Structured Electronic Design

EE4C09

Lecture material
Book
Structured Electronic Design
(Available at ETV desk)

Slides, handouts extra information

are on blackboard

Make notes
Written exam, no multiple choice
2

Contact
Appointments via secretary:
Marion de Vlieger

Electronics research lab (18th floor)

Room:

18.240

Phone:

(015-27) 86180

E-mail: m.devlieger@tudelft.nl

For ALL e-mail correspondence, put EE4C09 in the subject

Structured Electronic Design

Design methodology
Applied network theory

Fundamental research
Analysis and Synthesis

Innovation

Design methodology?

An amplifier
10k
R1

1. What type of amplifier is this?

2. When the gain is -10, what is the value of R1?
6

Another amplifier
10k
R2

3. When the gain is -100, what is the value of R2?

7

And another amplifier

10k
R3

4. When the gain is -2, what is the value of R3?

8

And another
10k
R4

5. When the gain is -20, what is the value of R4?

9

6. How do you get the crab out?

10

11

Fundamental research

How

Why
12

Why?
13

Modeling

14

rb
r

ro

7. What is this?

15

rb
0.6V

ro

8. Will the lamp light up?

16

0.6V

9. Will the lamp light up?

17

rb
0.6V

YES

ro

NO

18

Transistor: non linear controlled resistor

19

John Robinson Pierce

(1910-2002)

Bell Laboratories, Caltech as a professor of electrical engineering, Chief Engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

20

Models

rb
r

ro

A linear model to predict the behavior of the combination of

Whatsource
is this?
a DC7.power
and a controlled non-linear resistor

21

Modeling

A correct model gives a useful prediction

Never confuse models with the truth

22

Back to the amplifier

10k
10k

1V

1k
You do not know!
The circuit is invalid.
Kirchoffs first law is not obeyed!

10.What is the current through the load?

23

is bad
a labyrinth
of paths
Design problems Language
arise from
formulations
Ludwig Wittgenstein(1889-1951)
24

Be completely correct

25

Structured amplifier design

26

Definition

Increases : signal power

Does not change the information content
(Transfer is accurately defined and constant)

27

The Transfer
10k
10k

1V

1k

28

The Transfer
10k
10k

1V

1k

29

The Transfer
10k
10k

Nullor
1V

1k
Nullor: Output signal controlled such that:
Input current = 0
Input voltage = 0

What is the transfer T of this amplifier?

30

The transfer T of this amplifier

RR22

R2
T
R1

R1

Nullor
vout

31

Another transfer T of this amplifier

R2

Tanother R2

R1

Nullor
iin

vout

32

Another transfer T of this amplifier

R2

vin

iin
R2
T
R1

vout

iout
Tanother R2

R1

Nullor

Tagain another ??
33

The Transfer is a matrix

34

Amplifier model: two-port

Two-port?

Vin ( s )

I
(
s
)
in

Vin ( s ) A( s )

I in ( s ) C ( s )

B ( s ) Vout ( s )

D ( s ) I out ( s )

Vout ( s )

