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All the hybrid cars now have battery system to power the
vehicle
which
use
Nickel-Metal
Hydride
and
Lithium-Ion
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE NO
DEDICATION
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
3
4
INTRODUCTION TO TITLE
1.1 BACKGROUND
1.2 LITERATURE STUDY
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
METHODOLOGY
2.1 APPARATUS AND MATEIALS
2.2 PROCEDURE
2.3 DATA COLLECTION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
3.2 INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 THEORY:
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Capacitor is designed to store energy in the form of electric
field, as compared to the battery which makes it more
reliable compared to the battery. Capacitor is made up
of two electrodes (metal plates) facing each other, with a
gap in between. When a DC voltage (V) is applied to the two
electrodes, electrons will instantly collect on one side,
causing that electrode to have a negative charge, while
electrons on the other electrode will be lacking, which means
that it has a positive charge. This condition will remain also
when the DC voltage is removed.
C=
Q
V
Where:
C = capacitance of the capacitor (farads)
Q = charge on each conductor (coulombs)
V= voltage between the plates (volt)
The amount of energy stored on a capacitor (w) can be
expressed as:
W=
CV
2
1
i ( ) d
C t
0
di (t )
+i (t )=0
dt
equation yields:
i ( t )=
V 0 t /
e
R
V ( t )=V 0 1e
t
0
Where:
R = resistance in circuit
0 = Time constant (RC) of the circuit
CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1 APPARATUS AND MATERIAL
A 6V d.c.power supply,an on-off switch,a d.c. milliammeter,A stopwatch,resistorpack,connecting wires and a capacitor labelled C1
2.2 PROCEDURE
Connect up the circuit with switch S as shown in diagram.The connecting
wires with crocodile clips are to be connected to points X and Y and are meant for
connection to resistor-pack for selections of R ,where R is the effective resistance
across X and Y
step until obtain a new set of I and t.Record all reading and tabulated I,t, I
and
ln I
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Average
Initial Current,I0/mA
CHAPTER 3
Resistance,R/
Capacitance
Ceramic
Aluminum Electrolyte
Tantalum
Niobium Oxide
Mica
(F)
150
100
33
100
0.002
Time (s)
75
50
16.5
50
Unable to
0.01
record
Unable to
0.1
record
Unable to
Thin Film
Film
Discharge
record
being
done
supercapacitors
in
this
developed
direction,
that
and
have
there
have
considerably
been
larger
discharge time. They also tend to be bulkier and heavier than the
Reference:
1) http://www.global.tdk.com/techmag/electronics_primer/vol
1.htm
2) http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/rc/rc_2.html
3) http://www.gizmag.com/high-energy-density-
4)
supercapacitor/37075/
http://www.instructables.com/id/The-ForeverRechargeable-VARIABLE-Super-Capacitor-/?ALLSTEPS