Scientifically, The human Skull Bones, are known as the cranium, consists of 22 bones.

The skull can be broken into two regions, the cranial section and the facial section.
The cranial bones consist of the bones in the top of the skull while the facial bones

consist of the bones that make up your face.

The skulls primary functions are protection of the brain and support of the face.

In the skull, sinal cavities can be found. Although the function of these cavities is still
not definitively known, it may be that the sinuses function are to decreasing the weight of
the skull while maintaining strength

http://www.learnbones.com/skull-cranial-and-facial-bones-anatomy/.

The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer

of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the
sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal
fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness,
thought, language, and consciousness
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex

The cerebellum (Latin for "little brain") is a region of the brain

that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive
functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses,
[1]
but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established. The cerebellum does
not initiate movement, but contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing. It
receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain,
and integrates these inputs to fine-tune motor activity.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum

Duramater (UK /djr metr/ or US /dr mtr/),

or dura, is a thick membrane that is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges that
surround the brain and spinal cord.The other two meningeal layers are the arachnoid
mater and the pia mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is
responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura_mater

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous

tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to
the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The brain and spinal cord together make up
the central nervous system, The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of neural
signals between the brain and the rest of the body but also contains neural circuits that can

independently control numerous reflexes and central pattern generators. The spinal cord
has three major functions: as a conduit for motor information, which travels down the spinal
cord, as a conduit for sensory information in the reverse direction, and finally as a center for
coordinating certain reflexes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of

the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. . [1] The brainstem
provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial
nerves. Of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves, ten pairs come from the brainstem. Though
small, this is an extremely important part of the brain as the nerve connections of the motor
and sensory systems from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the
brainstem. This includes the corticospinal tract(motor), the posterior column-medial
lemniscus pathway (fine touch, vibration sensation, and proprioception), and
the spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature, itch, and crude touch).
The brainstem also plays an important role in the regulation
of cardiac andrespiratory function. It also regulates the central nervous system, and is
pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle. The brainstem has
many basic functions including heart rate, breathing, sleeping, and eating.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem

The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) comprise multiple subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in
the brains of vertebrates, which are situated at the base of the forebrain. Basal ganglia
nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well
as several other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions
including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors or
"habits" such as bruxism, eye movements, cognition[1] and emotion.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia

The occipital lobe is one of the four major lobes of the

cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of
the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex.[1] The
primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17, commonly called V1 (visual one). Human V1 is
located on the medial side of the occipital lobe within the calcarine sulcus; the full extent of
V1 often continues onto the posterior pole of the occipital lobe. V1 is often also called striate
cortex because it can be identified by a large stripe of myelin, the Stria of Gennari. Visually
driven regions outside V1 are called extrastriate cortex. There are many extrastriate
regions, and these are specialized for different visual tasks, such as visuospatial
processing, color differentiation, and motion perception. The name derives from the
overlying occipital bone, which is named from the Latin ob, behind, and caput,the head.
Bilateral lesions of the occipital lobe can lead to cortical blindness

The Parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral
cortex in the brain of mammals. The parietal lobe is positioned above the occipital lobe and
behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus.The parietal lobe integrates sensory information
among various modalities, including spatial sense and navigation (proprioception), the main
sensory receptive area for the sense of touch (mechanoreception) in the somato sensory
cortex which is just posterior to the central sulcus in the postcentral gyrus,[1] and the dorsal
stream of the visual system. The major sensory inputs from the skin(touch, temperature,
and pain receptors), relay through the thalamus to the parietal lobe.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobe

The frontal lobe, located at the front of the

brain, is one of the four major lobes of thecerebral cortex in
themammalian brain. The frontal lobe is located at the front of
each cerebral hemisphere and positioned in front of theparietal
lobe and above and in front of the temporal lobe. It is separated
from the parietal lobe by a space between tissues called
the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by a deep fold called
thelateral sulcus also called the Sylvian fissure. The precentral gyrus,
forming the posterior border of the frontal lobe, contains
the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of
specific body parts.
The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitiveneurons in
the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated
with reward,attention, short-term memorytasks, planning, and motivation.
Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory informationarriving from
the thalamus to the forebrain. A report from theNational Institute of
Mental Health says a gene variant that reduces dopamine activity in
the prefrontal cortex is related to poorer performance and inefficient
functioning of that brain region during working memory tasks, and
to a slightly increased risk forschizophrenia.[1]

THE temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the

cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral
fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain.[3]
The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input into derived meanings for the
appropriate retention of visual memories, language comprehension, and emotion
association. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia

Jeanette Q. Marco BSED

Mr. Francisco T. Maluya

Instructor Educ213

Functions of Human Brain