factory (or country farm) that was the prime reason for their coming to the
area in the first place.
There was little if any zoning or land-use planning during the years of the Industrial Revolution. If there had
been, it is possible if not likely that the revolution, with all its resulting benefits, would never have occurred
- or if it had, would have been severely retarded and hampered.
Many of the factories and the companies were built alongside the rivers therefore making transportation a
lot harder. The natural resources and the fast moving waters helped along the transportation. Transportation
took over the land over the countries to transport goods in and out of the country The Railroad was very
successful and helped them in many ways such as to transport coal and also many other ways, therefore it
made life

Demerits of industrial revolution-While industrial revolution caused a seismic shift in every aspect
of life, it had a profound effect on the human condition, especially on urban workers. One distinguished
feature of industrial revolution was urbanization. A shift of occupation from agrarian to industrial led to a
sharp increase in city populations, which was not associated with developments in infrastructure,
sanitation, city planning, law and order etc.

Thus diseases,pollution, crimes and filth became dominant themes of city life. Working conditions were
also hard as factories were dirty, hot, unhygienic and sometimes dangerous with no safety measures.
Workers were forced to work for long hours and sometimes the whole family worked to earn their living.
Housing facilities were often overcrowded and dirty. Life for unemployed was even worse as most of them
lose their shelters with loss of jobs. As more and more people shifted to cities from rural areas and
number of unemployed increased, homelessness became a pressing issue. Many homeless people were
compelled to live in dire conditions in charitable institutions. The revolution benefitted every field of
occupation such as agriculture, textiles, construction, transportation and communications etc., it took a
heavy toll on the human condition. The vast pace of urbanization which coincided with industrial revolution
could not cope up with the development of sanitation, city planning, health systems etc.

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