Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Lesson 65.
%pkark/kark- iv_aiKt>
itIya iv_aiKt>
There are six kark s in Sanskrit. ktaR kmR kr[ sMdan Apadan and
example when ever you use Ai_at> , which means 'all around', you need
to use the second vibhakti. AXyapkm! Ai_at> Daa> %pivziNt , The
students sit all around the teacher.
Level 2 - Month 18 Lessons 65 - 70.
www.chitrapurmath.net
444/485
%ppdiv_aiKt s.
whenever you use the verb da in any form, the person that the gift is
given to is always'chosen' from the fourth vibhakti. Ah< ramay pu:p<
itIya iv_aiKt>
\Y"Y"#
1. (between)
3.
4.
{W"O"#
W"Y"O"#
5. :
6.
7.
8. :
9. (near)
Level 2 - Month 18 Lessons 65 - 70.
www.chitrapurmath.net
445/485
T"Q/R"pO"s#
1.
@X"
p + `o = pZpu`{O"
ascend; S"s + R"p\"{O" = S"sR"p\"{O" to run
act according to;
behind )
8. {R" + _P"p
9.
{R" + p_"o
446/485
Y"G"o
@X"T"\"E"S"rY"X"o
1.
prepositions
used as
separate
words NOT
as
upasargas.
\Y"Y"#
(between)
447/485
tm! ANtre[ kayR< k> ktuR< zKnaeit ? Who can do the work except for him?
ramay[m! ANtre[ @v Ah< @td! Zlaek< vdaim , I say this shloka with
reference to the Ramayana.
ma< ANtre[ tSy k> ivcar> , What is his opinion regarding me?
{W"O"#
g&hm! Ai_at> v&]a> vtRNte , There are trees all around the house.
W"Y"O"#
g&hm! W"Y"O"# v&]a> vtRNte ,
g&h< : v&]a> vtRNte , There are trees all around the house.
AXyapk< it Ahm! AgCDm! , I went towards the teacher.
Tva< ivna s> iv*aly< gNtu< n #CDit , Without you he does not desire to go
to school.
:
am< svRt> pvRta> siNt , There are mountains all around the village.
(near)
mm g&h< ink;a @k> tfag> vtRte , There is a pond near my house.
Level 2 - Month 18 Lessons 65 - 70.
www.chitrapurmath.net
448/485
smya (near)
mm g&h< smya @k> tfag> vtRte , There is a pond near my house.
(woe be to)
ha Alsm! ! Woe be to laziness!
(sometimes used with the nominative or vocative.)
caer< ixk! , Fie upon the thief!
v&]m! %pyuRpir / AXyix me"> , The cloud is just above the tree.
v&]Sy %pyuRpir / AXyix me"> , The sun is far above the tree.
me"m! Axae=x> v&]> , The tree is just below the cloud.
pd / xatu>
kmR
Verbs signifying 'to name', 'to choose', 'to make', 'to appoint', 'to
call', 'to know', 'to consider' govern the accusative.
449/485
hir jit ,
ivz! (also with the. s. iv. , and in the ;. iv. if ANtr is used)
ivz! (also with the. s. iv. , and in the ;. iv. if ANtr is used)
sa g&h</ g&he ivzit / ivzit , She enters the house.
ap! (destination)
ten am< aPt< , The village was reached by him ( he arrived at the village)
Aix + zI ( General rule to follow: when intransitive verbs are
450/485
All these upasargas when added to vs! retain the original meaning of the
word 'to stay'. Without the upasarga, vs! is used with the s. iv
Accusative and the means or the thing by which the sacrifice is made is
put in the instrumental. pzuna < yjte He sacrifices a bull to Rudra.
Words denoting duration of space and time are put in the Accusative.
aez< kuiqla ndI The river runs winding for two miles.
n vv;R v;aRi[ adz dzzta]> The thousand eyed Indra did not 'rain' for
twelve years.
The secondary object with the root, to think, takes accusative when
contempt is NOT to be shown.
]Mytam! Ah< Tva< k&:[< mNye, I'm sorry, I thought you were Krishna.
Level 2 - Month 18 Lessons 65 - 70.
www.chitrapurmath.net
451/485
k> aSyit _aUtawRm! ? Who will believe the real state of things?
mm ivas> izve AiSt , My faith is in Shiva.
kmRvcnIym!
