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org/sceaStudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume3,2014
SeismicIsolationRetrofittingExperiencein
ArmeniaandNewStructuralConceptforan
Existing8StoryReinforcedConcreteHospital
BuildingtobeRetrofittedbyBaseIsolation
MikayelMelkumyan*
ArmenianAssociationforEarthquakeEngineering
1stLaneofNansenstr.,6,Yerevan,0056,Armenia
*
mmelkumi@yahoo.com
Abstract
Fourremarkableprojectsonretrofittingbybaseisolation:(i)
ofanexistingstoneapartmentbuildingthatwasmadeinthe
city of Vanadzor (Armenia) without resettlements of the
occupants;(ii)ofabout100yearsoldstonebankbuiltinthe
cityofIrkutsk(Russia);(iii)ofa60yearsoldnonengineered
stoneschoolbuiltinthecityofVanadzor(Armenia);and(iv)
ofabout180yearsoldhistoricalbuildingoftheIasiCityHall
inthecityofIasi(Romania)whichisbrieflydescribedinthe
papertodemonstrateaccumulatedinArmeniaexperienceof
retrofitting by seismic isolation. Based on this further
developments have taken place and the given paper is
mainlyfocusedonretrofittingdesignoftheexisting8story
reinforced concrete hospital building. The paper describes
the new structural concept of retrofitting by base isolation
developedin2013andtheresultsofanalysisofthisbuilding
inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArmenianSeismicCode
and also time history analysis. The created solution is
proposedforthefirsttimeandenvisagesgradualcuttingthe
structural elements and placing simultaneously the seismic
isolators. Operations are designed to be performed in 11
stagesforthecolumnsand12stagesfortheshearwalls.
Keywords
SeismicIsolation;Retrofitting;NewStructuralConcept;Existing
Building; Laminated Rubbersteel Bearings; Response Analysis;
BuildingCode;TimeHistories
Introduction
The retrofitting technique using base isolation has
great potential for rehabilitation of ordinary civil
structures such as apartment blocks and critical
facilities such as schools, hospitals. It is well known
thatinthiscasethefirstdynamicmodeoftheisolated
building involves deformation only in the isolation
system, the building above being to all intents and
purposesrigid.Thehighermodesdonotparticipatein
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hasbeennosimilarprecedentintheworldpracticeof
retrofitting apartment buildings. The isolators in this
building are located by upper and lower recesses
provided by annular steel rings bolted to outer steel
plateswhichareconnectedtothereinforcementinthe
upper continuous and lower foundation beams; the
isolatorsarenotboltedtothestructure(FIG.2).
FIG.1.GENERALVIEWOFTHEEXISTING5STORYSTONE
APARTMENTBUILDINGRETROFITTEDBYBASEISOLATION
ANDFRAGMENTSOFITSISOLATIONSYSTEM
upper continuous beam connected to the superstructure
FIG.2.LOCATIONOFHDRBBYUPPERANDLOWER
RECESSESPROVIDEDBYANNULARSTEELRINGSBOLTED
TOTHEOUTERSTEELPLATESCONNECTEDTO
REINFORCEMENTINTHEUPPERCONTINUOUSAND
LOWERFOUNDATIONBEAMS
Thismethodofconnectionhelpstominimizethecost
of the isolators themselves and simplifies their
installation on site. The side, top and bottom rubber
cover layers ensure that the steel plates are protected
from corrosion. In the existing building under
considerationthebearingswerenottobelocatedinan
enclosed, heated basement, but would be exposed to
theoutsideenvironment.Theseverewinterweatherat
thesitemeantthatparticularattentionhadtobepaid
tothelowtemperaturecrystallizationresistanceofthe
rubbercompound.Thus,arubbercompoundsuitedto
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RetrofittingofanExisting4StoryStoneBank
Building
This section describes in brief the project initiated by
Prof. Eisenberg and Dr. Smirnov that was
implemented in the city of Irkutsk, Russia. The main
pointsoftheirpaperonthistopic(Smirnov,etal.,2000)
presented at the 12th WCEE are given below. It was
emphasized in the paper that for retrofitting the
existing bank building by base isolation they have
used the method developed by the author of this
paperin(Melkumyan,1997),whoalsoprovidedthem
with all the needed drawings, photos, video film
related to the retrofitting works carried out in
Armenia. Prof. Eisenberg and Dr. Smirnov had also
visitedtheretrofittedapartmentbuildinginVanadzor
and familiarized themselves with the details of
creationofthebaseisolationsystemundertheexisting
apartmentbuilding.Theexistingbankbuildinginthe
city of Irkutsk did not meet the current Russian
Seismic Building Code (SBC) requirements in respect
of its dimensional and structural layout and seismic
strengthening of the building were needed (Smirnov,
et al., 2000). The retrofit targets included: ensuring
earthquake resistance of the building to satisfy SBC
requirements,replanningpremisesandaddingoneor
two upper stories to the superstructure as to convert
thewholestructureintoafourstoriedbuilding(FIG.5).
