Minerals - Space Development

TECHNICALCHALLENGESANDOPPORTUNITIES
February16,2012
TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES RELATED TO

MINERAL EXPLORATION & MINE OPERATIONS
ON THE MOON AND MARS
John A. Chapman, B.Sc., P.Eng., FCIM

Principal, J.A. Chapman Mining Services
White Rock, British Columbia, Canada, Earth, Milky Way Galaxy, Universe One
Presentation to
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department
San Jose State University
San Jose, California, USA
February 7, 2012
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
February16,2012
TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES RELATED TO

MINERAL EXPLORATION & MINE OPERATIONS
ON THE MOON AND MARS
John A. Chapman, B.Sc., P.Eng., FCIM

Principal, J.A. Chapman Mining Services
White Rock, British Columbia, Canada, Earth, Milky Way Galaxy, Universe One
Presentation to
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Carnegie Melon University, Silicon Valley Campus
Moffett Field, California, USA
February 8, 2012
GOODEVENINGLADIESANDGENTLEMEN.
IAMMAKINGTHISPRESENTATIONBASEDUPONMYEXPERIENCEASAMECHANIC,WELDERAND
MININGENGINEER,HAVINGWORKEDINTERNATIONALLYINLARGEANDSMALLMINES,MANYIN
REMOTELOCATIONSINTROPICALJUNGLESANDTHECANADIANFARNORTH. WELDEDONDEWLINE
NORTHOFARCTICCIRCLEANDONPIPELINESINSOUTHERNALBERTAANDLOGGINGEQUIPMENT
MANUFACTURINGINBRITISHCOLUMBIA.
FROMTHETIMEIWASINGRADE6IWORKEDFORMYFATHERATHISGAS STATION,LIGHTVEHICLE
SERVICE/REPAIRSHOPANDMOTEL.MYFATHERWASALSOPARTOFASMALLMINERALEXPLORATION
SYNDICATETHATPROSPECTEDANDDRILLEDMINERALSHOWINGS(OWNEDTHEIROWNSMALLCORE
DRILL).HENCE,ILEARNEDALOTABOUTWORKINGONANDAROUNDMACHINERYFROMAVERY
EARLYAGE.
WORKEDASAMECHANICANDWELDERBEFOREENTERINGUNIVERSITYASAMATURESTUDENT.
CANPROFICIENTLYOPERATESCRAPERS,DOZERS,TRUCKS,GRADERS(MAINLYCATERPILLAR
EQUIPMENT).
ASVICEPRESIDENTANDGENERALMANAGEROFCANADASLARGESTCOALMININGCOMPANYWAS
CANADASLARGESTPURCHASEROFCATERPILLAREQUIPMENTANDLARGESTCANADIANPURCHASER
OFONEOFTHEWORLDSBIGGESTLANDMACHINES DRAGLINES.
ASAPRIVATEBUSINESSOWNER,IAMPRESENTLYONEOFTHELARGESTMINERALLANDOWNERSIN
BRITISHCOLUMBIA,CANADA.
IAMALSOMAKINGTHISPRESENTATIONBECAUSEOFMYLONGTIMEINTERESTINSCIENCEAND
TECHNOLOGY,ANDINTHELASTTWELVEYEARS,SPACEDEVELOPMENT.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
February16,2012
MINES ON EARTH
SOME OF MY EXPERIENCE
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
February16,2012
IN1999,ASIENTEREDMYTWILIGHTYEARS,IDECIDEDTOCHANGEMYWORKBYWINDINGDOWNMY
MININGCONSULTINGSERVICES,RESIGNINGFROMMININGCOMPANYBOARDS OFDIRECTORSAND
BEGANMAKINGSMALLINVESTMENTSINJUNIORSPACEVENTURES(SPACEDEV,ODYSSEYMOONAND
MOONEXPRESS).INADDITION,ISTARTEDAPRIVATEMINERALPROPERTYBUSINESSWITHGERRY
CARLSONALONGTIMEFRIENDANDBUSINESSASSOCIATE.
THECARLSONANDCHAPMANFAMILIES(50/50)OWN265,000ACRESOFMINERALLANDSINBRITISH
COLUMBIA,CANADA.THEPRINCIPALOFKGEMANAGEMENTLTD.ISGERRY CARLSON,PHDGEOLOGIST
ANDPROFESSIONALENGINEER.IAMAPROFESSIONALMININGENGINEER.
WEOWN17MINERALPROPERTIESTHATAVERAGE15,600ACRESEACH.
ELEVENOFTHESEPROPERTIESAREUNDEROPTIONTOMININGCOMPANIESANDAREINVARIOUS
STAGESOFMINERALEXPLORATIONANDDEVELOPMENT.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
February16,2012
IWASVICEPRESIDENTANDGENERALMANAGEROFMANALTACOALLTD.FOR5YEARS(1978TO1983)
ANDVICECHAIRMANOFGREGGRIVERRESOURCESLTD THEWORLDSLARGESTJOINTVENTURECOAL
DEVELOPMENTANDOPERATIONWITHJAPANESEINDUSTRY(6STEELCOMPANIESANDONETRADING
COMPANY).MANALTAWASCANADASLARGESTCOALMININGCOMPANYATTHATTIMEPRODUCING
MORECOALTHANALLOTHERCANADIANCOALMINESCOMBINED.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
February16,2012
THE60AND90CUBICYARDDRAGLINESSHOWNAREAMONGTHEWORLDSLARGESTLANDMACHINES,
INTHE1970sTHEYCOST~US$90MILLIONEACH.MANALTAOPERATEDMOREOFTHESELARGE
DRAGLINESTHANANYOTHERCOMPANYINCANADA.ALSO,MANALTAWASCANADASLARGEST
PURCHASEROFCATERPILLERMININGEQUIPMENTANDWIREROPES.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
February16,2012
GIBRALTAR MINE PROCESSING PLANT, BC, CANADA
IWASCHIEFENGINEERANDACTINGMANAGERATGIBRALTARMINEIN1977AND1978.ATTHETIME
GIBRALTARWASOPERATEDBYANDMAJORITYOWNEDBYPLACERDEVELOPMENTLTD.
GIBRALTARCONTINUESTOBEBRITISHCOLUMBIASSECONDLARGESTMININGOPERATION.THE
OPERATIONPRODUCESCOPPERCONCENTRATEANDCOPPERMETAL(SXEW)WITHAMOLYBDENUM
CONCENTRATECOPRODUCT.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
February16,2012
MARCOPPER MINE, PHILIPPINES, 1976
IWASMINECONSULTANTANDTHENMINEDIVISIONMANAGERATMARCOPPERMINEDURINGTHE
PERIOD1974TO1977.ATTHATTIMEMARCOPPERWASTHESECONDLARGESTMINEINTHE
PHILIPPINES.THEOPERATIONPRODUCEDCOPPERCONCENTRATEWITHCONTAINEDGOLDANDSILVER
THATWASSHIPPEDTOJAPANFORSMELTINGANDREFINING.
ATTHETIMEMARCOPPERWASOPERATEDBYANDMAJORITYOWNEDBYPLACERDEVELOPMENTLTD.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
February16,2012
PORTOPERATIONSINCLUDEDCOPPER(PLUSSILVERANDGOLD)CONCENTRATESTORAGEAND
SHIPPINGTOJAPANESESMELTERS.DETINNEDSCRAPMETALWASBACKHAULEDTOTHEMINEFOR
THECOPPERCEMENTATIONOPERATION(SULPHURICACIDLEACHOFCOPPER OXIDES).THECEMENT
COPPERWASADDEDTOTHESULPHIDECOPPERCONCENTRATE.
PRIORTOMARCOPPERIWORKEDATENDAKOMINES(ALSOMAJORITYOWNED BYPLACER
DEVELOPMENTLTD.)INBRITISHCOLUMBIA,CANADAINTHELATE1960SANDEARLY1970S.IHELDTHE
FOLLOWINGPOSITIONS:SHIFTBOSS,FOREMAN,SENIORENGINEER,ASSISTANTMINE
SUPERINTENDENT.ATTHATTIMEENDAKOWASALARGEOPENPITMINEWITHAFLOTATIONPLANT,
PRODUCING25%OFTHEWORLDSMOLYDENUM,INTHEFORMOFMOLYBDENUMDISULFIDEAND
MOLYBDENUMTRIOXIDE.
IGRADUATEDWITHHIGHHONOURSFROMBOTHTHEBRITISHCOLUMBIAINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY
(1967,MININGTECHNOLOGY)ANDTHECOLORADOSCHOOLOFMINES(1971,MININGENGINEERING).
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
MINE
THE
MOON!
HOW
HAS IT
COME
TO
THAT?
February16,2012
0
NEAR SIDE
2700 LONG
90
850 S LAT
SOUTH
POLAR
REGION
OF THE
MOON
FAR SIDE
180
MYTRANSITIONTOSPACEWASARESULTOF:1)LIFELONGINTERESTINSCIENCEAND
TECHNOLOGY,2)CONTACTWITHNASAANDMANYPARTICLEPHYSICISTSAT LYNN
LAKE,MANITOBA,CANADAIN1993,3)WATCHINGSHOEMAKERLEVYCOMET
FRAGMENTSSTRIKINGJUPITER(ONINTERNETIN1994),4)INVESTINGINSPACEDEV
ANDJIMBENSONSENCOURAGEMENTTOATTENDSPACECONFERENCES,5)
LISTENINGTOJOHNYOUNGSKEYNOTEADDRESSATILEWGIN2003,6)JOHN
YOUNGSUNSOLICITEDENCOURAGEMENT,ATILEWG2003,FORMETOJOINTHE
DISCUSSIONABOUTMININGMETHODS(ANDMACHINERY)ONTHEMOONAND
MARS,AND7)RICHCLIFFORDSSIMILARUNSOLICITEDENCOURAGEMENTTOMEAT
ILEWG2005.
RICHCLIFFORDREVIEWEDANDCOMMENTEDONMYFIRSTSPACEPAPERBEFORE
SUBMISSIONTOTHEILEWG2006REVIEWCOMMITTEE.THEPAPERWASPRESENTED
INBEIJINGIN2006;ITWASTITLED,THEDEVELOPMENTANDOPERATIONOFA
SURFACEMINEINAREMOTELOCATION THESOUTHPOLARREGIONOFTHEMOON.
THECOAUTHORWASMARCSCHULTEANENGINEERINTRAININGANDATECHNICAL
SALESREPRESENTATIVEWITHFINNINGINTERNATIONALINC.,THEWORLDSLARGEST
CATERPILLARDEALER,HEADQUARTEREDINWESTERNCANADA.
BOTHJOHNYOUNGANDRICHCLIFFORDTOLDMETHATTHESPACEINDUSTRY
NEEDEDMOREINPUTFROMMININGINDUSTRYVETERANSTHATHADDEVELOPED
ANDOPERATEDMINESINREMOTELOCATIONSSUCHASDESERTS,JUNGLESANDTHE
FARNORTH.THEYINDICATEDTHATMANYUNIVERSITYBASEDACADEMICSTHAT
WERETHENDOMINATINGTHESPACEDISCUSSIONSHADLITTLEORNOPRACTICAL
EXPERIENCEINMININGANDNEEDEDTOBESHAKENUP INORDERTOSHARPEN
FOCUSUPONCOMMONSENSEDEVELOPMENTPROPOSALSFORTHEMOONAND
MARS.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
10
February16,2012
NASA BALLOON LAUNCH

FACILITY, LYNN LAKE,
MANITOBA, CANADA
AUGUST 25, 2002 THE LARGEST
BALLOON EVER LAUNCHED: 1.7
MILLION CUBIC METERS, 49
KILOMETERS ALTITUDE WITH
A LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON
DETECTION EXPERIMENT PAYLOAD OF 690KG
COMMISSIONING OF THE
KEYSTONE GOLD PROJECT
LYNN LAKE, MANITOBA, 1993
CAZADOR EXPLORATIONS
LIMITED & GRANDUC MINES
LIMITED
ASCEOOFGRANDUCMININGCORPORATIONIWASATLYNNLAKE,MANITOBAIN1993FORTHE
DEVELOPMENTANDCOMMISSIONINGOFTHEKEYSTONEGOLDPROJECT.THISFORTUITOUS
ASSIGNMENTPUTMEINCLOSECONTACTWITHNASASBALLOONLAUNCHINGOPERATIONSFOR
ATMOSPHERICPARTICLEPHYSICSRESEARCHANDTHEMANYSCIENTISTSCONDUCTINGTHEIRLEADING
EDGERESEARCH.IHADNEVERSEENSOMANYPHYSICISTS(FROMALLOVERTHEWORLD)INONE
PLACEATONETIME!
ATTHETIME,LYNNLAKEHADONEOFTHELARGESTBALLOONLAUNCHFACILITIESINTHEWORLD
ADJACENTTOITSREGIONALAIRPORT.
LYNNLAKE,MANITOBA ITALMOSTSOUNDSLIKEASCIENCEFICTIONMOVIE:NASALAUNCHEDA60
STORYHIGHBALLOONTOTHEUPPERFRINGESOFEARTH'SATMOSPHERETOCOLLECTPRECIOUS
PARTICLESOFSOMEOFTHERARESTSTUFFINTHEUNIVERSE ANTIMATTER AND,JUSTPOSSIBLY,
EVIDENCETHATENTIREANTIGALAXIESEXIST.ITWASN'TSCIENCEFICTION,BUTCUTTINGEDGE
SCIENCE.CARRYINGAJAPANESEBUILTINSTRUMENT,NASA'SLARGESTBALLOON 39MILLIONCUBIC
FEETINVOLUME LIFTEDOFFFROMLYNNLAKE,MANITOBA,CANADA,AT9:22A.M.EDTAUG.11FOR
A38HOURFLIGHTMORETHAN20MILESABOVEEARTH.THE5,000POUNDINSTRUMENTWAS
RECOVEREDAUG.12ANDWILLBEPREPAREDFORANOTHERFLIGHTNEXTYEAR.THEBESSPROJECT
(BALLOONBORNEEXPERIMENTWITHASUPERCONDUCTINGSOLENOIDALMAGNET),LEDBYPROF.
SHUJIORITOOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFTOKYO,ISSPONSOREDINTHEU.S. BYNASAANDBYMONBUSHO
INJAPAN."WEHAVECOLLECTEDEXCELLENTDATA,WHICHSHOULDCONTAINSEVERALHUNDRED
ANTIPROTONSAMONGAHUNDREDMILLIONCOSMICRAYPARTICLESTHATPASSEDTHROUGHOUR
DETECTOR,"SAIDDR.ORITO,WHOWASATLYNNLAKEFORTHELAUNCHWITHRESEARCHERSFROM
JAPANANDTHEUNITEDSTATES.
THEBESSCOLLABORATIONCOMPRISESUNIVERSITYOFTOKYO,HIGHENERGYACCELERATORRESEARCH
ORGANIZATION,KOBEUNIVERSITYANDINSTITUTEOFSPACEANDASTRONAUTICALSCIENCE,ALLIN
TOKYO;NASAGODDARDSPACEFLIGHTCENTER,GREENBELT,MD;ANDTHEUNIVERSITYOFMARYLAND.
THEMAGNETANDTHEDETECTORSONBESSWEREDESIGNEDANDCONSTRUCTEDINJAPAN.NASA
PROVIDESTHEBALLOONFLIGHTS.ASIDEFROMANTIPROTONS,BESSALSOMEASURESPRECISEENERGY
SPECTRAOFVARIOUSCOSMICRAYS,SUCHASPROTONS,HELIUMANDLIGHTISOTOPES,THUS
PROVIDINGIMPORTANTBASICDATAFORCOSMICRAYPHYSICS.DR.EUNSUKSEOOFTHEUNIVERSITY
OFMARYLANDLEADSTHISEFFORT.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
11
February16,2012
KNOWN MASS EXTINCTIONS

