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Economy of Pakistan
Statistics
External
Public finances
The economy of Pakistan is the 27th largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing
power, and the 45th largest in absolute dollar terms. Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy,
[6][7][8]
which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other
industries. Growth poles of Pakistan's economy are situated along the Indus River,[8][9] diversified
economies of Karachi and Punjab's urban centers, coexist with lesser developed areas in other
parts of the country.[8] The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political
disputes, a fast growing population, mixed levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing
confrontation with neighboring India. However, IMF-approved government policies[citation needed],
bolstered by foreign investment and renewed access to global markets, have generated solid
macroeconomic recovery the last decade. Substantial macroeconomic reforms since 2000, most
notably at privatizing the banking sector have helped the economy.
GDP growth, spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors, remained in the 6-8% range
in 2004-06. Due to economic reforms in the year 2000 by the Musharraf government.[10] In 2005,
the World Bank named Pakistan the top reformer in its region and in the top 10 reformers
globally.[11] Islamabad has steadily raised development spending in recent years, including a 52%
real increase in the budget allocation for development in FY07, a necessary step toward
reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector. The fiscal deficit - the result of
chronically low tax collection and increased spending, including reconstruction costs from the
devastating Kashmir earthquake in 2005 was manageable.
Inflation remains the biggest threat to the economy, jumping to more than 9% in 2005 before
easing to 7.9% in 2006. In 2008, following the surge in global petrol prices inflation in Pakistan
has reached as high as 25.0%. The central bank is pursuing tighter monetary policy while trying
to preserve growth. Foreign exchange reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a
growing current account deficit - driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips
export expansion - could draw down reserves and dampen GDP growth in the medium term.[12]
Contents
• 1 Economic history
○ 1.1 First five decades
○ 1.2 Recent decades
○ 1.3 Economic resilience
1.3.1 Background
1.3.2 More recent reports of resilience
○ 1.4 Macroeconomic reform and prospects
1.4.1 Doing Business
• 2 The economy today
○ 2.1 Stock market
○ 2.2 Manufacturing and finance
○ 2.3 Growing middle class
○ 2.4 Poverty alleviation expenditures
○ 2.5 Demographics
2.5.1 Employment
○ 2.6 Tourism
○ 2.7 Revenue
• 3 Currency system
○ 3.1 Rupee
○ 3.2 Foreign exchange rate
○ 3.3 Foreign exchange reserves
• 4 Structure of economy
• 5 Sectors
○ 5.1 Agriculture
○ 5.2 Industry
5.2.1 Automobile industry
5.2.2 CNG industry
5.2.3 Cement industry
5.2.4 IT industry
5.2.5 Textiles
5.2.6 Mining
○ 5.3 Services
5.3.1 Communication
5.3.2 Railways
5.3.3 Aviation
5.3.4 Wholesale and retail trade
5.3.5 Finance and insurance
5.3.6 Ownership of dwellings
5.3.7 Public administration and defence
5.3.8 Social, community and personal services
5.3.9 Electricity
• 6 Foreign trade, remittances, aid, and investment
○ 6.1 Investment
6.1.1 Foreign acquisitions and mergers
○ 6.2 Foreign trade
6.2.1 Exports
6.2.2 Imports
○ 6.3 External Imbalances
○ 6.4 Economic aid
○ 6.5 Remittances
• 7 Government finances
○ 7.1 Revenues and taxation
○ 7.2 Expenditures
○ 7.3 Sovereign bonds
• 8 Income distribution
• 9 See also
• 10 Further reading
• 11 References
Economic history
First five decades
Pakistan was a very poor and predominantly agricultural country when it gained independence in
1947 from Britain. Pakistan's average economic growth rate since independence has been higher
than the average growth rate of the world economy during the period. Average annual real GDP
growth rates[13] were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average
annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that
decade. See also [9]
Industrial-sector growth, including manufacturing, was also above average. During the 1960s,
Pakistan was seen as a model of economic development around the world, and there was much
praise for its economic progression. Karachi was seen as an economic role model around the
world, and there was much praise for the way its economy was progressing. Many countries
sought to emulate Pakistan's economic planning strategy and one of them, South Korea, copied
the city's second "Five-Year Plan" and World Financial Center in Seoul is designed and modeled
after Karachi. Later, economic mismanagement in general, and fiscally imprudent economic
policies in particular, caused a large increase in the country's public debt and led to slower
growth in the 1990s. Two wars with India in Second Kashmir War 1965 and Bangladesh
Liberation War 1971 and separation of Bangladesh adversely affected economic growth.[14] In
particular, the latter war brought the economy close to recession, although economic output
rebounded sharply until the nationalizations of the mid-1970s. The economy recovered during
the 1980s via a policy of deregulation, as well as an increased inflow of foreign aid and
remittances from expatriate workers.