FIG.3.SHEARFORCEDEFLECTIONLOOPSFORHDRBS.
NOMINALVERTICALLOAD500KN
FIG.5.GENERALVIEWOFTHEIRKUTSK(RUSSIA)BANK
BUILDINGRETROFITTEDBYBASEISOLATION
FIG.4.HDRBTESTEDUNDERCOMBINEDSHEARAND
COMPRESSIONANDQUASISTATICSHEARFORCESHEAR
DISPLACEMENTCURVEUNDERCONSTANT
VERTICALLOADOF820KN
80
Theexternalbrickwalls,internaltransversewalls,and
twolongitudinalrowsofbrickcolumnscomprisedthe
loadbearing structures of the building. The
retrofitting project included the following stages: the
3rd floor was to be added to the twostoried parts of
the building, and the fourth garret story arranged
above the whole building; all existing wooden floors
were to be replaced by monolithic ones; the garret
storywastobeconstructedbymetallicstructureswith
StudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume3,2014www.seipub.org/scea
tobelocated(FIG.6g).
the lower beams are concreted simultaneously with
thepilesforseismicbearings(FIG.6h);
thebearingsareinstalledonreinforcedconcretepiles.
Embedded parts are placed on the bearing, and the
upperrecessabovethebearingisconcreted(FIG.6i);
finally,theremainingpartsofthebasementfloorwall
between the isolatorsare dismantled, and the vertical
load from the walls is transferred on the lead rubber
bearings(FIG.6j).
Theretrofittingmethoddevelopedforthebuildingin
Vanadzor was implemented in this case in the
following sequence for brick and reinforced concrete
piles:
pilesurfaceispreparedforconcreting(FIG.6a);
timbering and reinforcement cage are installed, then
concreteispouredintotimbering.Reinforcedconcrete
casingthicknessis100mm(FIG.6b);
after concrete reaches design strength, the middle
part of piles is cut through to make openings. The
verticalloadofthebuildingistransferredatthistime
totheconcretecasings(FIG.6c);
thetimbering,lowermetallicframeareinstalled,and
the bearing part for an isolator is concreted. The
seismic bearing is placed. Timbering, upper metallic
frame are installed, and the part above the bearing is
concreted(FIG.6d);
afterallthebearingsaremountedintheirplaces,the
concretecasingiscutinproperareas,andthevertical
load is transferred on seismic bearings (FIG. 6e), and
forexteriorstoneblockwalls:
earthisremovedfromtheexternalandinternalsides
of the basement floor wall and upper part of the
continuousfooting(FIG.6f);
the timbering for reinforced concrete beams is
installed on the externaland internalside at thelevel
of foundation top and basement floor wall bottom.
Metallicframesandembeddedpartsforbeambracing
areinstalledafterconcretereachesitsdesignstrength.