OF SPECIES ON EARTH
1) ENDOFCRETACEOUS,~65
Ma,~75%
2) ENDOFTRIASSIC,~205Ma,
~75%
3) ENDOFPERMIAN~250Ma,
~90%
4) ENDOFDEVONIAN~370Ma,
~70%
5) ENDOFORDOVICIAN~450
Ma,~85%
COMET SHOEMAKER - LEVY IMPACTING

JUPITER JULY 16, 1994
(JUPITERS DIAMETER IS 11.2 X EARTHS)
WE NOW HAVE
SPACE SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS WORKING
ON THE PROBLEM OF DETECTING, TRACKING
AND DEFLECTING ASTEROIDS AND COMETS
2012:ALLNEOsDETECTED=8,670,NEOs>1KMINDIAMETER=840.
THEDINOSAURSNEVERHADASPACEPROGRAM THEYDIDNOTSURVIVE!
JUPITERSDIAMETERIS143,000KM,EARTHSIS12,800KM,THEMOONIS3,480KM.
THEREWEREATLEAST20SEPARATEFRAGMENTSOFTHECOMETSHOEMAKERLEVYTHATHITJUPITER
ONEOFTHELARGESTG (JULY18,1994)CREATEDADARKSPOTMEASURING12,000KMACROSS
ANDWASESTIMATEDTOHAVERELEASEDANENERGYEQUIVALENTTO6TRILLIONTONSOFTNT(~750
TIMESTHEWORLDSNUCLEARARSENAL).TWOIMPACTS12HOURSAPARTONJULY19TH CREATED
IMPACTMARKSOFSIMILARSIZETOTHATCAUSEDBYFRAGMENTG.SEVERALOFTHESEIMPACTORS,
IFTHEYWEREHITTINGEARTH,WOULDHAVEEXTINQUISHEDALLORMOSTLIFEONTHEPLANET.
IMPACTORS:ASTERIODS(PROGRADE~19KM/SEC),COMETS(RETROGRADE~55KM/SEC) IFSAMESIZE
OBJECTSTHENCOMETHAS~8TIMESMOREENERGY(KINETIC)THANTHEASTERIOD(KINETICENERGY=
MxV*2).OBJECTSTRAVELINGAT~3KM/SECHAVEKINETICENERGYEQUIVALENTTOTHEIRMASSIN
TNT.
EARLYMORNINGONEARTHISLIKEFACINGFORWARDINANAUTOMOBILETRAVELINGAT30KMPER
SECOND ARETROGRADEIMPACTORWOULDHITAT~55KM/SEC.
IMPACTORSNORMALLYCREATECRATORS10TO20TIMESTHEDIAMETEROF THEIMPACTOR.
EARTHROTATIONVELOCITYATEQUATORSEALEVEL=1,650KM/HR,MEAN EARTHORBITALVELOCITY
=30KM/SEC,THESOLARSYSTEMISORBITINGWITHINTHEMILKYWAYAT AVELOCITYOF~220KM/SEC
ANDINRELATIONTOTHECOSMOSBACKGROUNDAT~600KM/SEC.
THETRICKINTRACKINGNEOORBITSLIESINASTRANGENATURALPHENOMENON:SOLARPOWERED
ORBITALMECHANICS.THEIDEAGOESBACKTOASCIENTIFICPAPERWRITTENBYRUSSIANENGINEER
I.O.YARKOVSKYACENTURYAGOANDSINCELOST.YARKOVSKYISSAIDTOHAVEPROPOSEDTHATTHE
SUNWARMSANASTEROIDMOREONTHE"DAY"SIDETHANONTHE"NIGHT" SIDE.THEWARMERSIDE
OFTHEROCKEMITSMORETHERMALRADIATION,CREATINGASLIGHTDIFFERENCEINMOMENTUM
THATGENTLYNUDGESTHEOBJECTINAMANNERSIMILARTOHOWAROCKETISPROPELLED.OVER
HUNDREDSOFYEARS,THEMOVEMENTCANBESIGNIFICANT,SCIENTISTSSAY.
NOTETHATTHEEXTINCTIONSARESHOWNATTHEENDOFGEOLOGICALPERIODS THATISBECAUSE
EXTINCTIONSAREONEOFTHEMARKERSGEOLOGISTSUSEDINPREPARINGTHESCALE.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
12
February16,2012
"...he truly is a fascinating man

whose modesty is matched only
by the scale of his own achievements."
- Michael Wright
18th person in space
5th person to make two spaceflights
3rd person to make three spaceflights
2nd person to make four spaceflights
1st person to make five and six spaceflights
Apollo 10 1969: Command Module Pilot
Apollo 16, 1972: Commander
STS-1 (Columbia) 1981: Commander
Mankind cannot survive as a

single planet species
John Young Keynote Address

ILEWG 5 Conference, 2003
JOHN YOUNG, AEROSPACE ENGINEER
JOHNWASAMAJORINSPIRATIONTOME ENCOURAGINGMEIN2003TOJOININTOTHEDISCUSSIONREGARDING
ALLASPECTSOFMINEOPERATIONSASPARTOFMANKINDSDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMOONANDMARS.HEFELT
THESPACEINDUSTRYNEEDEDMOREPEOPLEACTUALLYINVOLVEDINMININGONEARTHTOBEABLETO
SUCCESSFULLYDEVELOPTHEMOONANDMARS.
JOHNISAHERO,HEHASDEVOTEDHISLIFETOVERYHIGHRISKSPACEVENTURESTHATHAVEYIELDEDGREAT
SCIENTIFICANDTECHNOLOGICALBENEFITSTOMANKIND.
INMYOPINIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFALUNARBASEWILLNOTBEFOREXTRACTIONOFRESOURCESTOSEND
BACKTOEARTH(WEALREADYHAVEEVERYTHINGWENEEDHEREONEARTH) BUTINSTEADTODEVELOPAROCKET
BASE(INLOWLUNARGRAVITY)TOFACILITATETHEDEFLECTION OFDANGEROUSNEAREARTHOBJECTS(NEOs)
THATARECURRENTLYBEINGDETECTED ANDTRACKED FROMEARTH.WECANNOTSURVIVEASASINGLE
PLANETSPECIESBECAUSEOFTHESERIOUSDANGERFROMNEOsANDSUPER VOLCANOES.
INMYOPINIONTHEREAREBASICALLYTHREETYPESOFPEOPLE:THOSETHATDOTHINGS,THOSETHATWATCH
PEOPLEDOTHINGS,ANDTHOSETHATWONDERWHATHAPPENED.
"FARBETTERITISTODAREMIGHTYTHINGS,TOWINGLORIOUSTRIUMPHS,EVENTHOUGHCHECKEREDBY
FAILURE,THANTOTAKERANKWITHTHOSEPOORSPIRITSWHONEITHERENJOYNORSUFFERMUCH,BECAUSE
THEYLIVEINTHATGRAYTWILIGHTTHATKNOWSNOVICTORYNORDEFEAT." THEODOREROOSEVELT.
AMESSAGETOTHEFUTUREGENERATIONSFROMASTRONAUT,ELLISONS.ONIZUKA,1980COMMENCEMENT,
KONAWAENAHIGHSCHOOL,IFICANIMPRESSUPONYOUONLYONEIDEALETITBETHATTHEPEOPLEWHO
MAKETHISWORLDRUN,WHOSELIVESCANBETERMEDSUCCESSFUL,WHOSE NAMESWILLGODOWNINTHE
HISTORYBOOKS,ARENOTTHECYNICS,ORTHEARMCHAIRQUATERBACKS. THEYARETHEADVENTURISTS,THE
EXPLORERS,ANDDOERSOFTHISWORLD.WHENTHEYSEEAWRONGORPROBLEM,THEYDOSOMETHINGABOUT
IT.WHENTHEYSEEAVACANTPLACEINOURKNOWLEDGE,THEYWORKTOFILLTHATVOID.RATHERTHAN
LEANINGBACKANDCRITICIZINGHOWTHINGSARE,THEYWORKTOMAKETHINGSTHEWAYTHEYSHOULDBE.
THEYARETHEAGGRESSIVE,THESELFSTARTERS,THEINNOVATIVE,ANDTHEIMAGINATIVEOFTHISWORLD.EVERY
GENERATIONHASTHEOBLIGATIONTOFREEMENSMINDSFORALOOKATNEWWORLDSTOLOOKOUTFROMA
HIGHERPLATEAUTHANTHELASTGENERATION.YOURVISIONISNOTLIMITEDBYWHATYOUREYECANSEE,BUT
BYWHATYOURMINDCANIMAGINE.MANYTHINGSTHATYOUTAKEFORGRANTEDWERECONSIDERED
UNREALISTICDREAMSBYPREVIOUSGENERATIONS.IFYOUACCEPTTHESE PASTACCOMPLISHMENTSAS
COMMONPLACETHENTHINKOFTHENEWHORIZONSTHATYOUCANEXPLORE. FROMYOURVANTAGEPOINT,
YOUREDUCATIONANDIMAGINATIONWILLCARRYYOUTOPLACESWHICHWE WONTBELIEVEPOSSIBLE.MAKE
YOURLIFECOUNT ANDTHEWORLDWILLBEABETTERPLACEBECAUSEYOUTRIED.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
13
THE LATE JIM BENSON

GEOLOGIST
FOUNDER & CHAIRMAN
SPACEDEV, INC.
February16,2012
RICH CLIFFORD
AEROSPACE ENGINEER
ASTRONAUT
RETIRED
JIMWASTHEPERSONTHATENCOURAGEDME,ANEARLYSHAREHOLDEROFSPACEDEV,INC.,TO
ATTENDTHE2003ILEWGMEETINGINHAWAIIWHEREIMETJOHNYOUNG,ASTRONAUT.
SPACEDEVACHIEVEMENTS:FIRSTTOUSEINTERNETFORSATELLITEMISSIONCONTROL,HELPEDNEAR
SHOEMAKERSPACECRAFTLANDONEROS,BUILTROCKETENGINEFORBURTRUTANSSPACESHIPONE
WINNINGTHEXPRIZEFORFIRSTNONGOVERNMENTASTRONAUT.
IMETRICHCLIFFORDIN2005ATTHEILEWGTORONTO,CANADACONFERENCE.HEISAGRADUATEOF
WESTPOINT(BSc)ANDGEORGIATECH(MSc).,SENIORTESTPILOTBELL HELICOPTERS,TWOSHUTTLE
FLIGHTS&ASPACEWALK(EVA),MANAGERBOEINGDEFENCE&SPACEGROUP,NOWRETIRED.RICH
ENCOURAGEDME,LIKEJOHNYOUNGDIDEARLIER,TOGETINVOLVEDINPLANNINGFORSPACE
DEVELOPMENTBECAUSEOFMYPRACTICALMININGBACKGROUND.THISMOTIVATEDMETOPREPARE
ANDPRESENTAPAPER,DEVELOPMENTANDOPERATIONOFSURFACEMINEINAREMOTELOCATION
THESOUTHPOLARREGIONOFTHEMOON,ATTHEBEIJING,CHINA2006ILEWGCONFERENCE.RICH
REVIEWEDMYPAPERANDMADECOMMENTSPRIORTOITSSUBMISSIONTOTHEILEWGCONFERENCE
COMMITTEE.ISELECTEDMYCOAUTHOR,MARCSHULTE,ANENGINEERINTRAININGTHATWORKED
FORFINNINGINTERNATIONALINC.,BASEDINWESTERNCANADA.MARCHADVALUABLEINPUTTOTHE
PAPER.FINNINGISTHEWORLDSLARGESTCATERPILLAREQUIPMENTDEALER.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
14
February16,2012
SOLAR SYSTEM RESOURCES

BEST TO STAY IN THE GOLDILOCKS ZONE:
EARTH
MOON
MARS AND ITS MOONS (2)
MOONS OF JUPITER (63) AND SATURN (62)
ASTEROIDS AND NEAR EARTH COMETS
EXPLORING FOR:
WATER-ICE
HYDROCARBONS
NUCLEAR FUELS (URANIUM & THORIUM)
ALL OTHER MINERALS AND ELEMENTS
REFERTOMININGTHESKY ANDSPACERESOURCES,BREAKINGTHEBONDSOFEARTH BYJOHNS.LEWIS