I
(
s
)
out

35

Chain matrix
iout

iin

vin A B vout


iin C D iout

vout

vin

vin
A
vout

iout 0

vin
B
iout

vout

iin
C
vout
0

iout

vout 0

: Output short circuited

iout 0

: Output left open

iin
D
iout
0

vout 0

36

Powerful ideal active element: Nullor

iin 0

vin 0

iout

Nullor

vout

vin 0 0 vout

iin 0 0 iout

A,B,C,D all zero

The perfect active circuit

Non-zero elements predict potential circuit flaws

37

Powerful design tool: Nullor

iin 0

vin 0

iout

Nullor

iin

vout

iout

vin

vout

It is not an ideal Opamp

Input resistance : Undetermined

Input resistance : Infinite

Output resistance : Undetermined

Output resistance : Zero

38

Powerful design tool: Nullor

iout

iin
vin

vctrl

vctrl

iin

vout

iout

vin

vout

It is an ideal Voltage Controlled Voltage Source

Input resistance : Infinite
Undetermined

Input resistance : Infinite

Output resistance : Zero

Undetermined

Output resistance : Zero

39

Accurate amplification and the Chain Matrix

40

iin

iout

vin

vout

vin A B vout


iin C D iout

A,B,C,D constant
A,B,C,D accurate
A,B,C,D show power gain

41

A,B,C,D show power gain

vin A B vout

iin C D iout

vin Avout Biout

iin Cvout Diout
viniin Avout Biout C vout Diout
viniin AC v

2
out

AD BC vout iout BD i

2
out

42

A,B,C,D show power gain

Input power

Power to load
Internal losses

viniin AC v

2
out

Internal losses

AD BC vout iout BD i

2
out

43

Transformer
iin

iout
vin

vout

1
vin
n
iin 0

0 vout
iout
n

1 2 1

2
viniin 0 vout n 0 vout iout 0 n iout
n
n

viniin vout iout Non energetic

viniin AC v

2
out

AD BC vout iout BD i

2
out

44

Voltage follower
iout
iin

Nullor
vout

vin

viniin 0 v

vin 1 0 vout

iin 0 0 iout

0 vout iout 0 i

2
out

2
out

viniin 0 Infinite power gain

viniin AC v

2
out

AD BC vout iout BD i

2
out

45

Voltage divider
iin
vin

iout
R1

R2 vout

R1 R2

vin R2

1
iin
R

R1
v
out
iout
1

R1 R2 2
2 R1 R2
2
viniin
vout
vout iout R1 iout
2
R2
R2
Power dissipation

viniin AC v

2
out

AD BC vout iout BD i

2
out

46

Voltage divider
iin

vin

iout

C1

C2 vout

C1 C2
vin
C1
iin jC

1
vout

jC1
i
1 out

C1 C2 2
2C2 C1
1 2
viniin jC2
vout
vout iout
iout
C1
C1
jC1

Internal reactive power

viniin AC v

2
out

(still uses real supply power)

AD BC vout iout BD i

2
out

47

Design: voltage-to-voltage amplifier

R2

R1

vout

vin

R2
Av
R1

R1
R2
1
R2

48

R2

Rs
vin

R1
1

Rs

vout

R1
R2
1
R2

R1
R
s
0
R2
R2

1

0
R2

49

R2

Rs

R1

vout

vin

The Matrix specifies the transfer

R flaws

The Matrix shows circuit
0

R2

R2

R1

R
s
R2
R2

1
R2

A,B,C,D all need attention!

Sensitivity to source impedance

50

R2

Rs

R1

vout

vin

R2
Av
R1 Rs
Amplification factor becomes inaccurate.
DEMO 1

51

R2

Rs

R1

vin

Av

R2
R1

vout

Rs

Amplification factor becomes more accurate.

DEMO 2

52

R2

Optimization
Rs

vin

R1

vout

vn

R2
Av
R1 Rs

Svn 4kT R1 Rs // R2
Information is disturbed
Amplification factor still inaccurate.
53

Change topology
R2

Orthogonality
R1

vout
vin

Rs

R1 RR2

1
Av
0
1 R2
R1R

0
0

S 4kT ( R R // R
vn

)
DEMO 3

54

R2
R1

vout
vin

Rs

R1 R2
Av
R1
Svn 4kT ( Rs R1 // R2 )
vout
i fb
R1 R2
DEMO 4

55

Orthogonalization
R2
R1

vout
vin

Rs

Optimization
R2

Rs
vin

R1

vout

56

vout
vin

Rs

Av n

R1 R2
Av
R1

Svn 4kTRs

Svn 4kT ( Rs R1 // R2 )

i fb 0

i fb

vout
R1 R2
57

Right choice
Orthogonality
Optimization
58

More circuit analysis via the Chain Matrix

R2

R1

vout

59

A (voltage-and-current)-to-voltage amplifier
R2

R1

A
Rin Rin
C

R1
R2
1
R2

vout

vin Avout
iin Cvout

R1
R2

vout

1
vout
R2

vin Avout A

R1
Rin
iin Cvout C

60

A (voltage-and-current)-to-voltage amplifier
R2

R1

A
Rin
C

R1
R2
1
R2

vout

Adesign

Cdesign

1. Accurate
2. Constant
3. Independently defined
4. Accurate relation
61

A power-to-voltage amplifier

Rf

A Rf
Rin
n
C
1

Two loops = two nullors!

62

A power-to-voltage amplifier

Rf

Two loops = two nullors!

63

A power-to-voltage amplifier
Transistor properties
infect transfer

Rf

Two loops = two nullors

64

A power-to-voltage amplifier

Source impedance infects

amplifier properties
Rf

Two loops = one nullor??

65

Example: Wien-bridge oscillator

Two loops and one nullor

Double loop amplifiers

Two non-zero parameters
1. Accurate
2. Constant
3. Independently defined
4. Accurate relation

More about double loop amplifiers later

vi A 0 vo

i
i
C
0
o
i

Power-to-Voltage

vi 0 B vo

i
i
0
D
o
i

Power-to-Current

vi A B vo

i
i
0
0
o
i

Voltage-to-Power

vi 0

ii C

Current-to-Power

0 vo

D io

67

Conclusions

68

Attitude
Know exactly what you want, be complete and precise
(No tweaking tricks, habits, reflexes, traditions, rules of thumbart)

Use second best, if you cant have what you want

and know the penalty
Use the Chain Matrix

69

Sir Douglas Bader

Rules are for the guidance of the wise men and for the obedience of fools
70