The upper beams are concreted in a way that leaves
open recesses in the areaswhere seismic bearings are
FIG.6.PROCEDUREOFINSTALLATIONOFSEISMIC
ISOLATORS
1brickmasonrycolumn;2reinforcedconcretebeam;3external
reinforcedconcretecage;4cutthroughportionofcolumn;5steel
bar;6steelplate;7seismicisolator;8brickmasonrywallofthe
firststory;9blockmasonrywallofthebasementstory;10stone
andconcretestripfoundation;11reinforcedconcretepile;
12upperandlowerportionofbeams
Asitisstatedin(Smirnov,etal.,2000),retrofittingthe
bank building by base isolation enabled to preserve
the buildings exterior appearance and to avoid
marring its architectural features. Also, thanks to the
seismicisolationtherewasnoneedtocarryoutoverall
strengthening of the superstructure. Only minimum
structural measures were taken here to meet the
requirements of the SBC. The retrofitting went on
withoutinterruptingoperationofthebankanditscost
proved to be much lower than the cost of traditional
strengthening technologies. Based on the performed
calculations, analysis and design, the authors of this
project confirmed that the reliability of the bank
building with seismic isolation was considerably
higherthanwithconventionalstrengthening.
RetrofittingofanExisting3StoryStoneSchool
Building
The other retrofit has been carried out in Armenia in
20012002. This was the school #4 in the city of
Vanadzor and this building not only has a historical
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movableinthehorizontaldirectionandahorizontally
immovable upper plate. The bearings were
compressedbyverticalforce,throughahydraulicjack,
whichwaslocatedintheframeandtheaxisofwhich
coincided with the longitudinal axis of the frame and
bearings. The actuator was positioned in such way
that its longitudinal axis was in one horizontal plane
withtheinternalmovableplate(FIG.8).
The thickness of bearing walls in this building varies
from 600 mm to 1150 mm in the basement and from
600 mm to 700 mm in the floors above the ground.
Thereisaschoolsportshalllocatedbetweentheaxes
AC and 56. The height of the sports hall is
equaltotheheightofthebasementplustheheightof
the first floor. This, along with the Ushape plan,
causes significant asymmetry to the building relative
to the longitudinal axis D. Actually the plan of the
building in the limits of the basement and the first
floorisalmostrectangular(FIG.9a),whiletheplansof
thesecondandthirdfloorsareUshaped(FIG.9b).
4450
4650
4600
4600
4650
4450
4500
700
150
1150
150
4500
700
150
150
300
150
700
150
150
300
150
700
150
150
700
150
150
300
700
150
150
700
150
700
150
300
700
150
150
700
150
6150
700
150
150
150
700
150
700
150
150
150
150
700
150
150
700
150
700
150
2700
700
700
150
700
300
150
300
150
700
150
150
700
150
700
450
300
700
150
150
150
5000
400
6150
2800
450
1800
FIG.7.GENERALVIEWOFTHE3STORYSCHOOLBUILDING
RETROFITTEDBYBASEISOLATION
4600
7200
300
700
700
150
150
700
150
150
700
150
150
300
150
20650
D
C
700
150
2000
3500
1100
6300
5000
16300
1100
2800
6150
400
37200
1
10
700
700
700
a.
700
8550
700
8550
700
8250
700
600 5500
8250
700
600 5500
6150
700
5450
82
2900
4800
8550
700
600
600
8550
700
5450
3200
700
15600
1100
16300
700 700
5450
2800
6150
700
700
400
700
9050
7200
700
1800
FIG.8.TESTINGOFSEISMICISOLATIONBEARINGSFOR
RETROFITTINGOFTHEEXISTINGSCHOOLBUILDING
20650
D
C
2000
3500
2900
6150
2800
1100
400
37200
1
10
b.