FORAGOODSUMMARYOFSOLARSYSTEMRESOURCES.
LUNARRESOURCEEXTRACTIONISFOCUSEDUPONTHEESSENTIALELEMENTS HYDROGENANDOXYGEN.
THESEELEMENTS(HANDO)ORMOLECULES(H2ANDO2)AREREQUIREDFORSUPPORTOFHUMANLIFE("AIR"
ANDWATER),ROCKETPROPELLANTS,FUELCELLS(MOBILEANDSTATIONARY),AGRICULTUREAND
AQUACULTURE.THENEXTMOSTIMPORTANTELEMENTSAREURANIUMANDTHORIUMASFUELFOR:1)
SURFACELUNARNUCLEARFISSIONREACTORSTOPROVIDEELECTRICANDHEATENERGY,AND2)HEATING
PROPELLANTSINNUCLEARPOWEREDSPACETUGS.
SEE:21ST CENTURYSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYMAGAZINE,SUMMER1999ISSUE,BACKTOTHEMOONWITH
NUCLEARROCKETS,BYMARSHAFREEMAN.THISARTICLEGIVESAGOODSUMMARYOFTHECURRENTSTATE
OFNUCLEARROCKETSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,INCLUDINGPRIORWORKBYTHEUSAANDUSSR.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
15
February16,2012
SPACE LAW
FROM HISTORICAL REMOTE
MINING CAMPS
POSSESSION IS 9/10 OF THE LAW
USE IT OR LOSE IT
KEEPINGLAWANDORDER,GOLDMININGINWASHINGTONSTATE,KENANDVIDAMARTIN,1995,WHEN
NEWSOFNEWDISCOVERIESWEREMADEKNOWN,HUNGRYANDEAGERPROSPECTORSRUSHEDTOTHENEW
ELDORADOSTOCOMPETEFORTHEBESTDIGGINGS.GIVENTHEPRIMITIVECONDITIONSANDLIMITED
RESOURCESWITHWHICHMINERSHADTOWORK,ITISUNDERSTANDABLETHATTOLERANCEWASNOTONEOF
THEIRLEADINGVIRTUES.TOPROTECTONESPROPERTYWASCONSIDEREDOFGREATIMPORTANCEAND
SOMETIMESEVENAMATTEROFSURVIVAL.THEN,THEREWERETHOSEWITHINTHECAMPSWHOREALLY
BELIEVEDTHEYHADTRAVELEDBEYONDTHEREACHOFTHELAWANDTHATJUSTICEWASAMATTEROFTHEIR
OWNPREFERENCE.THESEFACTORS,COMBINEDWITHTHEPROBLEMOFEXCESSIVEDRINKINGCREATEDA
VOLATILEENVIRONMENT.BOUNDARYDISPUTESANDACCUSATIONSOFHIGHGRADINGWEREALLTOOFTEN
SETTLEDFROMTHESMOKINGBARRELOFASIXSHOOTER.HOWEVER,TOMAINTAINASEMBLANCEOFLAW
ANDORDER,MINERSINMOSTDISTRICTSORGANIZEDTHEMSELVESINTOCONFEDERATIONS[ORMINERS
COMMITTEE]TOLEGISLATERULESANDREGULATIONSINTHECAMP.
ITISMYOPINIONTHATTHEDOERS THATWILLBETHEEARLYHUMANSETTLERSOFSPACEWILLSETTHEIR
OWNRULESANDREGULATIONSINEACHSITUATION,ASWASDONEBYTHEEARLYMINERSINREMOTEMINING
CAMPS.NODISTANTGOVERNMENT ONEARTHWILLBEABLETOAPPLYORMAINTAINTHEIRRULESAND
REGULATIONSONTHESESPACEPIONEERSDURINGTHEEARLYFORMATIVEYEARSOFCOLONIZATIONOFTHE
MOONANDMARS.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
16
February16,2012
TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES
MANYOPPORTUNITIESEXISTINMODIFYINGSUCCESSFULEARTHBOUNDSYSTEMS
FORUSEONTHEMOONANDMARS.
MANYOFTHESEOPPORTUNITIESWILLBESHOWNINTHISSLIDEPRESENTATION.AT
THISTIME,INMYOPINION,THERESHOULDBEMUCHMOREWORKON:1)SHIELDING
AGAINSTCOSMICANDSOLARRADIATION,2)DESIGNANDTESTINGOFSMALL
NUCLEARFISSIONREACTORSFORUSEINMOBILEVEHICLESANDEQUIPMENT,3)
HIGHTEMPERATURE(VAPOURANDPLASMA)MINERALANDELEMENTPROCESSING
METHODSINLOWGRAVITYANDUNDERVACCUUM,4)MITIGATIONMETHODS
AGAINSTPOTENTIALLYDAMAGINGLUNARDUST(VERYSMALLDIAMETERPARTICLES
THATARESHARPANDABRASIVE)THATMAYAFFECTHUMANSANDEQUIPMENT,5)
BIOSPHERETYPESTUDIESRELATINGTOCLOSEDSYSTEMINTERACTIONOF
AQUACULTURE,AGRICULTUREANDHUMANS(WATER,OXYGEN,CARBONDIOXIDE,
ETC.),6)EQUIPMENTDESIGNFOROPERATINGNEARPOLARREGIONSINCOLDTRAPS
(233DEGREESC)ORDURINGLUNARNIGHTS(63DEGREESC),AND7)DETECTION
ANDPROTECTIONFROMMETEROIDS(SMALLBUTDANGEROUSASNOATMOSPHERE
TOSLOWORBURNUPTHESEBODIESARRIVINGAT~15KM/S).
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
17
February16,2012
HEAVY LIFT TO THE MOON OF EQUIPMENT

SUPPLIES AND HUMANS (>2,000 TONNES)
ONCE LUNAR BASE SITE LOCATION
DETERMINED BY ROBOTIC MISSIONS
MASS ASSEMBLY-LINE PRODUCTION OF
SPACEX HEAVY-LIFT ROCKETS TO
FACILITATE RELIABLE AND LOW COST
LAUNCHES TO THE MOON AND MARS
SPACE EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES
CORP (SPACEX) BECOMES WORLDS
LARGEST MARKET CAP PUBLIC LISTED
COMPANY
NUCLEAR SPACE TUG DEVELOPED FOR
DEFLECTION OF LARGE NEOs AND FOR
TRANSPORT BETWEEN EARTH-MOON-MARS
TOBESUCCESSFULTHEROCKETSMUSTBEMASSPRODUCED(ECONOMYOFSCALE)WITHMULTLIPLEDAILYLAUNCHES.
ASTROBOTICTECHNOLOGY,INC.ANDMOONEXPRESS,INC.,LEADERSINTHE26GROUPCOMPETITIONTOWINTHEGOOGLE
LUNARXPRIZE,WILLBECOMESPACEEXPEDITORSSIMILARTOUPSANDFEDEXONEARTH.
ITISMYOPINIONTHATTHEREISONEOVERARCHINGREASONFORDEVELOPMENTOFSPACE THATISTOENSURETHESURVIVAL
OFTHEHUMANSPECIES.HENCE,ONLYEARLYPRECURSORMISSIONSSHOULDBEROBOTIC. THEREAFTERITMUSTBEHUMAN
WITHSOMESUPPORTFROMROBOTICS(REMOTECONTROLANDAUTONOMOUS). IALSO,FROMEXPERIENCEBUILDINGREMOTE
MINEOPERATIONSONEARTH,KNOWTHATTHEFIRSTHUMANLANDINGONTHELUNARSURFACETODEVELOPAPERMANENT
HABITATWILLREQUIRELANDING~2,000METRICTONSOFEQUIPMENT,MATERIALSANDSUPPLIESTOENSUREAHIGHDEGREE
OFSUCCESS. THISISAMASSIVEPROGRAMTHATWILLNEEDMULTIGOVERNMENTANDINDUSTRYSUPPORTTOWORK
PROPERLY. INMYOPINION,SCIENCEPALLSINCOMPARISONTOLONGTERMHUMANSURVIVALWHENFUNDINGSPACE
EXPLORATIONANDDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMS.THEMOONWOULDBETHELOW GRAVITYBASEFORFUELINGNUCLEARSPACE
TUGSINLUNARORBITUSINGPROPELLANTSSUCHASHYDROGEN(HIGHEXHAUSTVELOCITYLOWTHRUST),OXYGEN
(AUGMENTATIONTOINCREASETHRUST)ORWATER(LOWEREXHAUSTVELOCITYBUTHIGHERTHRUST).THESESPACETUGS
WOULDBEUSEDFORDANGEROUSNEODEFLECTIONANDFORMOVINGBETWEENORBITSATEARTH,MOONANDMARS.THE
NUCLEARFISSIONREACTORSINTHESPACETUGSWOULDBURN HIGHLYENRICHEDURANIUM(SIMILARTOREACTORSINUSA
SUBMARINES)SOTHATTHEREFUELINGINTERVALWOULDBEGREATERTHAN TENYEARS(MAYBEABLETOINCLUDEATHORIUM
BLANKET INREACTORFORADDITIONALENERGY).ANUCLEARPOWERPLANTSHOULDBEBUILTNEARTHEEARTHLAUNCHSITE
TOPRODUCEHYDROGENANDOXYGENTOMINIMIZEFUELTRANSPORTTOTHE LAUNCHSITE.ITWOULDBEACOGENERATION
FACILITYWITHHYDROGENBEINGREFORMEDFROMNATURALGAS(ANDCARBONMONOXIDEBURNEDFORELECTRICPOWER
ANDHEAT)WITHOXYGENBEINGPRODUCEDBYFRACTIONALDISTILLATIONOFLIQUEFIEDAIR.ANALTERNATIVE,BUTMORE
EXPENSIVE,METHODOFPRODUCINGHYDROGENANDOXYGENISDIRECTELECTROLYSISOFWATER.
PLANINITIALLYFORLAUNCHINGATLEASTONEROCKETPERDAYSOTHAT THEFIRST2,000TONSOFEQUIPMENT,SUPPLIESAND
WORKFORCEISONTHEMOONIN60DAYS.COST~15TO20BILLIONUSDOLLARS.
ISTRONGLYRECOMMENDTHATYOUVISITSOMEEARTHLYMINING/PROCESSINGOPERATIONS(MINING,MINERALPROCESSING,
SMELTINGANDREFINING). YOUWILLFINDTHATMININGANDPROCESSINGHETEROGENEOUSMATERIALS ISCOMPLEXANDTHE
SYSTEMSAREPHYSICALLYANDCHEMICALLYCHALLENGING. TRYINGTORECOVERMINERALSANDELEMENTSFROM
HETEROGENEOUSSOURCESONASTEROIDSORCOMETSONASUSTAINEDBASISWILLBEVERYDIFFICULTINDEEDCOMPAREDTO
OPERATINGATALUNARBASE.THEASTEROIDSANDCOMETSINNEAREARTHORBITOFFERALOWGRAVITYWELLOPPORTUNITY
(REWARD)ANDABIGMATERIALSCHALLENGE(RISK). THEYAREEITHERCARBONACEOUSWITHWATERICE,ORSILICATES
(STONY),ORMETALLIC(NOTETHEOR ANDNOAND). INOTHERWORDSYOUCANNOTLANDONANYONEANDEXPECTTO
GETWATERICE,SILICATESANDMETALS THISPRESENTSANALMOSTIMPOSSIBLECHALLENGEINCREATINGANOPERATING
BASETHATISSUSTAINABLE. IWASTHEONETHATSTOODUPANDRECOMMENDEDJOHNLEWISSMININGTHESKY BOOKAT
THESPACEFRONTIER2009CONFERENCE. HOWEVER,WHATIDIDNOTSAYISTHATIDISAGREEWITHJOHNASTOTHE
IMPORTANCEOFASTEROIDORCOMETMATERIALSONEARTH,ASTHEYHAVE INMYOPINIONNOVALUETOEARTH. WEHAVEA
NEVERENDINGSUPPLYOFELEMENTSONEARTH,INCLUDINGTHOSEINHYDROCARBONS(CANDH)THATCANBEEXTRACTED
MUCHSAFERANDCHEAPERINSITUONEARTHTHANEXPLOITINGTHEMONASTEROIDSORCOMETS. INOTHERWORDS,
ELEMENTSONASTEROIDSANDCOMETS,ANDTHEMOONANDMARSWILLHAVEUSEINSPACEBUTNOTONEARTH.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
18
February16,2012
HEAVY-LIFT ANALOG
WORLDS LARGEST CIVILIAN AIRLIFT
LEA TO BULOLO, PAPUA NEW GUINEA, 1931
VISION & COURAGE - PHYSICAL & FINANCIAL
PLACER DEVELOPMENT LTD
VANCOUVER, BC, CANADA
THREETRIMOTORJUNKERSG31AIRCRAFT(PAYLOADOF~7,100POUNDS)
WORLDRECORDAIRLIFTINFIRST12MONTHSOF4,342TONS INSAMEPERIODUK,
FRANCE&USACOMBINEDTRANSPORTEDONLY2,670TONSBYAIR
FROM1931TO1942THEBULOLOAIRLIFTTOTALLED73,480TONSWITHNOACCIDENTS
THEBULOLOGOLDFIELDSWERETOTALLYDEVELOPEDANDOPERATIONSSUSTAINEDBYAIRLIFTOF
MACHINERY,MOBILEEQUIPMENT,SUPPLIESFORDAMS,POWERLINES,DREDGES,SAWMILL,AND
TOWNSITE(HOSPITALANDSCHOOL).
THEG31HAD525X3HORSEPOWERRADIALENGINESANDCOULDCLIMBAT200FEETPERMINUTE
FULLYLOADEDONTWOENGINES(ATAVERAGE3,000FTASL),75MINUTE FLYINGTIMELEA(ATSEA
LEVEL)TOBULOLO(2,250FEET)WITHINTERVENINGMOUNTAINSAT6,000FEETELEVATION.
THEMANAGEMENTOFPLACERDEVELOPMENTLTDRECEIVEDAWARDSFROMTHEMININGINDUSTRY
ANDTHEAVIATIONINDUSTRYFORTHISSUCCESSFULMASSIVEBULOLOAIRLIFT.
MENTIONMASSPRODUCTIONOFLIBERTYSHIPS(42DAYSPERLIBERTYSHIP,WITHATOTAL~2,700
BUILTDURINGWWII),THEALASKAHIGHWAY/NORMANWELLSOILOPERATIONS,THEDEWLINE,
BERLINAIRLIFTANDWWIIASTHESEWEREALLMASSIVEUNDERTAKINGSTHATWERESUCCESSFULLY
ACCOMPLISHEDINRECORDTIME.
IN2011THEBROADGROUPINHUNANPROVINCE,CHINABUILTA30STOREYLUXURYHOTELIN15
DAYS.ITISBUILTTOWITHSTANDMAGNITUDE9RICHTERSCALEEARTHQUAKESANDIS~4TIMES
MOREENERGYEFFICIENTTHANCONVENTIONALHIGHRISEBUILDINGS.ALLCOMPONENTSARE
MANUFACTUREDINALARGEFACTORYANDDELIVEREDTOTHEBUILDINGSITEFORASSEMBLY.THERE
WERENOINJURIESDURINGTHEWORK.SEE:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdpfMQM9vY.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
19
February16,2012
BABCOCKANDWILCOX
ADVANCEDLIGHTWATERREACTOR
http://www.pbmr.com
http://www.babcock.com/products/modular_nuclear/generation_mpower.html
http://www.worldnuclear.org/info/inf34.html
THERELIABILITYOFBOBCOCKANDWILCOXNUCLEARREACTORSONUSASUBMARINESANDAIRCRAFT
CARRIERSISWELLESTABLISHED.SINCE1955THEUSANAVYHASACCUMULATEDOVER6,200NAUTICAL
REACTORYEARSOFACCIDENTFREEEXPERIENCEOVERTHECOURSEOF230MILLION KILOMETERS.
ROLLSROYCEHASBEENTHENUCLEARSYSTEMSSUPPLIERANDTECHNICALAUTHORITYFORTHEROYAL
NAVYSUBMARINEFLEETFOROVER50YEARS.
NEXTGENERATIONNUCLEARREACTORSSUCHASTHEPBMRHIGHTEMPERATUREGASCOOLED(HELIUM)
REACTORARESHOWINGTHEWAYTOWARDMOREEFFICIENTANDSAFERREACTORS.
ITISINTERESTINGTONOTETHERECENTUS$20BILLIONAWARDTOKOREAELECTRICPOWERCO.,FOR
DESIGN,CONSTRUCTIONANDOPERATION(60YEARJVWITHUAE)OFFOUR NEWREACTORS(1,400MW
EACH)INTHEUAE.KOREAELECTRICISTHESPONSORWITHWESTINGHOUSEELECTRICCOMPANYPARTOF
THEJV WESTINGHOUSEISCONTROLLED(MAJORSHAREHOLDER)BYJAPANSTOSHIBACORP.SEVERAL
MAJORINTERNATIONALNUCLEARCOMPANIESHADSUBMITTEDPROPOSALS.
INEARLYOCTOBER2010THEWORLDNUCLEARASSOCIATIONREPORTEDTHATOVER45COUNTRIESARE
ACTIVELYCONSIDERINGEMBARKINGUPONNUCLEARPOWERPROGRAMS.
DURINGTHECOLDWARTHEREWEREMORENUCLEARREACTORSATSEATHAN THEREWEREONLAND.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
20
February16,2012
NUCLEAR ENERGY USE IN SPACE