Recent decades
This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Pakistan at market prices estimated[15] by the
International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Pakistani Rupees. See also [10]
Inflation Index Per Capita Income
Year Gross Domestic Product US Dollar Exchange
(2000=100) (as % of USA)
1960 20,058 4.76 Pakistani Rupees 3.37
1965 31,740 4.76 Pakistani Rupees 3.40
1970 51,355 4.76 Pakistani Rupees 3.26
1975 131,330 9.91 Pakistani Rupees 2.36
1978 283,460 9.97 Pakistani Rupees 21 2.83
1985 569,114 16.28 Pakistani Rupees 30 2.07
1990 1,029,093 21.41 Pakistani Rupees 41 1.92
1995 2,268,461 30.62 Pakistani Rupees 68 2.16
2000 3,826,111 51.64 Pakistani Rupees 100 1.54
2005 6,581,103 59.86 Pakistani Rupees 126 1.71
Economic resilience
3
5
.
2
6
6
PKR
1997
40.185
PKR
1998
44.550
1999 PKR 51.90
PKR
2000
53.6482
PKR
2001
61.9272
PKR
2002
59.7238
PKR
2003
57.752
PKR
2004
58.000
P
K
A
R
u
g
2007 PKR 60.75 Nov 01 6
0
0
.
5
5
0
O
P
c
K
t
R
o
b
2008 PKR 80.00 Apr 01 6
e
3
r
.
5
1
0
0
Source: PKR exchange rates in USD, SBP
Foreign exchange reserves
By October 2007, at the end of Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz’s tenure, Pakistan raised back its
Foreign Reserves to $16.4 billion. Pakistan's trade deficit was at $13 billion, exports grew to $18
billion, revenue generation increased to become $13 billion and the country attracted foreign
investment of $8.4 billion[32].
On October 11, 2008 State Bank of Pakistan reported that country's foreign exchange reserves
had gone down by $571.9 Million to $7749.7 Million. [33] The foreign exchange reserves had
declined more by $10 billion to an alarming rate of $6.59 billion.[34]
Structure of economy
The economy of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is suffering with high inflation rates well
above 26%. Over 1,081 patent applications were filed by non-resident Pakistanis in 2004
revealing a new-found confidence[35]. Agriculture accounted for about 53% of GDP in 1947.
While per-capita agricultural output has grown since then, it has been outpaced by the growth of
the non-agricultural sectors, and the share of agriculture has dropped to roughly one-fifth of
Pakistan's economy. In recent years, the country has seen rapid growth in industries (such as
apparel, textiles, and cement) and services (such as telecommunications, transportation,
advertising, and finance).
Structure of production
Share of Various Sectors in GDP
Sector 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Goods (1+2+3+4+5) 48.2 47.3 47.1 47.4 47.6
1. Agriculture 25.1 24.4 24.2 23.3 23.1
2. Mining 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4
3. Manufacturing 15.9 16.1 16.4 17.6 18.3
4. Construction 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.0
5. Energy Distribution 3.4 3.0 2.5 2.9 2.7
Services (6+7+8+9+10+11) 51.8 52.7 52.9 52.6 52.4
6. Transportation & Comm. 11.7 11.5 11.5 11.4 11.1
7. Trade 18.1 18.0 18.2 18.5 19.1
8. Finance & Insurance 3.1 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.7
9. Ownership of Dwellings 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9
10. Public Admin. & Defense 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.5 6.0
11. Other Services 9.4 9.9 10.0 9.9 9.6
Note: GDP is estimated at constant factor cost. Figures are in percentage.
Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan 2005 [25]
Sectors
Agriculture
Main article: Agriculture in Pakistan
Agriculture by Province
Manufacturing by Province
Pakistan's two leading companies, as per Forbes Global 2000 ranking for
Pakistan ranks 2005.
forty-first in the
Global
world and fifty- Company Name
ranking
fifth worldwide
1,284 Oil & Gas Development
in factory
output. 1,316 PTCL
Forbes Global 2000[36]
Pakistan's
industrial sector accounts for about 24% of GDP. Cotton textile production and apparel
manufacturing are Pakistan's largest industries, accounting for about 66% of the merchandise
exports and almost 40% of the employed labour force. [37] Other major industries include cement,
fertilizer, edible oil, sugar, steel, tobacco, chemicals, machinery, and food processing.
