I.

East Africa: Egypt

1. Who was Mohammed Ali?
2. What did he do? At least 4 things he did in Egypt
3. Today we celebrate Canal Suez and open another adjoining canal. What is Canal Suez? Who built
it (European power) and who was the Egyptian ruler at the time? When?
1. 1860 the French dig Canal Suez (inauguration of festivities with opera Aida by Verdi).
2. 1863 Ismail upgrade his title to Khedive.
3. 1861-65 American civil war made demand on cotton as prices went up.
4. 1876 Egypt became bankrupt, the French and British deposed Ismail and installed his
son Tawfiq in 1879.
4. We consider Egypt a colony of which European power? When did that finally happen (date)?
1879 The French and British took over the administration of Egypt under Dual Control
in order to ensure the payment of Egypts debts to Europeans.
1881 Urabi, a fellah son revolts, and is made a minister with slogan Egypt for
Egyptians.
1882 the British invade Egypt, exile Urabi Pasha, and Egypt becomes a formal colony of
Britain, much to the resentment of France
East Africa: Ethiopia & Eritrea
1 Who, in biblical history, are the grandparents of the Ethiopians (names)?
2 Official language of Ethiopia? What is the origin of this language?
Brief History
The Ethiopians trace their ancestry to both King Solomon of Palestine and Makeda/Sheba or
Saba.
Sheba was the queen of Arabia (Yemen of today).
Menelik I was the son of both Solomon and Saba where the Geez as the language of the Talmud.
The Arc of the Covenant is believed to be in Ethiopia as it came with the priesthood of Menelik
I.
3 Battle of Magdala: What, where and when?
Problems Leading to Suicide
Attempted to cut the independent power of the regional nobility by appointing the district
governors and judges.
Allowed his army to loot, massacre and mutilate descent.
confiscated the church of its lands leaving minmum handful of clergy.
The church encouraged Ethiopians to desert his army at time of greater need.
1868 Dispute with British Consular.
The British sent 30,000 soldiers while Ethiopians were only
4,000 men. King Theodore commits suicide at the Battle of Magdala
4 The great battle that the Ethiopian defeated the Italians? Name and date?
After Adowa
At the news of the victory at Adowa black people all over the world rejoiced.
Ethiopia became a symbol of the struggle for freedom and black intellectuals and religious
leaders made pilgrimages to the country.
The battle of Adowa not only saved Ethiopia from colonization by Rome but raised the status of
an African country to an equal partner in the world community.
5 Which African population or country, looked up to this battle, as a great African achievement?
After Adowa
At the news of the victory at Adowa black people all over the world rejoiced.
Ethiopia became a symbol of the struggle for freedom and black intellectuals and religious
leaders made pilgrimages to the country.
The battle of Adowa in 1896 not only saved Ethiopia from colonization by Rome but raised the
status of an African country to an equal partner in the world community.
6 Who was Ras Teferai? When did he become king?
Enter Ras Tafari
1896 The Battle of Adowa where Ethiopia was saved from European colonial conquest.

Ras Tafari, a Shoan aristocrat was a young lieutenant in the army who bravely fought and led his
soldiers at Adowa.
1913 Menelik dies. 1916 Ras Tafari becomes regent to the empress. 1930 succeeded to an
emperor and took title
Haile Selassie.
7

II.

What was some of his greatest achievement? Remember his trip to the League of Nation. What
happened there and when?
Haile Selassie
1935 Italian army of 120 000 men attacked Ethiopia via Eritrea.
The Italians had the military advantage.
They wreaked havoc on countryside, bombing and spreading poison gas from the air.
May 1936 the emperor went into exile in Europe.
Ethiopia was a member of League of Nations (UN today) and Haile Selassie addressed them

Was Ethiopia ever colonized, if yes, by whom?

Great Kingdom of Showa
1889 Menelik becomes king of the southern Christian kingdom of Showa.
He established his capital at Addis Ababa (till today, its the capital of Ethiopia).
He conquered Oromo, Sidama and Somali.
The Italians colonized Eritrea 1887-1890 and Menelik had to unwillingly recognize their
presence. The Italians tried to take Ethiopia.
9 Sad story of Eritrea: When did become independent and how many years did it struggle for that
independence?
A Long Struggle
1963 1992 Leashed some of the longest, bloodiest and painful struggle for independence.
This was majorly led by Marxist-Muslim fighters to liberate Eritrea from Ethiopia.
President Assais took over power after independence.
East Africa: Sudan
1. Who was the famous British Governor General of Sudan during the 19th. Century?
1870 Charles Gordon is appointed as governor general of Sudan by the Khedive of
Egypt. He served in Indo-China and was a very religious man.
His mandate was to stop slave trade.
The appointment of Gordon meant that the British were also involved in Sudan and later
there was the dual mandate of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
2. Who was El Mahdi? What did this title mean?
19th was a terrible time for Sudanese under Turkish rule as they paid heavy taxes to
Egypt.
This was also time of extreme religious fervor.
1881 Mohammed Ahmed ibn Abdulla, known later on as the Mahdi or Presented one
unify many of the northern tribes against the Egypto-Turkish oppressive rule
3. Which African Country did he come from? (sudan)
1885 Khartoum falls to El Mahdi and his dervishes (followers with a strong religious
convection that Mohammed Ahmed is the Presented one).
1885 in December, El Mahdi dies and leaves Abdullahi Al Taishi as his successor or
Khalifa.
Khalifa Al Taishi follows in the footsteps of El Mahdi for another 13 years.
4. What did he try to do or was famous for?
the messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith. His proclamation came during a period of
widespread resentment among the Sudanese population of the oppressive policies of the
Turco-Egyptian rulers, and capitalized on the messianic beliefs popular among the
various Sudanese religious sects of the time
5. Do you remember his physical traits?
Tall dark skinned man

6.