(importance of energy density)
A URANIUM DIOXIDE FUEL PELLET - SHADOW IS ~3
SQUARE CENTIMETERS. HOW MANY DAYS OR YEARS
WOULD THE SUN NEED TO SHINE ON THE SHADOW
AREA, AT ARIZONA USA SOLAR INTENSITY, 12 HOURS
PER DAY, TO EQUAL THE FISSILE ENERGY IN THE
FUEL PELLET?
THE ANSWER IS 951,000 YEARS.
(from Chuck Edwards, Cameco Corporation, 2003)
THE USE OF NUCLEAR HIGH-TEMPERATURE GAS

REACTORS IN SPACE FOR HEAT AND ELECTRICITY IS
ESSENTIAL IF SPACE DEVELOPMENT IS TO BE
SUCCESSFUL (RELIABLE CONTINUOUS HIGH DENSITY
ENERGY)
THEMOSTSUCCESSFULNASASPACECRAFTSHAVEBEENTHOSETHATUSEDRADIOISOTOPETHERMOELECTRIC
GENERATORS(RTGs)POWEREDWITHPU238(NOWINCRITICALSHORTSUPPLY).
"NUCLEARPOWERISESSENTIALTOALONGRANGE,COMMITTEDSPACEPROGRAM,"SAIDDR.LOUISFRIEDMAN,
EXECUTIVEDIRECTOROFTHEPLANETARYSOCIETY."YOUCAN'TDOATHOROUGHEXAMINATIONOFTHEOUTERPLANETS
WITHOUTIT.MANYOFNASA'SEARLIERSPACECRAFTHAVERELIEDONSOLARPOWER. BUTATTHESOLARSYSTEM'S
EXTREMITIESTHESUNISN'TAPRACTICALENERGYSOURCE,SAIDPROMETHEUSDIRECTORALANNEWHOUSE.THERE'S
ONLY1/25THESUNLIGHTAROUNDJUPITERTHATTHEREISONEARTH,FOREXAMPLE.SOASPACESHIP'SSOLARPANELS
WOULDHAVETOBEGARGANTUANTOGENERATEENOUGHPOWERTOPULLACRAFTINTOORBITAROUNDONEOF
JUPITER'SMOONS.EVENONMARS,SOLARPOWERHASN'TBEENPARTICULARLYUSEFUL.IN1997,THESUNRELIANT
PATHFINDERCRAFTLASTEDONLYTHREEMONTHSONTHEREDPLANET(ALSORECENTPHOENIXMARSLANDERHADA
VERYSHORTLIFE).BUTIN1976,MARSVIKINGLANDERS,WHICHRELIED ONNUCLEARISOTOPESFORPOWER,STAYED
ACTIVEFORNEARLYSIXYEARS.
THEYONGGYANGNUCLEARPOWERPLANTINSOUTHKOREAISRATEDAT6,000MEeANDTHEPLANTSFOOTPRINTIS115
HECTARES(284ACRES).HOWMANYGENERALELECTRIC1.5MWeWINDTURBINESWOULDBENEEDEDTODELIVERTHE
SAMEPOWERASTHENUCLEARPLANT?THEANSWERIS16,000TURBINES (CAPACITYFACTOROFWINDIS25%).
ACCORDINGTOGESPACINGDESIGNREQUIRMENTSEACH1.5MWeTURBINEREQUIRES8.9HECTARESOFAREA,WHICH
MEANSTHE16,000TURBINESREQUIRE142,500HECTARES(352,000ACRES).HENCETHELANDUSEEFFICIENCYFOR
NUCLEAR(ANDENERGYDENSITYADVANTAGE)IS1,240TIMESBETTERTHANWIND!
BOTHWINDANDSOLARAREINTERMITTANTANDNEEDTOBEBACKEDUPWITHCONVENTIONALHYDRO,COAL,GASOR
NUCLEARPLANTS.
THESOLARANDWINDPOWERINDUSTRIESHAVEPOORSAFETYRECORDSCOMPAREDWITHNUCLEAR THISINCLUDES
DAMAGEORINJURYTOHUMANS,FAUNA,FLORAANDPROPERTY.
NATURALURANIUMORECONTAINSU238(99.3%)ANDU235(0.7%).U238HASA1/2LIFEOF4.47BILLIONYEARS,U235
HASA1/2LIFEOF0.704BILLIONYEARS.
U235ISREADILYFISSIONABLEANDISUSEDINPOWERPLANTSTODAY.THEMUCHMOREABUNDANTU238ISONLY
FERTILEANDMUSTBEBREDINAFASTNEUTRONREACTOR(FASTBREEDER)TOBETRANSMUTEDTOFISSIONABLEPU239.
BURNING (INFASTBREEDERREACTORS)ALLOFTHEPARTIALLYSPENTNUCLEARFUELSTOREDATNUCLEAR
FACILITIESAROUNDTHEUSAWOULDPOWERTHECOUNTRYFOR~200YEARS WITHOUTHAVINGTOUSEANY
NEWLYMINEDURANIUM!THEFIRSTELECTRICPOWERPRODUCEDFROMANUCLEARREACTORWASASMALL
SODIUMCOOLEDBREEDERINIDAHO(CIRCA1949)
THORIUMIS~4TIMESMOREABUNDANTINTHEEARTHSCRUSTTHANURANIUMANDITISABETTER
NUCLEARFUELTHANURANIUM(GREATERBURNUP ONFIRSTPASS).
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
21
February16,2012
MINERAL EXPLORATION
EARTH VS MOON AND MARS
EARTHS MINERAL DEPOSITS (ANOMALOUS ELEMENTS) FORM BY
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES DRIVEN BY SOLAR HEAT,
INTERNAL RADIONUCLIDE HEAT AND GRAVITY. FORMATION IS
RELATED TO PLATE TECTONICS, EROSION AND DEPOSITION BY
WATER AND WIND AND BY EVAPORATION. MANY HIGH-GRADE
DEPOSITS EXIST.
THE MOON BEING SMALLER THAN EARTH HAS LOW INTERNAL HEAT
(RADIONUCLIDES), HAS LOW GRAVITY AND NO ATMOSPHERE SO MANY
OF THE MINERAL DEPOSIT FORMATION METHODS ON EARTH DO NOT
EXIST ON THE MOON. WORSE STILL IS THE CONSTANT CHURNING OF
THE LUNAR SURFACE BY ASTERIOD, COMET AND METERIOD IMPACTS
TENDING TO CREATE A HETEROGENIOUS MIXTURE WITH ONLY
MODEST ELEMENTAL ANOMALIES. WILL NEED TO DEVELOP AND
PROCESS LOW-GRADE DEPOSITS.
MARS DOES SEEM TO HAVE HAD SOME GEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS SIMILAR
TO EARTH IN THE PAST IN MY OPINION THERE WILL BE GREATER
OPPORTUNITY TO FIND ENRICHED MINERAL DEPOSITS ON MARS
THAN ON THE MOON, BUT STILL MUCH FEWER THAN ON EARTH.
MENTION:MAGMATICDIFFERENTIATION,PARTIALMELTINGOFCRUST,VMS,SEDEX,HYDROTHERMAL,PLACER
(BEACHANDRIVER)ANDEVAPORITES.
ONEARTHPLATETECTONICSLIFTS SUBAQUEOUSDEPOSITSONTOLAND(THENERODED)FOREASYDISCOVERY
ANDEXTRACTION.
THECANADIANFLOWTHROUGHTAXCREDITPROGRAMHASFACILITATEDTHERAISINGOFBILLIONSOFDOLLARS
YEARLYBYTHEEXPLORINGCOMPANIES;THISHASKEPTCANADAINTHEFOREFRONTOFWORLDMINERAL
EXPLORATIONANDMINEDEVELOPMENT.INADDITION,CANADAHASGROWN ALARGEBASEOFEXPERTSIN
SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY,LEGAL,ACCOUNTING,FINANCE,ETC.FORMINERALEXPLORATIONANDMINE
DEVELOPMENTWORLDWIDE.
STATISTICSFROMTHE2005CANADIANINTERGOVERNMENTALWORKINGGROUPONTHEMINERALINDUSTRY
REPORTED:1)GLOBALLY,CANADACONTINUESTOBETHEFOREMOSTDESTINATIONFOREXPLORATIONCAPITAL.
IN2004SOME20%OFTHEMINERALEXPLORATIONPROGRAMSPLANNEDBYTHEWORLDSMININGCOMPANIES
WEREEXPECTEDTOBECONDUCTEDINCANADA.ASFORCANADIANCOMPANIESTHEYWEREEXPECTEDTO
UNDERTAKE43%OFALLTHEEXPLORATIONPROGRAMSINTHEWORLDIN2004,ASHARETHATISBYFARTHE
LARGESTOFTHEGLOBALMINERALEXPLORATIONMARKET,AND2)IN2003 C$12.7BILLIONINEQUITYFINANCING
WASRAISEDFORMINERALEXPLORATIONANDDEVELOPMENTPROJECTSAROUNDTHEWORLDDURINGTHAT
YEAR.MORETHAN45%OFTHENEWFUNDSRAISEDWASFORCOMPANIESLISTEDONTHECANADIANSTOCK
EXCHANGES.
THEFLOWTHROUGHTAXINCENTIVENEEDSTOOPERATEINASECURITIESREGULATORYREGIMETHATISNOT
OVERBEARINGANDISUNDERSTANDINGOFRISK/REWARDINVESTING,ESPECIALLYWITHSTARTUPVENTURES.
VANCOUVERANDTORONTOHAVETHELARGESTPOPULATIONOFGEOSCIENTISTSINTHEWORLD.
ALLTHISFROMACOUNTRYTHATONLYREPRESENTS,1)7%OFTHELANDAREAONEARTHAND,2)ONLY0.5%OF
THEWORLDSPOPULATION.
ITISTIMETHESPACEINDUSTRYINSEVERALCOUNTRIESBEGANTOEMBRACEFLOWTHROUGHSHAREFINANCING.
REMEMBERTHEBASICRULEFORSOPHISTICATEDINVESTORS:THETEAM,THEPROJECT,THEFINANCING.
IMMEDIATE100%WRITEOFFANDZEROCOSTBASEONSHARES,INADDITIONSOMEPROVINCESOFFERAN
INVESTMENTTAXCREDITTOTHECOMPANY(BC:UPTO30%).HENCEANINVESTORINTHE50%TAXBRACKETHAS
ANAFTERTAXCOSTOF50CENTSONTHEDOLLARINVESTEDANDTHECOMPANYGETS ~$1.25TOSPENDON
MINERALEXPLORATIONFOREACHDOLLARINVESTED.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
22
February16,2012
HOW TO DISCOVER AN OREBODY EFFICIENTLY WITH