Anu (after, in consequence of, being indicated by, resembling,
imitating.)
_aKt> devm! Ai_a it:Qit , The devotee stands before the Lord.
%p (near, inferior to)
452/485
%ppd/kark- iv_aiKt>
t&tIya iv_aiKt>
t&tIya iv_aiKt>
AVyy>
1.
2.
@wO"z
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. ik< - kayR<, AwR>, yaejnm! ,
pd /
xatu>
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Agent.
Manner of doing an action.
Attribute characterizing a noun.
The price at which a thing is bought.
Conveyance.
That on which a thing is carried or placed.
Direction of route followed to go to a particular
place.
8. In whose name an oath is taken.
9. Words denoting resemblance.
10. Words expressing "likeliness" or equality."
11. Words denoting space and time when the
accomplishment of the desired object is
expressed.
12. Object or purpose.
453/485
AVyy>
enough of
@wO"z
pQnen ivna iv*a kw< l_yte ? How can knowledge be received without
studying?
/ /
ten / / xRm! Ahm! %*anm! AgCDm! , I went to the garden with him.
zaeken ik< kayR< / k> AwR> / ik< yaejnm! ? What's the point in lamenting?
pd / xatu>
Agent
454/485
Conveyance
ikyta mULyen It< puStkm! ? At what price was this book bought?
s> ivmanen gCDit , He travels by airplane.
SkNxen vhit , He carries. upon his shoulder
sevk> _at&Rra}a< mUXnaR Aaday ..... , The servant, having accepted his master's
command 'upon his head'
455/485
Object or purpose
ten kar[en s> n gCDit , For that reason he does not go.
guraE _aKTya ItaiSm te , I am pleased with thee with thy devotion to thy
preceptor.
We'll work on the fourth vibhakti next. That list is rather long, but we'll
survive, not to worry.
456/485
%pkark/kark- iv_aiKt>
ctuwIR - iv_aiKt>
ctuwIR - iv_aiKt>
AVyy>
1.
2. :
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. Svagtm!
pd /
xatu>
1. sMdan
2. ux! , kup,! kw!, da, ApR!, %pidz!, invedy, uh,! $:yR!, AsUy!
3. c!
4. Sp&h!
5. xary! owe
6. Kl&p! kLpte (haena, ke il@ ),
457/485
11. suom!
12._a<
13.kuzlm!
AVyy>
But when : is used in combination with the k& xatu> , then the second
vibhakti is used.
dev< nmSk&Ty s> AXyyn< kraeit , Having saluted the Lord, he studies.
Level 2 - Month 18 Lessons 65 - 70.
www.chitrapurmath.net
458/485
(A blessing)
SviSt tu_ym! , May auspiciousness be upon you!
/ This term is used when offering oblations to the gods.
This term is used when offering oblations to one's ancestors.
Svagtm! welcome
pd / xatu>
sMdan
ten devay pu:p< dTtm! , The Lord was offered a flower by him.
The person who is given something is 'chosen' from the fourth vibhakti.
ux! , kup,! kw!, da, ApR!, %pidz!, invedy, uh,! $:yR!, AsUy! , Oya, z<s!, c]! The
person towards whom the above actions (and other verbs conveying
the same meanings) are directed , is picked from the fourth vibhakti:
ux! , kup,! To be angry. mata puay kuPyit , The mother is angry with her
son.
( Note: When ux! and uh! are prefixed with an %psgR> then the person
towards whom the anger and the injury is directed is in the second
vibhakti- mata pum! Ai_auXyit , The mother is angry with her son.
Level 2 - Month 18 Lessons 65 - 70.
www.chitrapurmath.net
459/485
person to whom the sacrifice is offered is in the second vibhakti and the
offered gift is in the third.)
g[ezay maedk< raecte , g[ezay maedk< Svdte , Ganesha likes modak ( a sweet)
Sp&h! to like. The opposite holds true here and only in the case of
Sp&h!, The person who likes is in the nominative case and the object
that is liked is placed in the fourth, the dative case.
x& (10th g[) to owe. The person, to whom one owes something, is in
the fourth vibhakti.
460/485
Kl&p! kLpte (haena, ke il@ ), jn!, sMpd!, _aU verbs having a similar sense as
in 'adequate for', tends to',' brings about'. the result or the end
product is placed in the fourth vibhakti
_a< / kuzlm! / suom! greeting, blessing. ( also used with the sixth
vibhakti)
461/485
balk> AMbayE p< e;yit , The boy sends his mother a letter.
n&p> sevk< am< e;yit , The king sends the servant to village.
dzRyit ( also accusative.)
