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STUDIES
Project to Analyse the Western
Scholar Books (Thought)
Prepared by:
No
Name
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1.
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4.
Matrix
Cours
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14222
BIS
15666
15571
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15573
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15300
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
Chapter 1: Introduction
11
Chapter 4: Conclusion
14
References
15
ME
Acknowledgment
In The Name of Allah, The Most Gracious and The Most Merciful, all
Praise to Him for we had successfully completed our Malaysian Studies
project for this semester.
First and foremost, we would like to express our gratitude and
appreciation to all those who gave us the possibility to complete this
project. Special thanks to our subject lecturer and advisor, Mr. Oummar,
whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement, helped us and
other our classmates to successfully finish our project on analysis of the
western scholar books (thought). Although this project gave a hard time
for us, with the Mr. Oummar mentoring us, we were able to finish this
project successfully.
And special thanks go to all our classmates, who helped us anytime
we couldnt have done anything without their support. They had helped us
in many aspects especially when we asked some question to them.
Finally, an honourable mention goes to our families and friends for
their understandings and supports on us in completing this project
particularly and our studies in general. Without helps of the particular that
mentioned above, we would face many difficulties while doing this project.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Publisher
Background
The
book
provides
the
information
about
the
Malaysian
Studies
betterment.
Nesamalar Nadarajah
Johore and The Origins of British Control 1895-1914
2000
Malaysia
published
Number
of 198
Pages
Name
Publisher
Background
Books
Studies
Carl A. Trocki
Prince of Pirates:
Year
Place published
Number of Pages
Name
of
Publisher
Background
The
Temenggongs
and
the
by
different
system.
This
is
due
to
the
Singapore.
This book provides the foreigner perception on the
to Malaya, from the past. So, it is very important for us to
Malaysian
Studies
and a cruel tongue. If the Portugese are right, it was not he but his son
that would not yield to dAlbuquerques demand and invited war.
Afterward, in year of 1521, George dAlbaquerque attempted to take
Bintan but the stakes across the river and the Malay bravery are the two
strong fort.
Winstedt also emphasized about Sultan Mahmud. Portugese as well
as the Annals viewed Sultan Mahmud as a weak and a mean man. The
Annals gives us many vignette of this ruler; as a sick boy tended by his
chief, as a student of Islamic mysticism propounding theological problems
to Pasai, as a wanton youth treading the midnight way hi wives of his
followers, as a repentant murderer living as a recluse and spurring his
horse to avoid onlookers at Tanjung Kling. D Albuquerques commentaries
about this ruler, this king was very vain and very proud, and made a
quarrel with his father for wishing to go to the temple of Meca, for he used
to say Malacca was the right Meca; and being suspicious of his brother,
Sultan Celeimeo (Sulaiman) he murdered him with a creese and in like
manner he murdered seventeen of the principal men, all of them his
relatives, without any cause, and even killed his son and heir, because he
had asked for some money to spend. Ruy dAraujo write to Albuqeurque
in year 1510, that Sultan had handed over all power to Bendahara whose
his uncle and then he stayed whole time at home like a monk.
Next, on 20th July 1599, the war between Acheh and Johor still continued
caused by the murder of Raja Hashim and prevent them to form an
alliance. The formal relation between Johor Sultanate and Dutch East
Indies Company (VOC) was begun. However, in 1601 sixty Johor vessels
lay before Pasai and afraid the Achinese into suspecting an alliance of
Johor and Malacca again. But war with Portugal also continued (Winstedt.
R., 1932). With the assistance of Dutch, Malacca was captured and added to the
Johor kingdom.
In 1819, the Johor-Riau Empire was divided up into the mainland Johor,
controlled by the Temenggong, and the Sultanate of Riau-Lingga,
controlled by the Bugis (Wikipedia, n.d.).
2.2 The Historical Background-The Origins of British Control (18191895)
According to Ramanathan, (2000), by the year of 1819, Stamford
Raffles was in search for a suitable port for the British in Malayan waters.