SUCCESS CONTINGENT STEPS
FROM A LARGE AREA VECTORING INTO A SMALL TARGET
AREA TO STUDY IN DETAIL
SELECT EXPLORATION AREA (GEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL RECORDS)
REMOTE SENSING (SATELITTE, FIXED-WING, HELICOPTER SURVEYS)
GROUND TRUTH ANOMALIES FROM REMOTE SENSING
RECONNAISSANCE GEOCHEMISTRY (STREAM SILTS, LAKE SEDIMENTS)
PROSPECTING AND GEOLOGICAL MAPPING AND SAMPLING
GRIDDED SOIL SAMPLING
GROUND GEOPHYSICS (MAGNETIC, HORIZONTAL LOOP EM, 3D-IP)
TRENCHING /DRILLING (DEPOSIT DEFINITION & CHARACTERIZATION)
SCOPING STUDY (GENERAL ECONOMIC REVIEW , +/- 50%)
PRE-FEASIBILITY (ECONOMIC REVIEW, +/- 25%)
FEASIBILITY (DETAILED ECONOMIC REVIEW, +/- 15%)
PRODUCTION DECISION BY MANAGEMENT
FINANCING
DEVELOPMENT
OPERATIONS
THEEXPLORATIONANDDEVELOPMENTSUCCESSCONTINGENTPROCEDURESSHOWNHEREARETHE
STANDARDMINERALINDUSTRYSTEPSUSEDONEARTH.
ASAMINERALDISCOVERYADVANCESTHROUGHINCREASINGLYCOMPLEXAND MOREEXPENSIVE
EVALUATIONSTAGESTHERISKISDIMINISHEDANDTHEREWARD,ORLACK THEREOF,ISMORE
CLEARLYDEFINED.
ONTHEMOONANDMARSTHEMOSTIMPORTANTRESOURCEISWATER:LIFE SUPPORT(OXYGENAND
WATER),ROCKETPROPELLANTS(HYDROGENANDOXYGEN),FUELFORFUELCELLS(HYDROGENAND
OXYGEN)ASWELLASWATERFORAGRICULTUREANDAQUACULTURE.EXPLORATIONWILLBE
CONCENTRATEDONFINDINGWATERICEBURIEDINREGOLITHAND/ORCOLD TRAPSLOCATEDINTHE
PERMANENTLYSHADOWEDHIGHLATITUDEPOLARCRATERBOTTOMS.
THETARGETAREALOCATEDBYROBOTICSAMPLINGWILLNEEDTOBEAUGERDRILLEDTO~2METERS
DEPTHONAGRIDPATTERNTODEFINEALARGEENOUGHHYDROGENANDOXYGENRESERVE(PROVEN
ECONOMICRESOURCE)TOSATISFYTHEHUMAN(AIRANDWATER)ANDEQUIPMENT(ROCKET
PROPELLANTS,ANDFUELCELLFUEL)NEEDSFORATLEAST15YEARS.
NEUTRONACTIVATIONPROBEWOULDANALYZEFORHYDROGENATTHEBOREHOLEANDREPORT
RESULTSINREALTIME.
THEUSEOFHAMMERSEISMICMAYASSISTINDEFININGTHELUNARBEDROCKPROFILEANDANY
REGOLITHSUBSURFACEVARIATIONS(PERHAPSLAYERSOFWATERICE)WITHINTHEDEVELOPMENT
AREAPRIORTODRILLING.
IFWATERICEHAPPENSTOBEPRESENTINTHEHIGHLANDREGOLITHTHAT WILLCREATEEXCITEMENT
(HIGHGRADEORE)BUTITCOULDCREATESIGNIFICANTMININGCHALLENGESIFITISMASSIVEAND
CEMENTSTHEREGOLITHPARTICLES(PERMAFROST) ASTHISHARD(FROZEN)ANDABRASIVE(SHARP
ANGULARSILICA)MATERIALWILLBEDIFFICULTTODRILLANDTOEXCAVATE,LIKEFROZENALBERTAOIL
SANDSWHICHARETOUGH(NOTBRITTLE)ANDHIGHLYABRASIVE THESECONDITIONSREDUCE
MININGEFFICIENCYANDRAPIDLYWEARSCONTACTTOOLS.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
23
February16,2012
REMOTE SENSING
BY SATELLITES
MINERAL EXPLORATION
MULTISPECTRAL
PHOTOGRAPHIC
SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR
ASTER IMAGING
WORLDVIEW 2
IKONOS
RADARSAT 2
ELECTROMAGNETICSPECTRUM:RADIO=10*6Hz,INFRARED=10*13Hz,VISIBLELIGHT=10*15Hz,ULTRA
VIOLET=10*16Hz,GAMMARAYS=10*18Hz.
ONLYRADIOWAVESANDVISIBLELIGHTMAKEITTHROUGHEARTHSATMOSPHERE,ALLOTHER
WAVELENGTHSAREBLOCKEDATVARYINGDISTANCESBEFOREREACHINGTHE GROUND.
ITISINTERESTINGTONOTETHATRECENTADVANCESINTHEDETECTIONANDBETTERUNDERSTANDINGOF
NEUTRINOSHASRESULTEDINGEOPHYSICISTSSTARTINGTOUSENUETRINO OBSERVATIONSTODETERMINE
THEDISTRIBUTIONOFRADIOACTIVEISOTOPESONEARTH.REFERTOSCIENTIFICAMERICAN,MAY2010,FORA
STATUSOFTHESCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYRELATEDTONEUTRINOS.
MDAGEOSPATIALSERVICES,BASEDINRICHMONDBC,PROVIDESRADARSAT(1AND2)REMOTESYNTHETIC
APERATUREIMAGEDATATOTHEMININGINDUSTRY(SEE:www.gs.mdacorporation.com).
WORLDVIEW2,LAUNCHEDOCTOBER2009,ISTHEFIRSTHIGHRESOLUTION8BANDMULTISPECTRAL
COMMERCIALSATELLITE.OPERATINGATANALTITUDEOF770KILOMETERS,WORLDVIEW2PROVIDES46CM
PANCHROMATICRESOLUTIONAND1.85METER*MULTISPECTRALRESOLUTION.WORLDVIEW2HASAN
AVERAGEREVISITTIMEOF1.1DAYSANDISCAPABLEOFCOLLECTINGUP TO785,000SQUAREKILOMETERS
(303,000SQUAREMILES)OF8BANDIMAGERYPERDAY,GREATLYENHANCINGTHEDIGITALGLOBE
MULTISPECTRALCOLLECTIONCAPACITYFORMORERAPIDANDRELIABLECOLLECTION.
GEOEYEFIRSTMADEHISTORYWITHTHEIKONOSSATELLITELAUNCHONSEPT.24,1999.IKONOS,DERIVED
FROMTHEGREEKWORDFORIMAGE,ISTHEWORLD'SFIRSTCOMMERCIALSATELLITEABLETOCOLLECT
BLACKANDWHITE(PANCHROMATIC)IMAGESWITH82CENTIMETERRESOLUTIONANDMULTISPECTRAL
IMAGERYWITH4METERRESOLUTION.IMAGERYFROMBOTHSENSORSCANBEMERGEDTOCREATE1METER
COLORIMAGERY(PANSHARPENED).
ASTERISONEOFTHEFIVESTATEOFTHEARTINSTRUMENTSENSORSYSTEMSONBOARDTERRAASATELLITE
LAUNCHEDINDECEMBER1999.ITWASBUILTBYACONSORTIUMOFJAPANESEGOVERNMENT,INDUSTRY,
ANDRESEARCHGROUPS.ASTERMONITORSCLOUDCOVER,GLACIERS,LANDTEMPERATURE,LANDUSE,
NATURALDISASTERS,SEAICE,SNOWCOVERANDVEGETATIONPATTERNSATASPATIALRESOLUTIONOF90
TO15METERS.THEMULTISPECTRALIMAGESOBTAINEDFROMTHISSENSOR HAVE14DIFFERENTCOLORS,
WHICHALLOWSCIENTISTSTOINTERPRETWAVELENGTHSTHATCANNOTBESEENBYTHEHUMANEYE,SUCH
ASNEARINFRARED,SHORTWAVEINFRAREDANDTHERMALINFRAREDTHATAREUSEDBYTHEMINING
INDUSTRYLOOKINGFORALTERATIONMINERALSRELATEDTOOREBODIES(CLAYSANDIRONOXIDE).
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
24
February16,2012
VISIBLE COLOR ANOMALY

PHOTOGRAPHIC
PROSPECTORSHAVEALWAYSUSEDCOLOROFROCKSANDSOILSTOASSISTINEXPLORATIONFORMINERAL
OREBODIES.
THISPHOTOGRAPHSHOWSIRONOXIDESTAININGATTHECOPPERZONE ONTHETASCOMINERAL
PROPERTYNEARTASEKOLAKES,BRITISHCOLUMBIA,CANADA.THEPRESENCEOFSTRONGIRONOXIDE
STAININGOFTENMEANSTHEREMAYBEOTHERASSOCIATEDBASEANDPRECIOUSMETALSPRESENT,THAT
COULDBEINECONOMICABUNDANCE.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
25
February16,2012
KAOLINITE
ASTER MULTISPECTRAL
THISIMAGECOVERSTHEIRONOXIDEVISUALIMAGEONTHEPRIORSLIDE (COPPERZONEONTASCO
PROPERTY)NEARCENTEROFIMAGE ATM INMINERAL).
REMOTESENSING,BYSATELLITES,OFTHEABSORPTIONSPECTRUMFROMREFLECTEDSUNLIGHTPLAYSAN
IMPORTANTROLEINVECTORINGTOWARDMINERALDEPOSITDISCOVERY.
THISMULTISPECTRALASTERIMAGE(SOLARREFLECTANCEFROMEARTHSSURFACE)INTHISEXAMPLEWAS
PURCHASEDFROMTHEPROCESSESDISTRIBUTEDACTIVEARCHIVECENTEROPERATEDBYTHEUNITEDSTATES
GEOLOGICALSURVEY(USGS)ANDNASA.THEASTERIMAGERYCONTAINS14SPECTRALBANDSTHATCANBE
USEDFORSPECTRALANALYSISINTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFMINERALSONTHEEARTHSSURFACE.THEPIXEL
SIZEINTHISIMAGEIS15METERS.
AGROUNDFOLLOWUPTOCHECKTHESERESULTSISNORMALLYDONEUSINGAHANDHELDREFLECTANCE
SPECTROMETERSUPPORTED,WHEREWARRANTED,BYROCKANDSOILSAMPLINGANDCHEMICALANALYSIS.
ITISIMPORTANTTOUNDERSTANDTHATTHEPIXELSINTHISIMAGEAREPRECISELYINDEXEDTOTHEGPS
LOCATIONANDCANBEREADILYLOCATEDONSURFACEBYAGEOLOGISTOR PROSPECTORUSINGAHAND
HELDGPSUNITTOPROVIDEGROUNDTRUTHING.
NOTETHEUSEOFGOOGLEEARTHASTHEPLATFORM INPRESENTINGTHEREMOTESENSINGDATA.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
26
February16,2012
IRON OXIDE
ASTER MULTISPECTRAL
NOTETHATTHEIRONOXIDEANOMALYSHOWNTOTHELOWERRIGHTISTHE SAMELOCATIONSHOWNON
APREVIOUSSLIDE(VISIBLECOLOURANOMALY)THATISAPHOTOGRAPHOFARUSTYGROUNDSURFACE.IT
ISALSOTHESAMEAREASHOWINGAKAOLINITEANOMALYONTHEPREVIOUSSLIDE.THESEASSOCIATIONS
AREASTRONGINDICATOROFAPOSSIBLEPORPHYRYCOPPERDEPOSITBEINGPRESENTBECAUSETHEREARE
KNOWNLARGEPORPHYRYOREDEPOSITSINTHEGENERALAREA.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
27
February16,2012
EFFECTIVE HIGH RESOLUTION AIRBORNE

GEOPHYSICAL METHODS USED ON EARTH THAT
NEED A SURVEY TRANSPORT PLATFORM IN ZERO
OR LOW DENSITY ATMOSPHERE
ELECTROMAGNETIC (CONDUCTORS)
GRAVIMETRIC
MAGNETIC (MAGNETITE)
PHOTOGRAPHIC
RADIOMETRIC (U, Th, K)
SPECTROGRAPHIC (SUNLIGHT)
SYNTHETIC APERATURE RADAR
ALL OF THESE EARTH SYSTEMS PRESENTLY DEPEND ON DIFFERENTIAL