FIG.9.THEPLANSOFTHEBASEMENTWITHLOCATIONOF
SEISMICISOLATORSONTHELOWERCONTINUOUSBEAMS
(A),ANDSECONDANDTHIRDFLOORS(B)OFTHE3STORY
SCHOOLBUILDINGRETROFITTEDBYBASEISOLATION
StudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume3,2014www.seipub.org/scea
FIG.10.VIEWOFTHEIASICITYHALLBUILDING
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5750
4060
3500
5910
4030
G'
3680
3310
3470
J'
3260
3630
L''
4130
M'
4610
4560
4170
5830
3300
5
4
6570
1690
4770
1610
6570
ofisolatorswiththeapplicationofthefollowinginput
parametersbasedonthehistoricaltestsdataofseismic
isolation rubber bearings (Melkumyan & Hakobyan,
2005):yieldstrength56kN;yielddisplacement19
mm; damping factor 15%. The nonlinearity was
consideredonlyforseismicisolatorsbecauseforcases
likeIasiCityHallbuildingtherewasnoneedtoapply
nonlinearity to the superstructure. For the linear
model,theisolatorswereassignedeffectivestiffnessof
0.81 kN/mm. For nonlinear model, the isolators have
initialstiffnessof3kN/mmandpostyieldstiffnessof
0.81 kN/mm. For the analysis, 9 accelerograms (all
recorded in Romania) were selected and all records
werescaledtoaccelerationof0.28g.
1970
3350
5480
4060
3990
5180
E
4270
4170
E'
9160
4020
4000
4300
4170
5000
M
L'
5840
FIG.11.PLANOFLOCATIONOFSEISMICISOLATORSONTHE
LEVELOFTHEBASEMENTHIGHLIGHTINGTHELOWER
PEDESTALSUNDERTHEISOLATORSANDTHELOWER
CONTINUOUSBEAMSALONGTHEWHOLEPERIMETEROF
THEBEARINGWALLS
1-1
250
750
1575
1550
1705
400400
1705
400 420
2800
250 360
440
1790
1000
1610
335
415
1300
1500
650125
1000
700
200
1300
-0.95
-2.05
2325
300
800
50
-1.25
550
-0.75
800
5480
300 600
755
300 600
1030
1000
1335
475325
1265
475 325
460
800
4060
1305
340460
1640
800
5180
1960
320430
1650
1015
2100
1570
800
3990
950 235
1025
1650
505 435355
1480
E'
1000
785 400400
1250
1500
700 150
200 700
3240
660
1230
300
300
800
200
100
150
150
3750
1195
225
250
150
-0.05
275
1495
800
4270
E'
1400
800
4170
3905
800
9160
3695
435355
3700
400400
1395
2650
4020
1300
400400
330
2700
335
405
395
1860
1575
3065
4000
350
L'
200
400 500
-0.05
-0.65
-0.75
-0.95
-1.25
-2.05
3000
3900
5130
1500
1230
630
585
L
1500
200
300 550
200 700
300
1015
1500
150
200
-6.38
3790
4300
515 450
4060
5000
490 500
L'
3195
4170
475 525
4805
5840
510 490
2-2
-0.05
-0.65
-0.75
-1.25
-0.95
-3.71
-5.81
-6.38
6570
3
1690
4
4810
5
1610
6
6530
7
FIG.12.LONGITUDINAL(11)ANDTRANSVERSE(22)
VERTICALELEVATIONSOFTHEBASEMENTANDITS
ISOLATIONSYSTEM
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StudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume3,2014www.seipub.org/scea
a.
plannedtobeimplementedatthebasementlevel.The
mainobjectiveistoimplementtheproposedstructural
solutionforseismicisolationoftheexistingbuildingin
parallel with its full renovation. This is one of the
advantages of retrofitting by base isolation when
superstructurecanberenovatedimmediatelywiththe
implementation of the works on retrofitting.