III.

What were the names of his followers?

dervishes
7. An important battle that annihilated El Mahdis followers? Date of battle?
1898 Battle of Omdurman at Kerrari takes place, where Kitchener as a head of the British army
and Winston Churchill as a lieutenet in the army, massacre 20, 000 or El Mahdis followers.
1899 Sudan becomes formally a colony of both Britain and Egypt or what is known as the AngloEgyptian Sudan.
8. The young British officer who later becomes a British prime minister; hero for WWII, fought in
the above-mentioned battle. What was his name?
Earl Kitchener
9. Sudan was colonized by two countries and that is why it was called before
independence.
1899 Sudan becomes formally a colony of both Britain and Egypt or what is known as the AngloEgyptian Sudan.
10. Look at the date of Sudans independence.
On December 19, 1955, the Sudanese parliament, under Azhari's leadership, unanimously adopted
a declaration of independence that became effective on January 1, 1956
11. Sudan in 2011, underwent a referendum and the country was practically cut into half, giving rise
to the newest (unfortunately, one of the poorest) countries of Africa or the world. Name the
countrys name now.
South sudan
East Africa: Kenya
1. Kenya was luring for British. What was the reason for the British to want to stay (to today) in
Kenya and adopt the Kenyan nationality and not to have to move back to Britain?
The Kikuyu (cont)
They lived in a fertile land and cool climate that the British wanted. Also, lots of animals to hunt.
The British, on the model of South Africa and Uganda, forced the Kikuyu to work for them and
pay heavy taxes.
The Kikuyu were obliged to live on marginal land and grow crops that the British dictated to be
grown.
2. Laws that were applied by the British to take away Kenyan lands? Two of them at least.
The Insult of The Laws
1902 Crown Land Grants Act:
Any land in this highland area not occupied by African by 1895, could be occupied by the
British
Kenya was a colony of upper class Britishers.
By 1904 the British had taken a total of 220 thousand acres out of those 160,000 acres belonged to
the Kikuyu (Kiambu).
Laws (cont)
1908 Communal Labor Laws:
This law forced Africans to build roads, bridges and railways with no pay
1910-12 entire villages were dragged and forced into labor.
These laws were highly destructive not only they limited the land, but also work on their own
plots in order to grow food was not possible.
Corporal punishment was widely practiced.
3. Resistant movement in Kenya that were considered Terrorists by the British? The main tribe
that formed these terrorists resistance groups.
The Kikuyu started to leave the church as a protest.
They built their own churches.
Cultural struggles are attached to political struggle like forbidding the practice of female
circumcision and polygamy.
Oaths
1950 The Mau Mau held a series of secretive meetings.
The new members of the movement had to take an oath that involved ash and meant that the
member is loyal to the goals of the movement as well as ready for all kinds of sacrifices to the
movement.

Mau Mau Movement Ends

The Native Authority Law of 1910-12 meant that entire village worked or had to work for the
British.
Those who refused were punished.
1952 the Mau Mau formed the land and freedom Army. They used a scorched land policy.
1954 Operation Anvil leashed where 10,000 Kikuyu were killed.
4. When was Kenya given its final independence? From which European power? First president?
Independence
1952-61 Jomo Kenyatta, the president of KAU, an outspoken opponent of the governement was
imprisoned under Marshall/State Emergency Laws.
He became KANU/Kenya African National Union president.
December 1963 was Kenyas independence. First president was Jomo Kenyatta.
IV.
African Issues: Independence:
1. Which was the first African country to be independent?
Ghana 6 March 1957 under president Kwame Nkrumah
2. Which was the last African country to be independent?
Q. The last country 1980 zimbabwe which was formaly known as rodisia
Zair is now called congo
3. Name at least two African presidents who took over from the colonizers after independence.
December 1963 was Kenyas independence. First president was Jomo Kenyatta. And nelson
mandela
4. Name problems after independence.
Inflation, capital flight, human trafficking
5. Name colonial legacies that you can think of.
6. Name hurdles facing women in Africa and how did colonial power contribute to them?
Exploitation by males, and government.
PPT(south africa 2)
Question on exam- south africa is an empty land. The first to come to south africa were the portuguesse sailor.The
portuguesse were going to england when they first discovered S. Africa
Secondly, the dutch arrived in south africa ( very important: they were going to malaya'')
Question in the exam: the dutch would take like 40 days to ge to table bay.
During this period the brithish did not have the power for wich they are known. They were considered fishermans.
Q: what do we call the tree sailors population the bay, "Boers " (which are farmers.) and burgers (animals farmers)
Question: what do we find first diamond or gold. (diamond)
Cecil Rhodes rhodesial in 1980 it becomes zimbawe
Brief history
What is the Ge'ez language its a combination of arabic and .
Q.(king)Head ---> Rastafari ---> fendal
Q.Menelic 2nd was the cousing of rastafari
Q.The battle of adowa
"with these hands" how women feed Africa
Women in africa do 3/4 of agriculture as well os cooking cleaning and child care.
Kenya
Hey husband left for 9 years andshe does all the work.
The women weat the sugar cane whiel the men just go harvest it. There is more shame in what women do. Women
dont collect anything because usually is the men who own the land so they get paid
Women are excluded from agriculture roles even though do work in agricultual.
Of all the mone y spent in agriculture in 1982 women in africa received less than 1%
Africa and world war 1
Q. What is the average independence of africa 1960
Q. What was the first country to gain independence in africa. GAHNA with president??
Q. The last country 1980 zimbabwe which was formaly known as rodisia
Zair is now called congo
A video the legacy of africa.