GPS LINKED TO GIS PROGRAMS - SO HAVING LUNAR AND MARS GPS
SYSTEMS WILL BE NECESSARY TO SUPPORT EFFICIENT HIGH PRECISION
MINERAL EXLORATION SURVEYS AND FUTURE MINING OPERATIONS
WITHNOATMOSPHERETOFACILITATEFIXEDWINGORHELICOPTERTRANSPORTON
THEMOONANDMARSSOMEOTHERTRANSPORTMECHANISMWILLNEEDTOBE
DEVELOPEDINORDERTOFLY THESEGEOPHYSICALINSTRUMENTSATLOW
ALTITUDES.ELECTROMAGNETIC(EM),MAGNETIC,GRAVIMETRICANDRADIOMETRIC
REQUIREHIGHRESOLUTIONANDAREBESTCONDUCTEDWITHSENSORSNOTMORE
THAN100METERSABOVETHEGROUNDSURFACE.
GIVENTHESMALLDIAMETEROFTHEMOON,PERHAPSASINGLELAUNCHTO LUNAR
ORBITWOULDFACILITATEACONSTELLATIONOFSATELLITESTOPROVIDEAGPS
SYSTEM.MINORPROPULSIONSYSTEMSWOULDNEEDTOBEONEACHSATELLITETO
MOVETHEMINTOAPROPERLYSPACEDGPSSATELLITECONSTELLATION.THEMAJOR
CHALLENGEISTOSIGNIFICANTLYREDUCETHESIZEOFEARTHSGPSSATELLITES.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
28
February16,2012
ZTEM
(AFMAG)
GEOTECH
VTEM
AS350B2 ASTAR SURVEY PLATFORM
GEOTECH
ZTEM
AFMAG
VTEM
AEROTEM II
AEROQUEST
AeroTEM II
THESESYSTEMSREQUIREASURVEYPLATFORMINZEROORLOWDENSITYATMOSPHEREIFTHEYARE
TOBEUSEDONTHEMOONANDMARSRESPECTIVELY.
ZTEM(AFMAGAT30HZTO700HZ)ISABLETODETECTLARGEMINERALBODIES(PORPHYRYCOPPER)
THROUGHTHINCOVERSUCHASGLACIALOVERBURDENORYOUNGVOLCANICCAPPING.ITDOES
DEPENDUPONLIGHTENINGTOGENERATETHELOWFREQUENCYEMWAVES SOPROBABLYHASNO
CHANCEONTHEMOON.
THEZTEMORZAXISTIPPERELECTROMAGNETICSYSTEMISANINNOVATIVEAIRBORNEEMSYSTEM
WHICHUSESTHENATURALORPASSIVEFIELDSOFTHEEARTHASTHESOURCEOFTRANSMITTED
ENERGY.THEEARTHANDIONOSPHERE,BOTHCONDUCTIVE,ACTASAWAVEGUIDETOTRANSMIT
THESOURCEENERGYGREATDISTANCES.DUETOTHEMANNERINWHICHTHEYPROPAGATE,THESE
NATURALFIELDSAREPLANARANDHORIZONTAL.ANYVERTICALFIELDISCAUSEDBYCONDUCTIVITY
CONTRASTSINTHEEARTH.THEVERTICALEMFIELDISREFERENCEDTOTHEHORIZONTALEMFIELDAS
MEASUREDBYASETOFHORIZONTALBASESTATIONCOILS.THEPROPRIETARYRECEIVERDESIGNUSING
THEADVANTAGESOFMODERNDIGITALELECTRONICSANDSIGNALPROCESSINGDELIVERS
EXCEPTIONALLYLOWNOISELEVELS.
GEOTECHSVTEMHASBEENDESIGNEDTODETECTANDDISCRIMINATEBETWEENMODERATETO
EXCELLENTCONDUCTORSUSINGALOWBASEFREQUENCY,LONGPULSEWIDTH,ANDDERIVEDBFIELD.
THEBFIELDISDERIVEDFROMINTEGRATINGDATACOLLECTEDAT96KHZOVERTHEENTIRE
WAVEFORM.
AEROTEMISANINNOVATIVEAPPROACHTOGEOPHYSICALSURVEYINGWITHITSORIGINALCONCEPT
OFACONCENTRICCOILHELICOPTERBORNETIMEDOMAINEMSYSTEM.
AEROQUESTHASDEVELOPED3GENERATIONSOFAEROTEMSYSTEMSANDHAS BEENCONTINUOUSLY
REFININGTHEDESIGNSASANEXPLORATIONTOOLTHATISOPTIMIZEDTO PROVIDETHEMAXIMUM
AMOUNTOFINFORMATIONONTHETARGETAPPLICATION.THECOMBINATION OFRESOLUTION,
CONDUCTANCEDISCRIMINATION,ANDGEOMETRICINFORMATIONRESULTSIN ASYSTEMWITHAWIDE
APPLICABILITY.
GEOTECHUSESAGEOMETRICS/SCINTREXSPLITBEAMTOTALFIELDMAGNETICSENSOR,WITHA
SAMPLINGINTERVALOF0.1SECONDSANDANINFLIGHTSENSITIVITYOF0.02NTISUTILIZED.THE
MAGNETOMETERWILLPERFORMCONTINUOUSLYINAREASOFHIGHMAGNETIC GRADIENTWITHTHE
AMBIENTRANGEOFTHESENSORAPPROXIMATELY20K100KNT.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
29
February16,2012
AIRBORNE MAGNETICS
(HELICOPTER PLATFORM)
COPPER ZONE X
THISIMAGEOFTOTALFIELDMAGNETICRESPONSEISBASEDUPONANAIRBORNEAEROTEMIISURVEY
ATTHETASCOPROPERTYIN2008,USINGAHELICOPTERPLATFORM,BYAEROQUESTLIMITED,
MISSISSAUGA,ONTARIO.THISISTHESAMEAREATHATSHOWEDKAOLINITE,IRONOXIDE(ASTER)AND
VISIBLERUSTINAPHOTOGRAPHONPREVIOUSSLIDES.THEMAGNETOMETERWASFLOWNAT~50
METERSABOVETHEGROUNDSURFACE.
THECOMBINATIONOFASTERMULTISPECTRALSATELLITEIMAGINGALONGWITHHELICOPTERBORNE
EMANDMAGNETICSURVEYS,BOTHBYREMOTESENSING,MAKESFORAPOWERFULANDSUCCESSFUL
COMBINATIONOFPROSPECTINGTOOLSWHENSEARCHINGFORMINERALOREBODIES.
AGAINNOTICETHEGOOGLEEARTHPRESENTATIONPLATFORM.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
30
February16,2012
GEOTECH ZTEM
HELICOPTER BORNE SURVEY
30HZ IP DT
OVER ONE BILLION MT
PORPHRY COPPER
OREBODY
THELARGEOREBODYINTHISIMAGEISLOCATEDATTHETWOREDOVALSINTHECENTEROFTHE
IMAGE.THESEREPRESENTTHEHIGHRESISTIVITYCORES(POTASSICZONE)OFTWOFELSICIGNEOUS
STOCKSSURROUNDEDBYLOWERRESISTIVITYPHYLLICZONEANDPROPYLITICZONEALERATION
(YELLOWTOBLUE).NOTETHEDRILLROADSANDPADSINANDAROUNDTHEPOTASSICZONES.THIS
2010ZTEMSURVEYWASCONDUCTEDBYGEOTECHINSOUTHWESTERNBRITISHCOLUMBIA,NEARTHE
TOWNOFLILLOOET.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
31
February16,2012
EXCEL GEOPHYSICS INC

LONGLINE GRAVITY
3DGRAVITYGRADIENTEQUIPMENT(ROTATINGACCELEROMETERGRAVITYGRADIOMETER)DESIGNED
ANDBUILTBYBELLAEROSPACE(NOWLOCKHEEDMARTIN)HASREVOLUTIONIZEDTHEUSEOFGRAVITY
ASAREMOTESENSINGTOOLFORMINERALEXPLORATION.
THISHIGHRESOLUTIONGRAVITYGRADIENTSYSTEMISFROMTHEUSANAVYWHEREITWASUSEDFOR
SILENTUNDERWATERNAVIGATIONBYSUBMARINES.
THEGROUNDSTATIONGRAVITYSURVEYSSHOWNARETOESTABLISHSURFACEQUALITYCONTROL
POINTSFORTHEWIDEAREAAIRBORNEGRADIENTGRAVITYSYSTEM.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
32
February16,2012
EFFECTIVE HIGH RESOLUTION GEOPHYSICAL,

GEOCHEMICAL AND GEOLOGIC METHODS USED ON
EARTH TO DISCOVER AND DELINEATE MINERAL DEPOSITS
DRILLING, SAMPLING & ANALYSES

ELECTROMAGNETIC (IP, EM, VLF-EM)
GEOCHEMICAL SAMPLING & ANALYSES (BIO, MMI, ETC.)
GRAVIMETRIC
GROUND PENETRATING RADAR
MAGNETIC (MAGNETITE)
RADIOMETRIC (U, Th, K)
SEISMIC
SPECTRAL GAMMA LOGGING OF BOREHOLES
SPECTROGRAPHIC (SUNLIGHT)
TRENCHING, MAPPING, SAMPLING & ANALYSES
X-RAY FLOURESCENCE (XRF)
X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD)
RECENTADVANCESINELECTRONICSANDCOMPUTATIONALPOWER(HARDWARE ANDSOFTWARE)
HAVEFACILITATEDMANYHIGHRESOLUTIONGEOPHYSICALSURVEYMETHODS INCLUDINGBUTNOT
LIMITEDTO:3DINDUCEDPOLARIZATION(3DIP),3DSEISMICANDZTEM(SEE:www.geotech.ca).
THESEMETHODSARENOWAIDINGINDISCOVERYOFNEWOREBODIESTHATWERENOTDETECTABLE
BYOLDERGEOPHYSICALMETHODS.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
33
February16,2012
SURFACE EXPLORATION
REMOTESENSINGCANLEADEXPLORATIONTEAMSTOAPOSSIBLEMINERALOREBODYBUTNOWTHEWORK
MUSTTURNTOONTHEGROUNDMETHODSTOFURTHERDEFINETHEPOTENTIALOFTHEREMOTESENSED
ANOMALIES.
INITIALSTAGESNORMALLYINCLUDECLAIMSTAKING,RECONNAISANCEGEOCHEMICALSURVEYSOFSILTSIN
STREAMSANDINLAKEBOTTOMSEDIMENTS,PROSPECTING,GEOLOGICALMAPPINGANDSAMPLING,GRID
GEOCHEMICALSOILSAMPLINGANDGRIDBIOGEOCHEMICAL(TREEBARKAND TREEBRANCHTIPS)SAMPLING.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
34
February16,2012
CALGARY INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT 2001
ANALOG FOR SEARCHING FOR
WATER ICE UNDER LUNAR OR
MARS REGOLITH
NOGGIN 250 MHz SMART CART
GROUND PENETRATING
RADAR (GPR) SURVEY
(SENSORS & SOFTWARE, INC.)
&
6-C HAMMER SEISMIC SURVEY
USING 60 CHANNEL EG&G
SEISMIC RECORDER AND 20 3C GEOPHONES
USING A SMALL SLEDGE
HAMMER TO STRIKE A
CLEATED BASE PLATE ON
TOP (P-WAVE) EAST TO WEST
(SH-WAVE) THEN WEST TO
EAST (OPPOSITELY
POLARIZED SH-WAVE)
GROUNDPENETRATINGRADARANDSEISMICSURVEYSWOULDBEUSEFULINDETECTINGAND
DELINEATINGWATERICELAYERSTHATMAYBEINSHALLOWLAYERSBELOW/INTHELUNARANDMARS
REGOLITHS.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
35
February16,2012
3D INDUCED POLARIZATION
(3D-IP) SURVEYS
SJ GEOPHYSICS LTD.
SEARCHING FOR METALLIC
DEPOSITS (MASSIVE AND
DISSEMINATED)
3DIPISACOMPLEXBUTVERYEFFECTIVEELECTRICALMETHODDEFININGPOTENTIALDRILLTARGETS
TOATLEAST400METERSDEPTH.
TITAN24ISINDUSTRYRENOWNFORIMAGINGTHESUBSURFACEATDEPTHS GREATERTHAN
TRADITIONALTECHNOLOGIES.BYEXPLOITINGTHEBENEFITSOFDISTRIBUTEDANDMULTIPARAMETER
DATA,QUANTECGEOSCIENCECLIENTSOBTAINDETAILEDINFORMATIONONRESOURCES,ALTERATION,
STRUCTUREANDGEOLOGYLEADINGTOMORECOSTEFFECTIVEDRILLTARGETINGNEARSURFACEAND
UPTODEPTHSOF1.5KM.THESHEERSIZEOFTHETITAN24SURVEYWAS COMPREHENSIVEENOUGHTO
ESTABLISHQUANTECASLEADERSOFGEOPHYSICALSERVICES.THENUMBER 24ISEMBLEMATICOFTHE
SURVEYSCUTTINGEDGEFEATURES:ALONGERLINELENGTHFORGREATERDATACOLLECTION;
INCREASEDEQUIPMENTFORALARGENETWORKOFSIMULTANEOUSSENSORS; BETTERQUALITYOF
EQUIPMENTWITH24BITTECHNOLOGY;SENSITIVITYADJUSTMENTFORLOCALCONDITIONS;AND TIME
SERIESCOLLECTION.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
36
REQUIRES VLF
TRANSMITTERS ON MOON
AND MARS SIMILAR TO
SUBMARINE RADIO
FREQUENCIES ON EARTH
February16,2012
LOOP-EM
TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER
VLF-EM RECEIVER
VLFEMUNITRECEIVESSTRONGESTSIGNALWHENTRANSMITTINGSTATIONISALIGNEDWITHAXISOF
CONDUCTORBEINGEXPLORED.CROSSOVERSINRADIOEMWAVESINDICATESABURIEDCONDUCTOR.
NOTETHATUSAANDRUSSIANNAVIESUSEAVLFEMSIGNALFROMLANDOF~30,000HZ(WAVESPER
SECOND)THATCANBEPICKEDUPBYSUBMARINESTODEPTHSOF20METERS.THESEVLFEMSIGNALS
AREUSEDEXTENSIVELYBYTHEMININGINDUSTRYFORVLFEMSURVEYS.NOTETHATATTHIS
FREQUENCYTHEWAVELENGTHIS~10KM(VELOCITY(SPEEDOFLIGHT)=FREQUENCYXWAVELENGTH).
THEVLFEMUNITSHOWNISSMALL(3x9x6INCHES)ANDVERYPORTABLEANDREQUIRESLOWPOWER
ASITISRECEIVINGTHERADIOSIGNALGENERATEDFORSUBMARINECOMMUNICATIONS(NOT
TRANSMITTING).THEUNITISMEASURINGTHEBENDING OFRADIOWAVESASTHEYPASSTHROUGH
ANDAROUNDELECTROMAGNETICCONDUCTIVESOURCESINTHEGROUND.
THEHANDHELDLOOPEMMETHODWOULDHAVEDIRECTAPPLICATIONONTHEMOONANDMARS
(INTERNALTRANSMITTEDEMPOWERSOURCE)WHILETHEVLFEMMETHODWOULDREQUIREAN
INDEPENDENTSTRONGRADIOSOURCE(INTHE14TO30kHzRANGE)LOCATEDONTHEMOONAND
MARS.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
37
February16,2012
THE BEEP MAT

