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OffshoreConstruction

CE687

Subseasystems(SSS)
Subseasystemsaremulticomponentseafloorsystems
Theyallowproductionofhydrocarbonsinwaterdepths

whereconventionalfixedorbottomfoundedplatforms
cannotbeinstalled
Subseasystemscompriseof
Arrayofsubseawells
Manifolds
Centralumbilical
Flowlines

Subseasystemcanbelocatedmanymilesawayindeeper

waterandtiedbacktoexistinghostfacilitieslikeFPS
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DifferentlayoutsofSSS
Singlewellsatellite
Multiwellsatellite
Clusterwellsystem
Template
Combinationoftheabove

Applicablecodesandstandards
MaincodesforXTEquipment:

API6A/ISO10423SpecificationforWellheadandChristmasTree

Equipment

API17D/ISO136284Subseawellheadandtreeequipment

ISO136281GeneralRequirementsandrecommendations

ISO136286SubseaProductioncontrolSystem

API16A/ISO13533SpecificationforDrillthroughEquipment+

ASME,ISO,BS

ComponentsofSSS
Subseaproductiontree
Pipeline&Flowline
Subseamanifold
Umbilical
HostFacility
TerminationUnit
Productionrisers
Template
Jumpers
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SubseaProductionTree
Subseaproductiontree

isanarrangementof
valves,pipes,fittingsand
connectionsplacedon
topofawellbore
Orientationofthevalves
canbeinthevertical
boreorthehorizontal
outletofthetree
Valvescanbeoperated
byelectricalorhydraulic
signalsormanuallyby
diverorremotely
operatedvehicle(ROV)
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Verticle&Horizontalbore

ThepurposeoftheSubseaProductionChristmasTreeistocontroltheflowof
hydrocarbonfromitsrespectivewellsviavariouscontrolvalvesandchoke,to
receivingunit.
Thereceivingunitcanbeafixedorfloatingvesselorproducedviaapipelineto
shore.MainfunctionsoftheChristmasTreeare:
Toprovideasafetybarrierbetweenthereservoirandtheenvironment
Safelystopproducedorinjectedfluid
Provideahangoffshoulderandsealingareaforthetubinghangeranditsseal

elements
Providelocationsforinjectingchemicalstothereservoirorflowline
Allowforcontrolofdownholevalves
AllowforcommunicationwithdownholegaugesandothergaugesontheXT
Toallowbleedof/monitorannuluspressure
Regulateproductionfluidflowthroughachoke,wherenecessary
Allowforsafewellintervention

HorizontalSubseaTrees
Industrystandard,costeffectivesystemsforshallow

anddeepwater
Featuresandbenefits

Usesvalveslocatedhorizontallytothesideofthespool
Enablestubingcompletionandworkoveractivitiestobe

performedunderfullBOPprotection,reducingrigtimes
Eliminatestheneedforadualboreworkoverandcompletion
risersystem
Allowsthetubinghangertobepulledwithoutremovingthe
tree
Providesastandardizedtreesolutionformultiple
fieldsthroughitsuniversaldesign
Offersthelowestinitialcapex

VerticalMonoboreSubseaTree
Verticalmonoboresubseatreeshavebeeninproduction

formorethan30years.OneSubseahasbeenadvancingthe
technologysincethen,includingthedesignandprovision
oftheworld'sfirst15,000psisubseatree,avertical
monoboretree,in2000.
Featuresandbenefits
Productionvalvesarelocatedverticallyabovethetubing

hangerinthemainvalvebody.
Productionboreislocatedconcentrictothesystem,withthe
annulusoffset;traditionalverticalsystemsfeaturethe
annulusthroughthehanger,whileasystemusingatubing
spoolhastheannulusroutedaroundthehanger.
Thesetreescanberetrievedwithoutdisturbingthe
completion.

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VerticalDualBoreSubseaTree
Operationalflexibilitywithminimalopex
TheDualBoreSubseaTreewasthefirsttreetoincludean

annulusborefortroubleshooting,wellservicingandwell
conversionoperations.
Featuresandbenefits
Dedicatedproductionandannulusboreswithverticalaccess
Allvalveslocatedverticallywithinthemainvalvebodyabovethe

tubinghanger
Uniquecapabilityinthatthetubingcanbeleftundisturbedifthe
treeneedstoberemovedforworkoverorrepairoperations
Alldownholefunctionsprovidedthroughthebottomofthetreeto
thetopofthetubinghangerviahydraulicorelectricalconnections
Availableoptionsforshallowwateranddeepwaterenvironments