Obviously, this will significantly shorten the whole
construction process. Such an approach becomes
possibleasduetoapplicationofbaseisolationtothis
existing building, there is no need to strengthen the
structural elements of the superstructure. Along with
providing the high reliability to the building, seismic
isolation also allows considerable savings in
construction cost. The experience in seismic isolation
of existing buildings in Armenia has shown that
compared to other methods for improving the
earthquake resistance of the buildings, seismic
isolation is several times less expensive (Melkumyan,
2013). At the same time, an objective is set to
determine the dynamic characteristics of the building
after completing the seismic isolation and
reconstruction works, and to compare displacements
during microoscillations for the superstructure and
part of the building below the seismic isolation plane
level. It is decided to thoroughly follow/record all
activities in all phases of seismic isolation system
construction by photo and video cameras, to archive
the obtained materials, as well as to place seismic
sensorswithidenticalspecificationsatalllevelsofthe
building, including the basement floor, in order to
record accelerations, displacements and dynamic
characteristics during seismic impacts in mutually
perpendiculardirections.
Seismic isolation laminated rubbersteel bearings
(SILRSB) of same type and sizes were used to make
the seismic isolation system. Total 117 SILRSBs were
used with aggregate horizontal stiffness of 94,770
kN/m. These were manufactured according to the
RepublicofArmeniaStandardHST2612007withthe
following sizes and physical/mechanical parameters
(FIG.14):
b.
FIG.13.VIEWOFTHEHEMATOLOGYCENTREEXISTING
BUILDINGBEFORE(A)ANDITSDESIGNVIEWAFTER
RENOVATIONANDRETROFITTINGBYBASEISOLATION(B)
TheSetObjectivesandParametersoftheUsed
SeismicIsolationLaminatedRubberSteel
Bearings
The seismic isolation of the building in this project is
ProposedStructuralSolutionofRetrofittingbyBase
IsolationtheExistingBuildingofHematology
Centre
The seismic isolation system is constructed at the
basementfloorlevel,betweenmarks0.9and1.1.The
seismic isolators are placed under all columns of the
superstructure, grouped in two or three seismic
isolators. They are placed also within the limits of
85
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g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
Externaldiameterofthebearing(D):(3802.0)mm;
Internaldiameterofthebearingscentralhole(d1):(191.0)mm;
Heightofthebearing(H):(202.52.5)mm;
Thicknessoftherubberlayers(S):(90.1)mm;
Diameterofthesteelshimplates(d2):(3600.5)mm;
Thicknessofthesteelshimplates(S1):(2.50.1)mm;
Diameteroftheupperandlowerflanges(d3):(3760.5)mm;
Thicknessoftheupperandlowerflanges(S2):(200.2)mm;
Thicknessofthisflangesprotectivelayer(S3):(20.1)mm;
Massofthebearing:(77.52.5)kg;
Thebearingmustwithstandamaximum(design)permissible
verticalloadingof1500kN;
Shearmodulusofthebearingsrubbermustbe(0.970.15)MPa;
Verticalstiffnessofthebearing:nolessthan300kN/mm;
Horizontalstiffnessofthebearing:(0.810.1)mm;
Thebearingmustwithstandamaximum(design)permissible
horizontaldisplacementof280mm,withoutcausingcracksgreater
than3mmdeepand6cmlong;
ShoreAhardnessofthebearing:705points;
Dampingcoefficientofthebearing:1315%.
FIG.15.STAGESOFINSTALLATIONOFTHESEISMIC
ISOLATIONRUBBERBEARINGSUNDERTHEINTERIOR
COLUMNSOFTHEHEMATOLOGYCENTREEXISTING
BUILDING
a.
b.
FIG.14.DIMENSIONSANDPHYSICAL/MECHANICAL
PARAMETERSOFTHESEISMICISOLATIONLAMINATED
RUBBERSTEELBEARING
a.
c.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
1-1
86
2-2
3-3
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j.
d.
k.
e.
l.
f.
m.
4-4
5-5
6-6
FIG.16.STAGESOFINSTALLATIONOFTHESEISMIC
ISOLATIONRUBBERBEARINGSWITHINTHELIMITSOFTHE
SHEARWALLSOFTHEHEMATOLOGYCENTREEXISTING
BUILDING
g.
h.