(EM AND MAGNETICS)
INSTRUMENTATION GDD INC.
THEBEEPMATISAPOWERFULMINIATURIZEDELECTROMAGNETICSURVEY
INSTRUMENTTHATEFFICIENTLYANDINEXPENSIVELYDETECTSCONDUCTIVE AND
MAGNETICOUTCROPS,SUBCROPSORBOULDERSHIDDENUNDERUPTO10FEET(3
METERS)OFOVERBURDEN.THISUNITWOULDHAVEDIRECTAPPLICATIONONTHE
MOONANDMARS.
WITHITSINCREASEDMEMORYANDITSNEWSOFTWARE,THEBEEPMAT,MODEL
BM8,ENABLESTHESTORAGEOFUPTO100HOURSOFFIELDSURVEY.THE BM8
READINGMODULERECORDSTHEMAGNETICSUSCEPTIBILITYANDTHECONDUCTIVITY
10TIMESPERSECONDWHILETHEGPSPOSITIONISRECORDEDONCEPERSECOND.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
38
February16,2012
OLYMPUS CORPORATION
INNOV-X SYSTEMS
XRF AND XRD INSTRUMENTS
INSPECTOR EXP
GEIGER MUELLER TUBE
RADIATION DETECTOR
ASD INC.
MULTISPECTRAL &
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING
ABSORPTION SPECTRA
(HAND-HELD PDA WITH
GPS & GIS)
THESEHANDHELDDEVICESFACILITATERAPIDFIELDANALYSISTODETERMINEMINERALANDELEMENT
CONCENTRATION(MUCHHIGHERTECHNOLOGYTHANTHEPROSPECTORSGOLDPAN).
ALLOFTHESEMETHODSWOULDHAVEGOODAPPLICATIONONTHEMOONAND MARS.
MOREWORKNEEDSTOBEDONEONPERFECTINGAMOBILECOMPACTANDRUGGEDLASER
ABLATION/MASSSPECTROMETERINSTRUMENTFORDETECTINGANDPRECISELYMEASURINGLOW
CONCENTRATIONSOFGOLD,SILVER,RATEEARTHSANDPGEs.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
39
February16,2012
DELINEATING AN OREBODY
IFINITIALSTAGEEXPLORATIONISSUCCESSFUL,INFURTHERDEFINITIONOFANINTERESTINGPOTENTIAL
MINERALDEPOSIT,THENTHEMOREEXPENSIVEGROUNDMETHODS,INCLUDINGTRENCHINGANDDRILLING
AREWARRANTED.
THESEMETHODSOFEXPLORATION,DISCOVERYANDRESOURCEDEFINITION, ASCONDUCTEDONEARTH
TODAY,WILLNEEDTOBEAPPLIEDINASIMILARFASHIONONTHEMOON, MARS,ASTERIODS,COMETSAND
THEMOONSOFJUPITERANDSATURN WITHDUECONSIDERATIONFORTHEEXTREMESOFTEMPERATURE,
ATMOSPHERE(ORLACKTHEREOF),AVAILABILITYOFWATERANDCOSMICRAYBOMBARDMENT.
PLANETARYBODIESTHATAREMINERALRICHANDAREIMPORTANTFORHUMANADVANCEMENTINTOTHE
COSMOSWILLNEEDTOBEEQUIPPEDWITHNUCLEARPOWER,GPSANDSUITABLEHUMANHABITATS,AND
HAVEAREADILYAVAILABLEANDABUNDANTWATERRESERVE.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
40
February16,2012
FEASIBILITY STUDY
EXAMPLEOFGRIDDRILLINGTODEFINEAMINERALDEPOSIT
CROSS SECTION
CORE DRILLING
ASAMINERALDISCOVERYADVANCESTHROUGHINCREASINGLYCOMPLEXAND MOREEXPENSIVEEVALUATION
STAGESTHERISKISDIMINISHEDANDTHEREWARD,ORLACKTHEREOF,ISMORECLEARLYDEFINED.
NORMALSTAGESOFREVIEWANDREPORTINGINCLUDE:ORDEROFMAGNITUDE,SCOPING,PREFEASIBILITY
ANDFEASIBILITY.THEOBJECTIVEISTOMAXIMIZETHEDCFNPVOFTHEDEPOSITBYREVIEWINGVARIOUS
COMBINATIONSOFMININGANDPROCESSINGANDTHEREBYDETERMINEITSTECHNICALFEASIBILITYAND
ECONOMICVIABILITY.
EACHSTAGEREQUIRESINCREASINGAMOUNTSOFMONEYFORDRILLING,SAMPLINGANDMETALLURGICAL
TESTING.THECROSSSECTIONOFANOREBODYABOVESHOWSASTEPTOWARDTHE3DSPATIALDEFINITION
(OREBODYMODEL)OFTHETARGETMINERALINRELATIONTOTHESTRIPRATIO,TONNAGE,GRADE,RECOVERY
ANDWORKINDEX.THENUSINGCOMPUTERHOSTEDALGORITHIMS(INCLUDINGBLOCKMODELLING)THE
VARIOUSEXTRACTIONANDPROCESSINGMETHODSCANBEEVALUATED/OPTIMIZEDANDTHEECONOMICSOF
THEVENTUREDEFINED.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
41
February16,2012
MOBILE EQUIPMENT ON THE MOON

MUST BE RELIABLE, FLEXIBLE AND
REDUNDANT TO MINIMIZE COSTS
RELATED TO TRAINING, PARTS
INVENTORY, OPERATING AND TO
OPTIMIZE SAFETY
MENTIONPROBLEMSONEARTHWITHMINESINREMOTELOCATIONSUSINGPROTOTYPEAND/OR
MIXEDEQUIPMENTFLEETSTHATCANRESULTINBUSINESSFAILURE.
RADIATION:COSMICANDSOLAR COSMICRAYSAREPRINCIPALLYIONS MOSTLYPROTONSANDA
FEWHEAVYNUCLEITRAVELINGATNEARTHESPEEDOFLIGHT.PROTECTIONFROMSOLARRADIATION
~20CENTIMETERSOFREGOLITH,FROMCOSMICRADIATION~1.5METERSOFREGOLITH.THERE
SHOULDBEALOTOFRESEARCHGOINGONNOWTOFINDSHIELDAGAINSTTHISSPACERADIATION
DANGER.
LUNAREQUITORIALSURFACEGRAVITY:1.6METERS/SEC2 (EARTH:9.8METERS/SEC2).
TILTOFLUNARAXISIS1.53DEGREESRELATIVETOTHEMOONSORBITALPLANEAROUNDTHESUN.
THISNEARPERPENDICULARANGLEALLOWSPOLARREGIONHIGHTOPOGRAPHICAREASTOBEIN
ALMOSTCONSTANTSUNLIGHTWHILETOPOGRAPHICLOWS,SUCHASMANYCRATERBOTTOMS,AREIN
PERPETUALSHADE.
50%OFDUSTPARTICLESONMOONBETWEEN20AND100MICRONS,ANDTHEPARTICLESARE
ANGULARANDSHARPANDHIGHLYABRASIVE(HIGHSILICACONTENT).
DUSTLEVITATESATTHETERMINATORBECAUSEOFCHARGECHANGE(DAY+ ANDNIGHT).NOTSURE
WHATHAPPENSATPOLES.MOREREMOTESENSINGNEEDEDONTHISPHENOMENON.THELARGE
ELECTRICALCONDUCTIVITYCHANGEWITHVISIBLEANDUVIRRADIATION,COMBINEDWITHTHEVERY
LOWELECTRICALCONDUCTIVITYANDDIELECTRICLOSSESOFLUNARMATERIALS,CANPRODUCEAN
EXTREMELYEFFICIENTELECTROSTATICCHARGINGMECHANISMBETWEENOPPOSITESIDESOFTHE
LUNARTERMINATOR.LUNARDUSTMITIGATIONISANAREAOFRESEARCHTHATNEEDSMORE
ATTENTION.
NOTETHATWHILELUNARGRAVITYIS~1/6EARTHGRAVITY,F=MASTILLAPPLIESSOEQUIPMENT
DESIGNISTHESAMEASONEARTHTOWITHSTANDTHESAMEACCELERATIONANDDECELERATION
FORCES.INADDITION,EQUIPMENTSHOULDBEDESIGNEDLATERALLYWIDE ANDVERTICALLYLOWTO
MITIGATEAGAINSTTIPPING.ALSO,SWINGHYDRAULICSSHOULDBESLOWEDTOLOWER
ACCELERATIONANDDECELERATONFORCESTHATCOULDRESULTINTIPPING OFEQUIPMENT.
THEMAINTENANCEOFPROPEROPERATINGTEMPERATURESTHROUGHOUTTHEEQUIPMENTATALL
TIMESWILLBEIMPORTANTASISOLATEDHEATBUILDUPDURINGOPERATIONCOULDCAUSEFAILURES
(NOATMOSPHERICCONVECTIONINLUNARVACCUUM),ASCOULDDEEPCOLD ATIDLETIMEDURING
LUNARNIGHTORATALLTIMESINDARKCOLDTRAPS.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
42
February16,2012
NOTETHATONEARTH,ATMININGANDCONSTRUCTIONSITES,THEMOSTFLEXIBLEPIECEOFMOBILE
EQUIPMENTISTHETRACKEDEXCAVATOR.
ITISIMPORTANTTOUNDERSTANDTHATTHECREWSMUSTINCLUDEACOMBINATIONOFSKILLS
INCLUDINGSTABLE,INTELLIGENT,EDUCATED,EXPERIENCEDANDPRACTICALINDIVIDUALS.
MYEXPERIENCEATREMOTEMINESSHOWSTHATALLINDIVIDUALSMUSTCONTRIBUTETOTHE
SUCCESSFULACCOMPLISHMENTOFPROJECTOBJECTIVES.THEMAJORCONTRIBUTORS,ONTHEJOB,
TOREMOTEOPERATIONSSUCCESSARETHEMECHANICS,WELDERS,ELECTRICIANS,MILLWRIGHTS,
ELECTRONICSTECHNICIANS,ETC. MORESOTHANTHEENGINEERSANDSCIENTISTS.
CAREFULLYSELECTCREWMEMBERSTOBEEXPERIENCEDANDMENTALLYSTABLE(CAPABLE).
MAINTAINGOODCREWQUARTERSWITHRECREATIONALANDMEDICALFACILITIESTOENSUREHIGH
MORAL.
RELIABLESOURCEOFELECTRICPOWERANDHEATISESSENTIAL INMYOPINIONNUCLEAR(FISSION)IS
THEBESTGENERATOR.
CROSSTRAINCREWMEMBERSTOENHANCEMULTITASKINGCAPABILITIES.
STANDARDIZEEQUIPMENTASMUCHASPOSSIBLEINCLUDINGMECHANICAL,ELECTRICALAND
HYDRAULIC FUNCTIONSANDFITTINGS.
MAINTAINSUFFICIENTINVENTORYOFSPAREPARTSANDMATERIALSTOOPERATEEFFICIENTLY.
MAINTAINAMODERNMECHANICAL,MACHININGANDELECTRICALSHOPTOOPTIMIZEEQUIPMENT
AVAILABILITYANDPRODUCTIVITY(PREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEANDREPAIR).
MAINTAINANEFFICIENTCOMMUNICATIONSNETWORKON,TO/FROMTHEOPERATIONSSITE,WITH
INTERNETACCESSTOTHECREW(GOOGLESVINTONSERFISWORKINGONANEWPLANETARYAND
INTERPLANETARYINTERNET,SEE:HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=XTMYM3GMYOQ).
AGOODANALOGFORTHELUNARBASEISTHEDISTANTEARLYWARNINGLINE(DEWLINE)BUILTBY
THEUSAAIRFORCEACROSSTHEUSAANDCANADIANHIGHARCTICDURINGTHECOLDWAR.THEDEW
LINERECORDS,IFSTILLAVAILABLE,WOULDBEAVALUABLESOURCEOFINFORMATIONINPLANNING
THELUNARBASE.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
43
February16,2012
EQUIPMENTMUSTBEVERSATILESOTHATITCANPERFORMBOTHDEVELOPMENT
ANDOPERATIONSTASKS.
FIRSTEQUIPMENTSHOULDBESMALL,ANDTHENASDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSES
ANDOPERATIONSMATURE,LARGER(BUTSIMILAR)EQUIPMENTSHOULDBE
DEPLOYED.
THEFIRSTSMALLEQUIPMENTCOULDTHENBEADAPTED(NUCLEARPOWER(RTGS),
EXTRAHEATTRACING,INSULATING,ETC.)FOREXPLORATIONOFDEEPCOLDTRAPSIN
CRATERBOTTOMSINTHEVICINITYOFTHELUNARMININGBASEEXPLORINGFOR
WATERICEDEPOSITS(HIGHRISK,HIGHREWARDVENTURE).
BEAWARETHATMININGPERMAFROSTONEARTHISEXTREMELYDIFFICULT (TOUGH
(STRONG)ANDABRASIVE) ITWILLBENODIFFERENTONTHEMOONANDMARS.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
44
February16,2012
THETRAILERLOWERCARBODYISFROMTHEEXCAVATOR(IDENTICAL)ANDITINCLUDESTHEHYDRAULICDRIVE
MOTOR.THEEXCAVATORHYDRAULICPUMPHASTHECAPACITYTOPOWERBOTHCRAWLERS(EXCAVATORAND
TRAILER)ASLONGASTHEEXCAVATORDIGGINGFUNCTIONISOFF.IFREQUIREDTHISTRACKEDCONFIGURATION
CANNEGOTIATEA30DEGREESLOPE.
THESWINGFUNCTIONSHOULDHAVEREDUCEDFLUIDFLOWTOENSURESWINGSPEEDISSLOWEDTOPREVENT
OVERBALANCINGF=MAVSNORMALFORCEONMACHINEINTHELUNARLOWGRAVITY.
LUNARMININGWOULDBEDONEDURINGTHEDAYTIMEANDPROCESSINGWOULDBEDONEATNIGHT.
OPERATIONCREWSWOULDINCLUDE,ATLEAST:MINEENGINEER,EXTRACTIVEMETALLURGICALENGINEER,
ELECTRICIAN,MECHANICANDEQUIPMENTSPECIALIST THEYWOULDBECROSSTRAINEDTOBOTHMINEAND
PROCESSANDTHEYWOULDNEEDTOHAVEINDUSTRIALFIRSTAIDTRAINING.
NOTETHATTHEEXCAVATORATTACHEMENTCANBEREMOVEDIFTHEUNITISTOBEUSEDMOSTLYFOR
TRANSPORT.
FORDEEPCOLDCRATEREXPLORATIONTHELUNAREXCAVATORSSHOULDBEEQUIPPEDWITHANUCLEARPOWER
SOURCE,EXTENSIVEHEATTRACING,FLUIDRESERVOIRHEATERS,ETC.
THEEXCAVATORSHOULDBEEQUIPPEDWITHTHEEXTRAWIDECRAWLERFRAMEOPTIONFORSTABILITY.IN
ADDITION,SPARECRAWLERTRACKSCOULDBEHUNGAROUNDTHELOWERSWINGFRAMETOADDADDITIONAL
NORMALFORCEFORINCREASEDSTABILITYFROMTIPPING.
THEEXCAVATORBUCKETSIZEANDUPPERFRAMESHOULDREMAINTHESAME ASONEARTHDUETOF=MA.1
NEUTON=1KGM/SEC2.
PREPARINGEQUIPMENTFORCOLDSINKENTRYCOULDINCLUDEARADIOISOTOPETHERMOELECTRICGENERATOR
USINGPU238WITHAHALFLIFEOF87.7YEARS.
THEEXCAVATORSTRUCTURALDESIGNSHOULDREMAINTHESAMEASONEARTH.BECAUSEOFLOWLUNAR
GRAVITYTHECARRYINGCAPACITY(MASS)OFTHECRAWLERTRAILER MAYBESUBSTANTIALLYINCREASED(~6
TIMES).THISISCOMMONONEARTHWHEREASTANDARDCARBODYANDDRIVETRAINWILL(1)CARRYASMALL
VOLUMEBOXWHENMININGHIGHSPECIFICGRAVITYSULFIDES,OR(2)CARRYALARGEVOLUMEBOXWHEN
MININGLOWSPECIFICGRAVITYCOAL.
EXCAVATORWILLPROBABLYBEPOWEREDBYAFUELCELLWITHCAPACITORSANDBATTERIESTOFACILITATE
ACCELERATION.UTCPOWER(UNITEDTECHNOLOGIESCORP),BALLARDPOWERSYSTEMS,INC.,GENERAL
HYDROGEN(CANADA)CORPORATION.MUSTBEABLETOBURN PUREOXYGEN(RATHERTHANAIR)AND
HYDROGEN.
MOREEFFORTSHOULDBEFOCUSEDUPONRESEARCHFORPOWERINGMOBILEEQUIPMENTWITHNUCLEAR(FORD
ANNOUNCEDSOMEPRELIMINARYWORKONTHISINTHE1950s).
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
45
February16,2012
NUCLEAR:PBMR,TOSHIBA4S(supersafe,smallandsimple),SANDIA.USEFUELCELL~100KWAS
EMERGENCYPOWERSOMUSTALWAYSHAVEENOUGHOXYGENANDHYDROGENONHANDFOR
RUNNINGTHEEMERGENCYPOWERSOURCEFORSAY60DAYS.
FACILITIESWOULDBEOPERATEDATREDUCEDOXYGENPRESSURE(~3.5psi)ASUSEDINMERCURY,
GEMINIANDAPOLLOSPACESUITS.NOTETHATNORMALAIRAT~80%NITROGENACTSASAFIRE
RETARDER.NITROGENAPPEARSTOBEVERYRAREONTHEMOONASITIS NOTPARTOFTHEROCK
FORMINGPROCESSANDTHELUNARGAVITYISTOOLOWTORETAINTHEELEMENTASAN
ATMOSPHERE.
IEEE802.16(211GHzLOCAL&1066GHzTOWERTOTOWER)WIRELESSWIMAX(Worldwide
InteroperabilityforMicrowaveAccess) MESHNETWORKS:SOUTHEASTALBERTAINSTALLATIONWITH
MULTISPECTRUMWIFI/WIMAXMESHNETWORKSERVICESWITHDATA,VOICEANDVIDEO
CAPABILITY.
DEPLOYMENTOFOPTICALCOMMUNICATIONSINSPACEWILLGREATLYINCREASEBAUDRATE,REDUCE
POWERNEEDSANDGREATLYREDUCE(DUETOFOCUSEDBEAM)THEELECTROMAGNETICSPECTRUM
NOISECAUSEDBYPRESENTLONGERWAVELENGTHRADIO COMMUNICATIONS.IN2001EUROPEAN
SPACEAGENCYANNOUNCEDANOPTICALDATALINKSILEX BETWEENTWOSATELITESANDANEARTH
STATIONATARATEOF50MILLIONBAUD(50Mbps).THEESAOPTICALCOMMUNICATIONSCONTINUE
WITHARECENTSUCCESSFULTEST(DECEMBER2005)BETWEENJAXASKIRARI(OICETS OPTICAL
INTERORBITCOMMUNICATIONSENGINEERINGTESTSATELLITE)ANDESASARTEMISSATELLITE
(ADVANCEDRELAYANDTECHNOLOGYMISSION).
COMMUNICATIONSCONTACT:HUGHHARIF,SPACEINITIATIVESMANAGER,U.S.CIVILPROGRAMS,
CISCOSYSTEMS,INC.
PRIVATESATELLITEEARTHSTATIONOPERATORS:GLOBECOMMSYSTEMS,INC.(GSI),ORBCOMM,INC.
LUNARGPSWILLBEIMPORTANTTOFACILITATEEFFICIENTEXPLORATIONANDMINING(USINGGIS
SOFTWARE).ALSOGPSISUSEDEXTENSIVELYONEARTH(MININGANDPORTOPERATIONS)FOR
COLLISIONAVOIDANCEBETWEENMOBILEEQUIPMENT,MOBILEEQUIPMENT/STATIONARY
STRUCTURESANDMOBILEEQUIPMENT/HUMANS.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
46
February16,2012
PROCESSING OF MINED MATERIAL