At that time, the mainland state of Johore was still a part of the vast
Kingdom of Johore, Pahang, Riau, Lingga, the Kerimuns, Singapore and the
lesser islands and dependencies. Tengku Abdul Rahman, the younger son
of Sultan Mahmud was given the throne instead of Tengku Husain which is
the eldest son. This situation is contradicted with the Malay custom that
was being practiced during the time. Raffles found that this is the best
chance for him to involve in the unstable condition due to the opposition
from some of the elderly chiefs of Riau regarding the appointment of
Tengku Abdul Rahman as the continuity for the throne. He planned for
several ways to achieve his purposes of acquiring a new port in the
Malayan waters.
Raffles with Farquhar noticed that Kerimun islands are not suitable
for their port, thus they moved tho Singapore which was ruled by
Temenggung Abdul Rahman at that time. However, Temenggung Abdul
Rahman did not have power to permit the establishment of British factory
in Singapore. Sultan Abdul Rahman was under influenced by Dutch and
seeking for his permission was useless since Dutch wanted to keep British
out of his region. Therefore, Raffles planned to use Tengku Husain, make
him as the Sultan of Johore then get Raffles a permit to settle in Singapore.
On 6th February 1819, Tengku Husain was assigned as Raja of Johore with
the name Sultan Husain Muadzam Shah.
In the Malaysian History website, it was mentioned that there was
conflicts in the Riau-Johor kingdom that came in 1812 between BugisMalay when Sultan Mahmud died leaving his two sons. Yamtuan Muda ,
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leaders of the Bugis faction preferred Raja Abdul Rahman (the younger
son) while for the Malays side, they preferred Raja Hussain (the eldest). As
acknowledged, the Malay custom will assign the eldest to be the heir of
the throne and the person must physically present by the sultans side in
the death time in order to be appointed as the new ruler. During the death
of the sultan, Raja Hussain was away in Pahang and the Bugis find this is a
chance to appoint Raja Abdul Rahman as the heir of the throne.
Furthermore, in 1818, the Dutch signed a traty with Abdul Rahman
recognizing him as sultan in return for the re-establishment of the Dutch
post in Riau.
the
title
of
Maharaja
Johor
because
of
his
intellectual,
some complication of financial for the state of Johor. The British urged
Sultan Ibrahim to get a British Advisor to rule out Johor although he had
done so many changes in the constitutional of Johor to prevent the any
intervention on the ruling by the local. Sultan Ibrahim unable to resist and
agree to the urgency and in return, he got a group of army that gave a full
devotion to him, in other words, his own private army. However, he did
contribute something to Johor, which is the built of hospital and
government building. R.O Winstedt wrote that the influence of Sultan
Ibrahim remains for 15 years although the British assigned more and more
British Officer to be in the administration of Johor. At the end of his ruling,
he spent most of his time travelling around the world and the soon after
he got back from Britain, the Malaya started to be sweeping up by the
Japanese army.
As the Japanese army invaded Malaya, the ruling form was
completely different and new after that. With the vulgarity of Japanese to
the Chinese, and the Chinese strike back with Communist Party of Malaya
and they are able to invade Malaya for 13 days. Those 13 days was a
nightmare for Malaya. After British successfully retained Malaya once
again, they started to train the local in administration again as there are
some other colonised country that already gained independence. After 446
years being colonised by foreign country, Malaya finally gained its
independence in 1957.
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3.0 DISCUSSION
3.1 Ancient Johor and The Founding of Johor
Based on the book of A History of Johore written by R. O. Winstedt,
the name of Johor came and derived from many languages such as,
Siamese, Javanese and Arabic. Generally, the word of Johor may come
from the words of Wurawari, Ganggayu, Gangga Ayu, Galoh, Ujung
Tanah and Jauhar. His ideas about the original words of Johor are almost
the same as the local scholars described in their books.