FIG.17.PLANOFLOCATIONOFSEISMICISOLATORSONTHE
LEVELOFTHEBASEMENTOFHEMATOLOGYCENTRE
EXISTINGBUILDING
i.
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88
FIG.18.THE3DDESIGNMODELOFTHESEISMICISOLATED
HEMATOLOGYCENTREEXISTINGBUILDING
StudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume3,2014www.seipub.org/scea
soilcategoryII;
WITHARMENIANBUILDINGCODEANDAVERAGEBYTHEIMEHISTORIES
EarthquakeandRecord
Component
Hollister(USA)
Eureka(USA)inhorizontal
NEdirection
Bar(formerYugoslavia)in
horizontalEWdirection
Chiba(Japan)inhorizontal
NSdirection
Spitak(Armenia)in
horizontalEWdirection
Spitak(Armenia)in
horizontalNSdirection
LomaPrieta(USA)in
horizontalEWdirection
Manjil(Iran)inhorizontal
NEdirection
Date
09.03.49
Predominant Duration,
Period,sec
sec
0.30
9
20.12.54
0.44
26
15.04.79
0.55
15
17.12.87
0.35
39
07.12.88
0.43
18
07.12.88
0.47
18
17.10.89
0.34
10
20.06.90
0.49
20
FORSEISMICISOLATEDHEMATOLOGYCENTREEXISTINGBUILDING
AveragebytheTime
Histories
longitudinal transverse longitudinal transverse
Calculated
direction
direction
direction
direction
Values
along
along
along
along
middleaxis middleaxis middleaxis middleaxis
C
4
C
4
13050
12100
11200
9900
Si.s., kN
Di.s., mm
119.9
122.6
109.1
105.5
Ai.s. in portion
0.137
0.119
0.125
0.103
of g
1 121.0/0.138 128.5/0.125 110.0/0.126 110.6/0.108
2 123.5/0.142 137.9/0.134 112.4/0.129 118.7/0.116
Dn, mm 3 125.8/0.144 147.7/0.144 114.5/0.131 127.1/0.124
An
4 128.2/0.146 157.3/0.153 116.6/0.133 135.4/0.132
in
5 130.6/0.150 166.7/0.162 118.8/0.136 143.4/0.140
portion
6 133.0/0.152 175.4/0.171 121.0/0.138 151.0/0.147
of g
7 135.5/0.155 183.1/0.178 123.2/0.141 157.6/0.153
8 137.4/0.157 185.6/0.181 125.0/0.143 159.7/0.154
, mm
2.5
9.8
2.4
8.4
Si.s.Shearforcesattheleveloftheseismicisolationsystem
Di.s.Displacementsoftheseismicisolationsystem
Ai.s.Accelerationsabovetheseismicisolationsystem
DnDisplacementsofthenthfloorofsuperstructure
AnAccelerationsofthenthfloorofsuperstructure
Maximumdriftsofthefloorsofsuperstructure
AsperRABCII6.022006
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equalto1/200ofthefloorheight,whichcomprises12.5
mm for the technical floor and 16.5 mm for the other
floorsandthesevaluesareabout1.8timesinaverage
biggerthanthecalculateddrifts.Aninputacceleration
of0.52gatthefoundationbedgetsdampedinaverage
upto3.3timesinthesuperstructure,andaccelerations
inducedatthefirstandlastfloorslabsofthestructure
differonlybyaround28%inaverage.
The obtained results also show that vertical loads on
seismicisolatorsdonotexceedthestipulatedvalueof
1500 kN, which is achieved through satisfying the
requirementssetinparagraphs10.5.4and10.5.7ofthe
RABC II6.022006. Consequently, there is practically
no eccentricity between the horizontalstiffness center
of the seismic isolation system and projection of the
structures mass center on SILRSBs plane. This is
proven and also can be well observed in analysis by
the time histories during the oscillations of the
building.
Conclusions
Paper briefly describes seismic isolation technologies
developed by the author for retrofitting of the
different types of existing buildings. Four projects,
where base isolation is applied, are mentioned,
demonstrating retrofitting experience accumulated in
Armenia.