MOON AND MARS
BECAUSE OF THE PROBABLE HETEROGENIOUS LOW-GRADE
NATURE OF LUNAR RESOURCES THEY WILL REQUIRE BULK
PYROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSING BY PRE-HEATING OF
LARGE AMOUNTS OF MATERIAL (DRIVING OFF VOLATILES)
FOLLOWED BY MOLTEN OXIDE ELECTROLYSIS (TO PRODUCE
METALS AND GLASS (FOAM AND FIBER) PRODUCTS) AND/OR
VAPOUR PHASE AND PLASMA PHASE SEPARATION OF HIGH
MELTING POINT ELEMENTS.
WITH MARS HAVING THE POTENTIAL FOR HIGH-GRADE
RESOURCES, PROCESSING HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BE MORE
LIKE THAT ON EARTH, PERHAPS USING
HYDROMETALLURGICAL METHODS IN ADDITION TO
PYROMETALLURGY.
1) GlassWool:RoxulInc.,Milton,Ontario,Canada,905.878.8474,www.roxul.com <http://www.roxul.com/> . Theyproducerock

woolinMilton,OntarioandGrandForks,BritishColumbia.
2) CastFoamGlass:PittsburghCorningCorporation,Pittsburgh,PA,USA,724.327.6100,www.foamglas.com
<http://www.foamglas.com/> . TheyproduceFoamGlasatSedalia,Mo.andFresno,Tx.
3) HighPurityNickel(Carbonyl):ValeInco,Sudbury,Ontario,Canada,705.682.5202,
www.inco.com/innovation/process/carbonyl/default.aspx <http://www.inco.com/innovation/process/carbonyl/default.aspx> .
TheyproducehighpuritynickelatSudbury,Ontario.
4) Titanium&IronfromIlmenite:QITFeretTitaneInc.,SorelTracey,Quebec,Canada,450.746.3000,
www.qit.com/eng/profil/sorel_tracey.html <http://www.qit.com/eng/profil/sorel_tracey.html> . Theyproducetitaniumandiron
fromIlmeniteatSorelTracey,Quebec.
5) HighPurityTitanium:TitaniumMetalsCorporation,Dallas,Tx.,USA,972.934.5300,www.timet.com/index_new.htm
<http://www.timet.com/index_new.htm> (click:CorporateOverview,CompanyStructure,NorthAmericanOperations). They
producehighpuritytitaniumspongeatHenderson,Nevada.
6) Reactive&RefractoryMetals:WahChang(AnAlleghenyTechnologiesCompany),Albany,Oregon,USA,541.967.6977,
www.wahchang.com <http://www.wahchang.com/> . TheyproducemultiplemetalproductsatAlbany,Oregon.
7) MagnesiumMetals&Alloys:USMagnesiumLLC,SaltLakeCity,Utah,USA,801.532.2043,www.usmagnesium.com
<http://www.usmagnesium.com/> . TheyproducehighpuritymagnesiummetalandrelatedalloysatSaltLakeCity,Utah.
8) Mining,Milling,SmeltingandRefiningofBaseMetals(withhighgradePreciousMetalsresiduesentoutforrefining):Stillwater
MiningCorporation,Columbus,Montana,USA,406.322.8700,www.stillwatermining.com <http://www.stillwatermining.com/> .
Theymineandproducenickel,copper,platinum,palladium,rhodium,goldandsilveratNye,Montana.
ALSOREFERTOHALLHEROULTPROCESSFORALUMINUMPRODUCTION.
NEUTRONACTIVATIONPROBEAVAILABLEFROMTROXLERELECTRONICLABORATORIES,INC.,NORTHCAROLINA.MODEL4300
REPLACES3220.
AGOODREFERENCEONLUNARRESOURCEUTILIZATIONISTHEJUNE2005PAPERBYGERALDSANDERSANDROBERTWEGENGOF
NASA.LUNARMAREREGOLITH:<1mmINDIAMETER,SPGR=3.1,POROSITY=50%,BULKDENSITY=1.55g/cc,EXCAVATEDSLOPE
(TO10METERS)STABLETO60DEGREES,~40%OXYGEN,~50to150PPM HYDROGEN.
PROCESSINGOFWATERICETOWATERTHENHYDROGENANDOXYGENISEASY,PROCESSINGLUNARREGOLITHTOPRODUCE
HYDROGENANDOXYGENISANOTHERMATTERASHYDROGENISBOUND TOILLMENITEMINERALGRAINSURFACESAND
OXYGENISINTHEFORMOFSILICATES.THEREFOREHIGHTEMPERATUREPROCESSMETHODSAREREQUIRED,SUCHAS:(1)
HYDROGENREDUCTIONOFILMENITE/GLASS,(2)METHANEREDUCTION(CARBOTHERMAL),(3)MOLTENELECTROLYSISAND(4)
VAPOURPYROLYSIS.ALOWERTEMPERATUREMETHOD,BUTALSODIFFICULT,ISSULFURICACIDREDUCTION.THEHIGH
TEMPERATUREPROCESSESHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOFUSETHEGANGUETHAT COULDTHENBESHAPEDFORBUILDING
MATERIALS.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
47
February16,2012
THE GOAL!
A TECHNICALLY
FEASIBLE AND
ECONOMICALLY
VIABLE
MINERAL
OPERATION
***
SERVING
HUMANITY
THEWEALTHFROMMINES,FROMTHEDAWNOFRECORDEDHUMANHISTORY,ISTHEEPICMARCHOF
MANKINDALONGTHEPATHOFPROGRESS. ITWASTHEMINESTHATMADEANCIENTCIVILIZATIONS
SUCHASEGYPT,GREECEANDROMEGREATANDINMORERECENTTIMESHAVECREATEDIMMENSE
WEALTHTOTHEBENEFITOFTHEPEOPLEOFEUROPE,NORTHAMERICA,AUSTRALIAANDNOWCHINA,
INDIA,BRAZILANDRUSSIA.
GEORGIUSAGRICOLAINHISDEREMETALLICA PUBLISHEDIN1556STATED,INASMUCHASTHE
CHIEFCALLINGSARETHOSEOFMONEYLENDER,THESOLDIER,THEMERCHANT,THEFARMER,AND
MINER,ISAY,INASMUCHASUSURYISODIOUS,WHILETHESPOILCRUELLYCAPTUREDFROMTHE
PEOPLEINNOCENTOFWRONGISWICKEDINTHESIGHTOFGODANDMAN,ANDINASMUCHASTHE
CALLINGOFTHEMINEREXCELSINHONORANDDIGNITYTHATOFTHEMERCHANTTRADINGFOR
LUCRE,WHILEITISNOTLESSNOBLETHOUGHFARMOREPROFITABLETHANAGRICULTURE,WHOCAN
FAILTOREALIZETHATMININGISACALLINGOFPECULIARDIGNITY.
TODAY,WEAREPARTOFTHESPACEGENERATION,CRAWLINGOFFTHESURFACEOFTHEEARTHINTO
THEOCEANSOFSPACE MININGWILLCONTINUETOPROVIDETHECAPABILITYFORHUMANKINDTO
ADVANCETOTHEMOON,MARSANDONTOTHESTARS!
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
48
February16,2012
APPLYING EARTH MINERAL EXPLORATION & MINING EXPERTISE ON OUR

MOON - LUNAR SPACE PORT WITH ADJACENT MINING OPERATIONS
DEFLECTING DANGEROUS NEAR EARTH OBJECTS AND
PREPARING TO START COLONIZING MARS
MARKELOWITZ
VISIONARYVIEWOFLUNARALPHAMININGANDROCKETPROPELLANTREFUELINGBASEATHIGHLANDS
OFSOUTH(ORNORTH)POLARREGIONOFTHEMOON.
MOSTIMPORTANTSUPPORTFORTHISBASEIS:1)ARELIABLEANDABUNDANTSOURCEOFWATER,2)
RELIABLENUCLEARFISSIONSOURCEOFPOWER(ELECTRICANDHEAT),ANDHABITATSTRUCTURESAND
SPACESUITSTHATPROTECTAGAINSTSOLARANDCOSMICRADIATION.
ITISIMPORTANTTOUNDERSTANDTHATMOSTNUCLEARFISSIONREACTORS PRODUCEBOTH
ELECTRICITYANDHEATINABOUTEQUALAMOUNTS.
THISBASEWILLBELOCATEDAT(ORVERYNEAR)ALARGESOURCEOFWATERTHATCANBEMINED
ASWATERICE.THISBASEWILLBETHEMISSIONCENTERFORDEFLECTIONOFNEAREARTHOBJECTS
THATAREDANGEROUSPOTENTIALIMPACTORS.
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
49
February16,2012
ANY QUESTIONS?
SPACEX FALCON 9
JOHNA.CHAPMAN
50

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TECHNICALCHALLENGESANDOPPORTUNITIES

TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES RELATED TO

John A. Chapman, B.Sc., P.Eng., FCIM

TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES RELATED TO

John A. Chapman, B.Sc., P.Eng., FCIM

GIBRALTAR MINE PROCESSING PLANT, BC, CANADA

MARCOPPER MINE, PHILIPPINES, 1976

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Mankind cannot survive as a

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VISIBLE COLOR ANOMALY

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EXCEL GEOPHYSICS INC

EFFECTIVE HIGH RESOLUTION GEOPHYSICAL,

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MOBILE EQUIPMENT ON THE MOON

PROCESSING OF MINED MATERIAL

1) GlassWool:RoxulInc.,Milton,Ontario,Canada,905.878.8474,www.roxul.com <http://www.roxul.com/> . Theyproducerock

APPLYING EARTH MINERAL EXPLORATION & MINING EXPERTISE ON OUR

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