The government is privatizing large-scale parastatal units, and the public sector accounts for a
shrinking proportion of industrial output, while growth in overall industrial output (including the
private sector) has accelerated. Government policies aim to diversify the country's industrial base
and bolster export industries.
• Industries: textiles (8.5% of the GDP), fertilizer, cement, oil refineries, dairy
products,food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing, paper products,
shrimp
• Industrial production growth rate: 6% (2005)
• Large-scale manufacturing growth rate: 19.9% (2005)
Automobile industry
Pakistan is an emerging market for automobiles and automotive parts offers immense business
and investment opportunities. The total contribution of Auto industry to GDP in 2007 is 2.8%
which is likely to increase up to 5.6% in the next 5 years. Auto sector presently, contributes 16%
to the manufacturing sector which also is expected to increase 25% in the next 7 years. [26] Car
ownership in Pakistan has risen by 40% per annum since 2001.[38][39]
CNG industry
As of 2009, Pakistan is one of the largest users of CNG (compressed natural gas) in the world.
Presently, more than 2,900 CNG stations are operating in the country in 85 cities and towns, and
1000 more would be set up in the next three years. It has provided employment to over 50,000
people in Pakistan.[27]
Cement industry
In 1947, Pakistan had inherited four cement plants with a total capacity of 0.5 million tons. Some
expansion took place in 1956–66 but could not keep pace with the economic development and
the country had to resort to imports of cement in 1976-77 and continued to do so till 1994-95.
The cement sector comprising of 27 plants is contributing above Rs 30 billion to the national
exchequer in the form of taxes.[28]
IT industry
Pakistan’s IT industry has been rising steadily since the last three years. A marked increase in
software export figures are an indication of this booming industry’s potential. The total number
of IT companies increased to 1306 and the total estimated size of IT industry is $2.8 billion.[29]
In 2007, Pakistan was for the first time featured in the Global Services Location Index by A.T.
Kearney and was rated as the 30th best location for offshoring[40] By 2009, Pakistan had
improved its rank by ten places to reach 20th.[30]
Textiles
The Textile Industry is dominated by Punjab. For example, only 1.5 million people from NWFP
are employed in the Industry. 3% of United States imports regarding clothing and other form of
textiles is covered by Pakistan.[41] Textile exports in 1999 were $5.2 billion and rose to become
$10.5 billion by 2007. Textile exports managed to increase at a very decent growth of 16% in
2006. In the period July 2007 – June 2008, textile exports were US$10.62 billion. Textile exports
share in total export of Pakistan has declined from 67% in 1997 to 55% in 2008, as exports of
other textile sectors grew.[31]
Mining
Pakistan is endowed with significant mineral resources and emerging as a very promising area
for prospecting/exploration of mineral deposits. Bases on available information, the country's
more than 6,00,000 km² of outcrops area demonstrates varied geological potential for metallic
and non-metallic mineral deposits. Except oil, gas and nuclear minerals regulated at federal level,
Minerals are a provincial subject, under the constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Provincial governments are responsible for development and exploitation of minerals, besides,
enforcing regulatory regime. In line with the constitutional framework the federal and provincial
governments have jointly set out Pakistan first National Mineral Policy in 1995, duly
implemented by the provinces, providing appropriate institutional and regulatory framework and
equitable and internationally competitive fiscal regime.
In the recent past, exploration by government agencies as well as by multinational mining
companies presents ample evidence of the occurrences of sizeable minerals deposits. Recent
discoveries of a thick oxidized zone underlain by sulphide zones in the shield area of the Punjab
province, covered by thick alluvial cover have opened new vistas for metallic minerals
exploration. Pakistan has large base for industrial minerals. The discovery of coal deposits
having over 175 billion tones of reserves at Thar in the Sindh province has given an impetus to
develop it as an alternate source of energy. There is vast potential for precious and dimension
stones.
The enforcement of Mineral Policy (1995) has paved way to expand mining sector activities and
attract international investment in this sector. International mining companies have responded
favorably to the NMP and presently at least four are engaged in mineral projects development.
Currently about 52 minerals are under exploitation although on small scale. The major
production is of coal, rock salt and other industrial and construction minerals. The current
contribution of mineral sector to the GDB is about 0.5% and likely to increase considerably on
the development and commercial exploitation of Saindak & Reco Diq copper & Gold deposits
(World Largest Gold Mine), Duddar Zinc lead, Thar coal and Gemstone deposits.
Services
Service Sector by Province
Pakistan's service sector accounts for about 53.3% of GDP.[42] Transport, storage,
communications, finance, and insurance account for 24% of this sector, and wholesale and retail
trade about 30%. Pakistan is trying to promote the information industry and other modern service
industries through incentives such as long-term tax holidays.