Basically, the history of Johor began when the Vicerory captured Malacca
and forced Sultan Mahmud, the king of Malacca at that time to flee Batu
Ampar and other place as well as Johor. In 1512, he established what the
Sultanate of Johor became. Based on Winstedts writing in his book, Sultan
Mahmud had a bad tempered and cruel tongue. Other than that, he also
described the ruler with many negative views. Perhaps Sultan Mahmud
might has many unmoral behaviour because some Portugese also agreed
with Winstedt and even Annals. Based on the description in his book and
the commentaries from d Albuqueque, Sultan Mahmud had bad attitude
and even he was willing to kill his own brother because of suspiciousness,
his innocent son and heir and his relatives without any cause. These
attitudes should not be followed by us because they are not the teaching
of Islam which a Sultan should possessed.
3.2 The Historical Background-The Origins of British Control (18191895)
From the earlier involvement of British in Johore, we can see that
everything starts when there is internal conflict in the origins itself. The
conflict happened when Tengku Abdul Rahman was appointed as the heir
of the throne instead of Tengku Hussain which is the eldest one. British
who are at that time searching for a new place that suits their needs to
invest found that this is the correct timing for them to interfere in Malay
rivers areas. From the view of westerners, they always critically think how
to find the most strategic place in order to achieve maximum profit as well
12
easily
take
over
Johor
from
Sultan
Abu
Bakar
after
the
Bakar preserved the Kangcu System which benefited Johor and we should
the same thing with the sectors that gave a lot of benefit for us.
The British successfully regained their power during Sultan Ibrahim
ruling, by one step at a time before the invasion of Japanese army. This
move is because of the urge by the British headquarters in Britain, due to
the World War II that will abrupt at anytime. So the British see that it is
important to regain back your power in ruling and economy to support
their mother country after the war is outbreak. This move actually gave us
some lesson in term of administration, where we should find the
alternatives solution during the hardest time for our country, which will be
occur anytime. However, we should not ignore our key values which is the
humanity as in we should not oppressed other just for our own good.
Other than that, the preservation of power done by Sultan Ibrahim
also should be praised although it is futile at the end after 15 years of
struggling. His action teaches us to try very hard, regardless of other will
think about us. The foreigners might say it was a stubbornness, not to
allow the capable one to rule the country better, but it is all about
sovereignty and to defend what is ours.
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4.0 CONCLUSION
Johor has been described as Wurawari ang Gangayu which means
clear water in Javanese. It also known as Ujing Tanah in Malay which
means an area that located at the end of the land and Jauhar according
to Arabic.
Sultan Mahmud, who is the last heir of Sultanate of Malacca has
become the Sultan of Johor after he was forced to flee Batu Ampar and
other place by Vicerory. Western has described Sultan Mahmud as a bad
tempered guy and he also has a cruel tongue. Sultan Mahmud also had
been described by westerns as an immoral leader.
After Sultan Mahmud had dies, conflict happen regarding who will
replace his seat as Sultan of Johor. This conflict occurs because of
interference of British and Dutch in this case. As the result, on 6 th
.February 1819, Tengku Husain was assigned to become Raja of Johor.
In 1868, Queen of Great Britain has granted Sultan Ibrahim, the
current Sultan of Johor at that time, with the title of Maharaja Johor as he
was a brilliant leader and his contribution in establishment of new Law of
Johor (Undang-Undang Tubuh Kerajaan Johor). Sultan Abu Bakar was the
first Malay ruler that was known internationally because of his good
connection and relationship with British. This means that Malay rulers that
has been known by western since 19th century. R.O Winstedt wrote that the
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REFERENCE
Buyers, C. (2012, June). Johor, The Bendahara Dynasty. Retrieved from Royal Ark:
http://www.royalark.net/Malaysia/johor.htm
Coope, A. E. (1936). The Kangcu System In Johore. Journal of the Malayan Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 14, No. 3 (126), 247-263.
Nadarajah, N. (2000). Johore and The Origins of British Control 1895-1914.
Malaysia: Arenabuku Sdn. Bhd.
The Johore Sultanate. (2012, August 06). Retrieved from Malaysia Histroy; Bring
truth to Our Past: http://www.malaysiahistory.net/v2/?p=131
Trock, C. A. (1979). Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of
Johor and Singapore 1784-1885. Singapore: NUS Press.
Winstedt, R. O. (1932). A History of Johore. Malaysia: Royal Asiatic Society.
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