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DCSystem
ThesecondgenerationDCsystemrepresentsstateofthearttechnologybased

onexperiencegainedandlessonslearnedfromthepilotsystem.Itincludes
furthersimplificationofthesystemarchitectureandimplementationoffiber
opticcommunication,whilemaintainingcommercialfeasibilityandincreased
flexibility.Thissecondgenerationsystemdeliversthesamecorebenefitsasits
predecessor,andmore.
Featuresandbenefits
Highreliabilityandavailabilitythroughdesignandconcept
FlexibleEthernetnetwork
Increasedfunctionality,enablingcontrolofupto32electricalactuatorsbythe

electricsubseacontrolmodule(ESCM)
Environmentallyfriendly
Enhancedsafetyduetoemergencyshutdown(ESD)timingimprovements
Nodeepwaterorlongstepoutlimitations
Continuousoperationwithrealtimefeedback

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DCTree

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SubseaRetrievableProcessModule
Flexiblegeometrythatevolveswithneeds,andastandardizedinterfacewith

trees
Ourretrievableprocessmodules(RPMs)aredesignedsothatthegeometrycanevolveto
supportmultiplefunctions,givingyouthefreedomtocustomizetheconfigurationto
yourprojectsensitivecomponentswithinamodule.Thestandardizedinterfacebetween
thetreeandthemoduleallowsthetwotobeengineeredinparallelforimproved
schedulebenefits.Thisisthelatestdevelopmentintheproductlinethathasbeen
previouslyinstalledonbothtreesandmanifolds.
Featuresandbenefits
Multipleconfigurationsincludeflowmeters,chokes,sampling,sensors,sanddetectors,

chemicalinjectionmeteringvalves(CIMV),andfluidinterventioncapabilities.
HighIntegrityPressureProtectionSystem(HIPPS)functionalitiescanbeincorporated.
Samplingtechnologyallowssimultaneousproductionandsampling.
Bothproductionandannulusflowcanbeincorporated.
Standardinterfaceallowsinterchangeabilityofmodulesacrosssubseatreetypes.
RPMsallowconversionofthesubseatreefromproductiontoinjectionandviceversa.
RPMsandsubseatreesaremanufacturedindependentlysothereisnoimpactonthetree
delivery.
Flexiblegeometryenablesfutureimplementationsoftechnologiesasneedarises.

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CompaniesthatmanufacturesubseatreesareAker

Solutions,Cameron,FMCTechnologiesand
Schlumberger.

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Pipeline&Flowline
Pipelines&flowlinesareconduitstotransportfluidsfromone

locationtoanother
Pipelinesarepipelines,risersandappurtenances
Installedforthepurposeoftransportingoil,gas,sulfurand

producedwatersbetweentwoseparatefacilities
Lengthandsizeofapipelineorflowlinedependonitspurpose
Forthepurposeofsubseaproductionsystems,thepipelengthcan
rangefrom1mto100km
Longerpipelinesaretypically450mmindiameter

Flowlinesarepipinginstalledwithintheconfinesoftheplatform

ofmanifold
Installedforthepurposeofmixingthesubseamanifoldorrouting

intotheprocessingunit
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SubseaManifold
Itisagravitybasedseafloorstructurethatconsistsof

anarrangementofvalves,pipesandfittings
Itservesasacentralgatheringpointforproduction
fromsubseawells
Redirectsthecombinedflowtothehostfacility

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SubseaManifold
Asubseamanifoldmaynotbeneededforsomesubseadesigns
Forexample,developmentswheretheindividualproductiontreesare

directlytiedintothehostfacility

Amanifoldarrangementcanbeanyshape,butnormallyisrectangular

orcircular
Maybeeitherastandalonestructureorintegratedintoawelltemplate
Themanifoldmaybeanchoredtotheseafloorwithpilesorskirtsthat
penetratethemudline
Sizeisdictatedbythenumberofwells
Alsothepatternhowthesubseawellsareintegratedintothesystem
Thelikelyrangeofdimensionsforasubseamanifoldwouldbe24m
(diameterforcirculardesign),standingupto9mabovetheseafloor
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Subseaproductionmanifold
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Umbilical
Itisthebundledarrangementoftubing,piping,and/or

electricalconductorsinanarmoredsheathinstalledfrom
thehostfacilitytothesubseaproductionsystem
equipment
Anumbilicalisusedtotransmitthecontrolfluidand/or
electricalcurrentnecessarytocontrolthefunctionsofthe
subseaproductionandsafetyequipment(tree,valves,
manifoldetc.)
Dedicatedtubesinanumbilicalareusedtomonitor
pressuresandinjectfluids(chemicalssuchasmethanol)
fromthehostfacilitytocriticalareaswithinthesubsea
productionequipment
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ROVUmbilical

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LayoutconsistingofUmbilicalsand
Jumpers