The government is acutely conscious of the immense job growth opportunities in service sector
and has launched aggressive privatisation of telecommunications, utilities and banking despite
union unrest.[citation needed]
Communication
Foreign trade
See also
• Ministry of Commerce (Pakistan)
• List of tariffs in Pakistan
• Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)
• Pakistan Board of Investment
• Trading Corporation of Pakistan
• Rice Export Association of Pakistan
• Economy of the OIC
Further reading
• Ahmad, Viqar and Rashid Amjad. 1986. The Management of Pakistan’s Economy, 1947-
82. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
• Ali, Imran. 1997. ‘Telecommunications Development in Pakistan’, in E.M. Noam (ed.),
Telecommunications in Western Asia and the Middle East. New York: Oxford University
Press.
• Ali, Imran. 2001a. ‘The Historical Lineages of Poverty and Exclusion in Pakistan’. Paper
presented at Conference on Realm, Society and Nation in South Asia. National
University of Singapore.
• Ali, Imran. 2001b. ‘Business and Power in Pakistan’, in A.M. Weiss and S.Z. Gilani
(eds), Power and Civil Society in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
• Ali, Imran. 2002. ‘Past and Present: The Making of the State in Pakistan’, in Imran Ali, S.
Mumtaz and J.L. Racine (eds), Pakistan: The Contours of State and Society. Karachi:
Oxford University Press.
• Ali, Imran, A. Hussain. 2002. Pakistan National Human Development Report. Islamabad:
UNDP.
• Ali, Imran, S. Mumtaz and J.L. Racine (eds). 2002. Pakistan: The Contours of State and
Society. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
• Amjad, Rashid. 1982. Private Industrial Investment in Pakistan, 1960-70. London:
Cambridge University Press.
• Andrus, J.R. and A.F. Mohammed. 1958. The Economy of Pakistan. Stanford: Stanford
University Press.
• Barrier, N.G. 1966. The Punjab Alienation of Land Bill of 1900. Durham, NC: Duke
University South Asia Series.
• Jahan, Rounaq. 1972. Pakistan: Failure in National Integration. New York: Columbia
University Press.
• Kessinger, T.G. 1974. Vilyatpur, 1848-1968. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of
California Press.
• Kochanek, S.A. 1983. Interest Groups and Development: Business and Politics in
Pakistan. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
• LaPorte, Jr, Robert and M.B. Ahmad. 1989. Public Enterprises in Pakistan. Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press.
• Latif, S.M. 1892. Lahore. Lahore: New Imperial Press, reprinted 1981, Lahore: Sandhu
Printers.
• Low, D.A. (ed.). 1991. The Political Inheritance of Pakistan. London: Macmillan.
• Noman, Omar. 1988. The Political Economy of Pakistan. London: KPI.
• Papanek, G.F. 1967. Pakistan’s Development: Social Goals and Private Incentives.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
• Raychaudhuri, Tapan and Irfan Habib (eds). 1982. The Cambridge Economic History of
India, 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
• White, L.J. 1974. Industrial Concentration and Economic Power. Princeton, N.J.:
Princeton University Press.
• Ziring, Lawrence. 1980. Pakistan: The Enigma of Political Development. Boulder,
Colorado: Folkestone.
• Ali, Imran. 1987. ‘Malign Growth? Agricultural Colonization and the Roots of
Backwardness in the Punjab’, Past and Present, 114
• Ali, Imran. August 2002. ‘The Historical Lineages of Poverty and Exclusion in Pakistan’,
South Asia, XXV(2).
• Ali, Imran and S. Mumtaz. 2002. ‘Understanding Pakistan—The Impact of Global,
Regional, National and Local Interactions’, in Imran Ali, S. Mumtaz and J.L. Racine
(eds), Pakistan: the Contours of State and Society. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
• Hasan, Parvez. 1998. Pakistan’s Economy at the Crossroads: Past Policies and Present
Imperatives. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
• Hussain, Ishrat. 1999. Pakistan: The Economy of an Elitist State. Karachi: Oxford
University Press.
• Khan, Shahrukh Rafi. 1999. Fifty Years of Pakistan’s Economy: Traditional Topics and
Contemporary Concerns. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
• Kibria, Ghulam. 1999. Shattered Dream: Understanding Pakistan’s Development.
Karachi: Oxford University Press.
• Kukreja, Veena. 2003. Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises.
New Delhi: Sage Publications.
• Zaidi, S. Akbar. 1999. Issues in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press
• Faheem, Khan. 2010. Issues in Pakistan’s Economy. Peshawar:
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