The secondary object with the root ' to think', takes either the
dative or accusative when contempt is to be shown. (Note: it takes
the accusative alone, when contempt is NOT to be shown.)
462/485
463/485
%ppd/kark- iv_aiKt>
pmI-iv_aiKt>
pmI iv_aiKt>
AVyy>
1.
hO"u without
6.
7.
T"W"w{O"
8. Aar_y
9. / pUvRm!
10. actual directions. amt! pUvR< east, %Ttr> north,
11.
V"{`#
14. smIpm!
15. AnNtrm!
Level 2 - Month 18 Lessons 65 - 70.
www.chitrapurmath.net
464/485
pd /
xatu>
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Apadan
10.
11.
12.
13.
kmRv-
ablative case.
Verbs denoting ' to be born' are sometimes
used in the Locative.
In words implying fear and protection from
danger that from which the fear proceeds is
put in the ablative.
That from which one is warded off.
In the case of the root jI with pra, meaning
inlIyte
465/485
cnIym!
AVyy>
k&:[at! ANy k> mm Aay> ? Other than Krishna, who else is my refuge?
till, as far as, from.
X"tpO"o dpuO"sX"o EF>p{X"$ I wish to hear this from its source.
AakElasat! as far away as Kailas.
near/ far.
: The pond is near/far from the village.
after...
: | We will go in a moment.
hO"u without.
c"pS"pO"o hO"u @sO"# X"pub"# ? How is liberation possible without wisdom?
/ AnNtrm!
466/485
T"W"w{O"
V"pY"pO"o T"W"w{O" _"# _"pR"s#$ He has been a good person from childhood itself.
Aar_y
@tSmat! ][at! Aar_y Ah< s<Sk&t< vdaim , I will speak in Sanskrit from this
moment onwards.
/ pUvRm!
amat! pUvR< miNdrm! AiSt , There is a temple to the east of the village.
V"{`#
Bpw`pO"o V"{`# : | There is a tree outside the house.
467/485
pd / xatu>
Apadan
That from which separation takes place is put in the fifth vibhakti
phenomenon and has the same sense of .. on account of, for, by reason
of. ( So does the instrumental case, the trutiya vibhakti)
ten kar[en sa n AagCDit , Because of that/ For that reason, she does
not come.
amat! ma< s> sUcyit , He keeps me informed when (staying) in his village
itself.
Comparison
468/485
The teacher from whom something is learnt, the prime cause in the
case of jn! to be born and the source in the case of _aU are put in the
ablative case.
In words implying fear and protection from danger that from which
the fear proceeds is put in the ablative.
k&;k> m&gan! ]eat! invaryit , The farmer wards off the deer from the
field.
In the case of the root jI with pra, meaning unbearable, that which is
intolerable is put in the ablative.
469/485
g&hat! paQzala cTvair yaejnain ctu;uR yaehne;u va , The school is four yojanas
from the house.
devI _aKtat! inlIyte , The Goddess conceals Herself from the devotee.
kmRvcnIym!
470/485
%ppdiv_aiKt>
;:QIiv_aiKt>
;:QIiv_aiKt>
AVyy> 1.
2. :
3.
@wO"u
4. :, : ,,:
5. , :
6. :
7. :
8.
9.
10. Ape]ya
11. AnNtrm!
12. ANte
13. mXye
pd/
471/485
xatu>
472/485
, sm, s<kaz ,
AVyy>
Above
@wO"u For
V"p@_Y" @wO"u X"pO"p W"puG"S"z T"E"{O"$ The mother cooks a meal for the child.
:, : ,, : In front of
T"w>O"#
temple.
: To the left
473/485
Far
Near
_aa;[Sy ANte ][< ivrmtu , Rest for a moment after (your) speech.
mXye middle
ngrSy mXye %*anm! AiSt , There is a garden in the middle of the city.
Level 2 - Month 18 Lessons 65 - 70.
www.chitrapurmath.net
474/485
pd / xatu>
Represents 'of'.
Tvmev tasa< mla , You alone are the blessed one amongst them all.