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Umbilical
Electricalconductorstransmitpowertooperate

electronicdevices
Dimensionstypicallyrangeupto200mm(10)in
diameter
Theumbilicalwillincludemultipletubingnormally
ranginginsizeupto25mm(1)
Thenumberoftubesisdependentonthecomplexity
oftheproductionsystem
Thelengthofanumbilicalisdefinedbythespacingof
thesubseacomponentsandthedistancethese
componentsarelocatedfromthehostfacility
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Hostfacility
Thehostfacilitycanbeanyoneofthevarioustypesof

platformsusedfordevelopingoffshorehydrocarbon
fieldsincluding
Fixedjackettypeplatforms
TLPS
Spars
FPS
FPSO

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Hostfacility
Thetypeofhostusedforthesubseaproduction

systemisdependenton
Waterdepth
Typeoffielddevelopment
Reservebase
Anddistancefrominfrastructure
Andislargelydrivenbyeconomicconsiderations

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TerminationUnit
Theterminationunitisasubseaequipmentusedtofacilitatethe

interfaceoftheumbilicalorpipelineorflowlineswiththe
subseaequipment
Theterminationunithasanumberofanalogousnames,
includingpipelineendmanifold,umbilicaltermination
assembly,electricaldistributionstructureandflowlinelaydown
sledetc.
Itcanbeusedforelectricand/orhydrauliccontrolapplications
andisequippedwithaninstallationarmtobraceitduringthe
loweringprocess
Itispositionednearsubseamanifolds,productiontreesandflow
lineandumbilicalconnectionsonvarioussubseaequipment
Alternativelyincorporatedintothedesignofmanifoldsand
templates
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SubseaumbilicalterminationUnit(SUBU)

PipeEndterminationUnit(PLET)
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ProductionRisers
Theproductionriseristhatportionoftheflowlinethat

residesbetweenthehostfacilityandtheseabedadjacentto
ahost
Facilitydimensionsrangefrom3to12inchesindiameters
Lengthisdefinedbythewaterdepthandriser
configuration,whichcanbeverticaloravarietyofwave
forms
Riserscanbeflexibleorrigid
Theycanbecontainedwithintheareaofafixedplatform
orfloatingfacility,runontheseafloor,aswellasrun
partiallyinthewatercolumn

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LayoutofRisers

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ProductionRiser&Umbilical
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Template
Atemplateisafabricatedstructurethathousessubsea

equipment
Templatescanbeanyshape,butaretypically
rectangular
Dimensionsrangefrom10to150ftlongand10to70ft
wideand5to30fthigh
Templatecanaccommodatemultipletreesintight
clusters,manifolds,piggingequipment,termination
unitsandchemicaltreatmentequipment
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Jumpers
Jumpersarepipespoolstypicallyrangingupto0.5min

diameterand45minlengthandareusedtoconnect
varioussubseacomponents
Theyarebeneficialwhentyinginsatellitewellsthrough
connectionsofsmalldiameterpipesusedforproduction(3
to6inch),hydraulicfluids(1inch)andchemicalservice
lines(1inch)tothemanifold
Offsetdistancebetweenthecomponents(trees,flowlines,
manifolds,etc.)dictatesjumperlengthandcharacteristics
Flexiblejumpersystemsprovideversatility,unlikerigid
jumpersystems,whichlimitspaceandhandlingcapability

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Jumperinstallation
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ROV(RemotelyOperatedVehicle)
ROVsareunmanned,exceptionalmaneuverabilityand

remotelyoperatedbyapersononboardavessel(oil
rig,drillship,explorationship,etc.)

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ROVtasks

Offshorediverobservationdiversafetyandassistance
Platforminspectionmonitorcorrosion,fouling,cracks,
Pipelineinspectionleaks,overallheathofpipeline
Surveysbothvisual&acousticforinstallationofpipeline
Drillingsupportinspection,installation,operation&repair
Constructionsupportnaturalfollowontodrillingsupport
Debrisremovalcosteffectivemethodtokeepareaclean&
safe
EmergencyCalloutwork
Platformcleaning
Subseainstallations

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BottommountedPerryTrenchingROV
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SaabseaeyeROVwithfullpipelinesurvey

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Coastalstructures
Typesofcoastalstructures
Seadikes
Seawalls
Revetments
Bulkheads
Groins

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Functionsofcoastalstructures
waters
Toprotecttheshorefromwaveattack
Topreventerosionandothersimilardamagescausedto

shorefromwaveaction
Toretainsandforlongshoretransport
Toreduceinletfilling
Toholddown/protectmooringvessels
Coastalstructuresarealsousefulincoastaldefense
schemes
Topreventfloodingofhinterland
Toprovideshelteringofharbourbasins
Tostabilizenavigationchannelsatinlets
Toprotectwaterintakesystemsandoutfalls

