A Thermal battery is used for the purpose of storing and releasing thermal energy.

Thermal batteries
use an electrolyte that is solid and inactive at ambient temperatures. They are non-rechargeable.
They are used almost exclusively for military applications.
One design uses a fuze strip (containing barium chromate and powdered zirconium metal in a
ceramic paper) along the edge of the heat pellets to initiate burning. The fuze strip is typically fired
by an electrical igniter or squib by application of electric current.
Another design uses a center hole in the middle of the battery stack into which the high-energy
electrical igniter fires a mixture of hot gases and incandescent particles

A solar battery is a rechargeable battery that integrates a solar cell with battery power storage. It
dye-sensitized solar cell using ruthenium that stores the power that it uses air to decompose and reform lithium peroxide
In the case of the original Grtzel and O'Regan design, the cell has 3 primary parts. On top is a
transparent anode made of fluoride-doped tin dioxide (SnO2:F) deposited on the back of a (typically
glass) plate. On the back of this conductive plate is a thin layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2), which
forms into a highly porous structure with an extremely highsurface area. The (TiO2) is chemically
bound by a process called sintering. TiO2 only absorbs a small fraction of the solar photons (those in
the UV).[12] The plate is then immersed in a mixture of a photosensitive rutheniumpolypyridine dye (also called molecular sensitizers[12]) and a solvent. After soaking the film in the dye

solution, a thin layer of the dye is left covalently bonded to the surface of the TiO 2. The bond is either
an ester, chelating, or bidentate bridging linkage.
A separate plate is then made with a thin layer of the iodide electrolyte spread over a conductive
sheet, typically platinum metal. The two plates are then joined and sealed together to prevent the
electrolyte from leaking. The construction is simple enough that there are hobby kits available to
hand-construct them.[13] Although they use a number of "advanced" materials, these are inexpensive
compared to the silicon needed for normal cells because they require no expensive manufacturing
steps. TiO2, for instance, is already widely used as a paint base.
One of the efcient DSSCs devices uses ruthenium-based molecular dye, e.g. [Ru(4,40-dicarboxy2,20-bipyridine)2(NCS)2] (N3), that is bound to a photoanode via carboxylate moieties. The
photoanode consists of 12 m thick lm of transparent 1020 nm diameter TiO2 nanoparticles
covered with a 4 m thick lm of much larger (400 nm diameter) particles that scatter photons back
into the transparent lm. The excited dye rapidly injects an electron into the TiO 2 after light
absorption. The injected electron diffuses through the sintered particle network to be collected at the
front side transparent conducting oxide (TCO) electrode, while the dye is regenerated via reduction
by a redox shuttle, I3/I, dissolved in a solution. Diffusion of the oxidized form of the shuttle to the
counter electrode completes the circuit.[14]

Mechanism of DSSCs[edit]
The main processes that occur in a DSSC
Step 1:The following primary steps convert photons to current:
1. The incident photon is absorbed by Ru complex photosensitizers adsorbed on the TiO 2 surface.
2. The photosensitizers are excited from the ground state (S) to the excited state (S ). The excited
electrons are injected into the conduction band of the TiO 2 electrode. This results in the oxidation of
the photosensitizer (S+).
S + h S (1)
S S+ + e (TiO2) (2)
3. The injected electrons in the conduction band of TiO2 are transported between
TiO2 nanoparticles with diffusion toward the back contact (TCO). And the electrons finally
reach the counter electrode through the circuit.
4. The oxidized photosensitizer (S+) accepts electrons from the I ion redox mediator leading
to regeneration of the ground state (S), and the I is oxidized to the oxidized state, I3.
S+ + e S (3)

5. The oxidized redox mediator, I3, diffuses toward the counter electrode and then it is
reduced to I ions.
I3 + 2 e 3 I (4)
The efficiency of a DSSC depends on four energy levels of the component: the
excited state (approximately LUMO) and the ground state (HOMO) of the
photosensitizer, the Fermi level of the TiO2 electrode and the redox potential of the
mediator (I/I3) in the electrolyte.[15]

Nickel Metal Hydride

Nickel metal hydride batteries use hydrogen to store energy.

Nickel metal hydride batteries are, right now, the less-expensive
technology NiMH batteries are larger and heavier than Li-ion
batteries. NiMH cells are often used in digital cameras
iMH batteries have replaced NiCd for many roles, notably small rechargeable batteries. NiMH
batteries are commonly available in AA (penlight-size) batteries

Li ion secondary
Lithium-ion batteries are made of carbon and highly reactive
lithium, which can store a lot of energy. Li-ion batteries don't last
as long in extreme temperatures, particularly in very hot
climatesLike any other battery, a rechargeable lithium-ion battery is made of
one or more power-generating compartments calledcells. Each cell has
essentially three components: a positive electrode (connected to the
battery's positive or + terminal), a negative electrode (connected to the
negative or terminal), and a chemical called an electrolyte in between them.
The positive electrode is typically made from a chemical compound called
lithium-cobalt oxide (LiCoO ) or, in newer batteries, from lithium iron phosphate
(LiFePO ). The negative electrode is generally made from carbon (graphite)
and the electrolyte varies from one type of battery to anotherbut isn't too
important in understanding the basic idea of how the battery works.
2

All lithium-ion batteries work in broadly the same way. When the battery is
charging up, the lithium-cobalt oxide, positive electrode gives up some of its

lithium ions, which move through the electrolyte to the negative, graphite
electrode and remain there. The battery takes in and stores energy during this
process. When the battery is discharging, the lithium ions move back across
the electrolyte to the positive electrode, producing the energy that powers the
battery. In both cases, electrons flow in the opposite direction to the ions
around the outer circuit. Electrons do not flow through the electrolyte: it's
effectively an insulating barrier, so far as electrons are concerned.