ANyae> ANytra , One of these two (girls)
tasam! ANytma , One of those (girls)
Sometimes the word is used with the Genitive in the sense of 'of' or
475/485
@te;a< mXye kae=ip gNtu< n #CDit , Amongst them no one is willing to go.
When a time frame elapses after the occurence of an action, the word
expressing the occurence is put in the sixth vibhakti.
@td! @v AiSt ivze;> Aavyae> , This alone is the difference between the
two of us.
In the case of potential passive participles, the one who performs the
action is put in either the Genitive or the instrumental.
balSy hetae> sa amat! ngr< gNtum! #CDit , She wishes to go from her
village to the city for the sake of her child.
Words are used in the Genitive or the Dative when a blessing is
intended.
Level 2 - Month 18 Lessons 65 - 70.
www.chitrapurmath.net
476/485
iz:yay ihtm! / suom! / _am! / kuzlm! / AwR> / mm! / Aayu:ym! _avet! , May
good fortune be with the student.
When the Past participles are used, if the present tense is intended,
then the Genitive is used. If the past is intended, then the Instrumental
alone is used.
When the past participles are used as abstract neuter nouns only the
Genitive is used.
_aKtSy dymana devI Avtrit , The Goddess, taking pity upon the devotee,
incarnates (before him).
477/485
soe pu{frIk, nEtdnup< _avt> , Friend Pundarik, this is not worthy of you.
And now we will work with the seventh vibhakti, the Locative case.
478/485
%ppd/kark- iv_aiKt>
sPtmIiv_aiKt>
sPtmIiv_aiKt>
AVyy>
pd /
xatu>
English.
12. Words expressing fitness and suitability with the nouns
regarding which the fitness is expressed are put into the
Locative or Genitive.
13. The recipient to whom anything is entrusted or imparted
Level 2 - Month 18 Lessons 65 - 70.
www.chitrapurmath.net
479/485
17. Words like AxIitn! 'who has learned', g&hIitn! 'who has
18. Words like Vyap&t, AasKt, Vy, tTpr having the sense of
'engaged in', ' intent on' and kuzl, inpu[, zaE{f,pqu, vI[,
19. The words ist and %Tsuk meaning 'greatly desirous of',
'longing for' govern the Locative or the Instrumental.
pd / xatu>
480/485
The Locative is used to denote the time when an action has taken
place
The Locative also has the sense of 'towards', 'about', 'as to'
AiSmn! idne _auKTva s> idnyat! idnye oaid:yit , Having eaten today, he
will eat after three days.
A %pivZy s> aezat! aeze va og< pZyit , Sitting here he sees the bird
at a distance of one Krosha.
Words in lexicons are expressed in this vibhakti to mean 'in the sense
of.'
ba[ae bilsute zre (Amrkae;>) , Bana in the sense of 'the son of Bali' and
'arrow.'
cmRi[ iipn< hiNt dNtyaehRiNt kurm! , keze;u cmrI< hiNt sIiMn pu:klkae ht> ,
Man kills the tiger for skin, the elephant for tusks, the Chamari for hair
and the musk deer for musk.
481/485
kw< s> miy Vyvhrit ! Oh! How does he deal with me!
The root yj! and its derivatives in the sense of 'to' in English.
s> tm! AamxmeR inyuKte , He appoints him to the duties of the ashram.
Words expressing fitness and suitability with the nouns regarding
which the fitness is expressed are put into the Locative or Genitive.
ivtrit mata iv*a< balke;u , The mother imparts knowledge to the children.
Words implying to ' seize' or 'strike' govern the Locative of what is
seized or struck.
Words like i]p!, muc!, As! having the sense of 'throwing' or 'darting'
482/485
the accusative) govern the Locative of that which the belief is placed in.
Words like AxIitn! " who has learned", g&hIitn! "who has
And saxu and Asaxu of that towards whom goodness or otherwise is shown.
guraE saxu> Asaxu> va , Well behaved or ill behaved towards his Guru.
Words like Vyap&t, AasKt, Vy, tTpr having the sense of 'engaged in',
' intent on' and kuzl, inpu[, zaE{f, pqu, vI[ pi{ft meaning 'skilfull' and
The words ist and %Tsuk meaning 'greatly desirous of', 'longing for'
govern the Locative or the Instrumental.
483/485
and rest.
rax! + Ap in the sense of 'to offend' governs the Locative and the
Genitive.
484/485