Details of the new and original structural concept for
retrofitting of the existing 8story R/C frame hospital
building are presented in the paper. This is the most
recent application in the city of Yerevan and the
retrofitting process is currently going on in the
mentioned building. Stages of installation of the
seismic isolation rubber bearings under the columns
and within the limits of the shear walls in the
basementofthisbuildingaredescribed.
Results of analysis of this building by the Armenian
Seismic Code and the time histories have shown that
the structural elements below and above the seismic
isolationplanewillworkonlyintheelasticphase.The
permissiblefloordriftsareabout24timesbiggerthan
thecalculatedvalues.Aninputaccelerationof0.52gat
the foundation bed gets damped in average up to 3.3
timesinthesuperstructure.
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Switzerland,2006,paperno.194.
Melkumyan,M.NewSolutionsinSeismicIsolation.Yerevan:
LUSABATS,2011.
Melkumyan,M.,Mihul,V.,andGevorgyan,E.Retrofitting
bybaseisolationofexistingbuildingsinArmeniaandin
Romania and comparative analysis of innovative vs.
conventionalretrofitting,inProc.3rdInternationalConf.
on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and
Earthquake Engineering, Corfu Island, Greece, 2011,
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underseismicactions.In1983hedefendedhisthesisforthe
degree of Candidate of Engineering Sciences and began to
leadtheDepartmentofEarthquakeResistantConstructionat
the Armenian ScientificResearch Institute of Construction
and Architecture. After the Spitak earthquake of December
7,1988inArmenia,Prof.Dr.Melkumyandedicatedhimself
to the deep analysis of consequences of this and other
earthquakes and reasons for widespread destructions of
variousbuildingsandstructures.
FromApril1990throughMarch1991heconductedresearch
at the Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), University of
Tokyo, where he was invited by Prof. Tsuneo Okada,
Director of the Institute. On the basis of his experimental
research works he created a new hysteresis model to
describetheshearbehaviorofreinforcedconcretestructures
(walls, diaphragms). As it is indicated in the Certificate
granted to him by the IIS, this model and the formula
proposed by him for calculation of horizontal stiffness of
diaphragms were accepted in Okada and Nakano
laboratory, and the model was incorporated in the
computationalsoftware for earthquake response analysis of
multistory frame buildings with predominance of shear
deformation.It is also mentioned in the Certificate that this
research work will have a considerable contribution to
earthquake resistant construction and earthquake damage
mitigationintheworld.
AfterhisreturnfromJapan,from1992through1996hewas
a teaching Professor at the College of Engineering of the
American University of Armenia, giving lectures on non
linearbehaviorofreinforcedconcretestructuresanddesign
principles thereof in earthquake resistant construction. At
the same timehe led theEarthquake Engineering Center of
the National Survey for Seismic Protection under the
Government of Armenia. From 1993 through 1997, having
been approved by the Government for the position of
Director, he managed the Spitak Earthquake Zone
Reconstruction Project, financed by the World Bank. From
1993hestartedhisworkondevelopmentandapplicationof
seismic isolation systems for buildings and structures in
Armenia, in the meanwhile defending his thesis for the
degree of Doctor of Engineering Sciences in 1997 on the
subject Formation of the Dynamic Design Models for
SeismicResponseAnalysisofReinforcedConcreteBuildings
andtheirNewStructuralSolutions.
Duringashortperiodoftimein19951996,devotinghimself
to the challenge of increasing earthquake resistance of
existing buildings, he developed two unique methods of
protectingexistingbuildingsfromearthquakesthroughbase
isolation and isolated upper floor without interrupting
exploitation of the buildings. His new technologies were
successfully implemented in Armenia, where for the first
time in the world a 5story stone apartment building and
over60yearsold3storystoneschoolbuilding,whichhada
historical and architectural value, were retrofitted by base
isolationwithoutevacuationofinhabitantsandinterruption
of school functioning. Besides, for the first time seismic
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