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Types&functionsofcoastal
structures
SEADIKES
Objective
istopreventorcontrolfloodingbyseaonlowlyingland
areas
Principalfunction
Toseparateshorelinefromhinterlandbyconstructing
highimpermeablestructure

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HondsbosscheSeaDikeHolland

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TypicalDutchpracticeemploysthefollowingdesign

guidelines:

Slopedseawardfaceatagradientofbetween1:3to1:6

thiscanreducewaveloadings
Slopedlandwardfaceatagradientofbetween1:2to1:3
thisminimiseslandtakeandmaximisesstability

Impermeablecoverlayerthisisusuallycomposedof

claybutissometimessupplementedbyasphalt.It
servestoprotectthesandcore(Barends,2003)
Toeprotectionusedassupplementalarmourforthe
beachandpreventswavesfromscouringand
undercuttingthestructure
Dikecoreusuallycomposedofsandtoensurethat
waterthatdoesentercandrainaway.Thecoreprovides
supportforthecoverlayerandgivesthestructure
sufficientvolumeandweighttoresisthighwater
pressures
Drainagechannelallowsanywaterwhichdoesenter
thestructuretodrainaway,thereforeensuringthe
structureisnotweakenedbywatersaturation

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Seadikes
Seadikesarefloodprotectionsystemsoflowlying

areasunderwaveaction
Builtalongthecoastline
Theyactpassivelybypreventingwaveovertopping
overthedikescrest
Theyprotectareaslyingbelowmeanseaorhighsea
level
Naturallyformeddunescanalsoactasseadikes

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NaturalDunes

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Demeritsofseadikes
Highcost
Negativeenvironmentalimpact
Decreasedlandscapevaluesalongthecoast
Decreaseslandscapevaluesalongthecoast
Slopesrequireconstantmonitoringandslopestability

treatments
Slopesisseriouslyaffectedbyerosioninthefrontandsides
Expensivemaintenance
Noaccesstocoastunlesspassageismadeacrossthesea
dike

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Seawalls
Objective
Toprotectcoastallandandstructuresalongthecoast
fromfloodingandovertopping
Constructedwheretheseahasdirectimpactonthe

coast
Principalfunction
Fewstretchoftheshore(beach)isreinforcedfromwave

action

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ImpCharacteristics
Constructionofseawallsleadtoviderangeof

environmentalproblems
Itdisruptssedimentmovements
Itaffectstransportpatterns

Costofconstructionisveryhigh
Alternatively,otheroptionsofbeachreplenishments

areattempted

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Seawallsreflectincidentwaveenergybacktosea
Thusreducesimpactofenergy
Erosionofcoastline
Theygiveunsightlyvisualappearancealongthecoast
Reflectioninducedbyconstructionofseawallscauses

scourproblems
Becauseitlowerssandlevelofthefrontingbeach
Itaccelerateserosionofadjacentunprotectedcoastal
areas
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Typesofseawalls
Verticalseawalls
Constructedtoreflectwaveenergyofstandingwaves

understormconditions
Theseareveryearlytypeconstructed
Theydeflectwaveenergyawayfromthecoast
Undergoexpensivedamageswithinshortperiodof
time
Theycanbeeasilymaneuveredbyhighwaveenergy

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Curvedseawalls
Theyaredesignedtoenablewavestobreaktodissipate

energy
Thecurvedprofilehelpsinpreventingovertoppingof
waves
Concavegeometryinducesdissipativeelement
Itredirectsmostoftheincidentwavesandresultinlow

reflectedwaves

Designismorecomplex
Deflectedwavescancauseseriousscouringproblems

atthebaseofthewall
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Effectiveuseofseawall
Dependenceofseawallsprovedtobeunsuccessful
Example:duringTsunami(2011),inKamiashi,oneofthe
largestseawall(2kmlong)couldnotprotectthecity
NuclearpowerplantsatDaiichiandDainiwerewashed
off
Itisshowninliteraturethatconstructionofseawall

resultsinsealevelraise(InternationalPanelon
ClimateChange,IPCC1997)

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Revetments
Revetmentsareonshorestructures
Mainobjectiveistoprotectshorelinefromerosion
Theslopeprofile,whenreinforcedwithstonecladding

absorbsenergyofincomingwater
Typicallyconsistofstonecladdingorasphalttoprotect
theslopeofnaturalcoastline
Itreinforcessomelengthofthebeachlineagainst
erosion

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Revetmentsareusedaslowcostsolutionforcoastal

erosion
Revetmentsaretypeofretainingwallsconstructedto
strengthentheslopeofcoastlinetoprotectfrom
erosion
Theyarestrongandcheapsolutionforcoastal
protection
Theyareeffectiveinabsorbingwaveenergy
Theyhaverelativelyshortservicelife(about30years)
Costofconstructionishigh
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Bulkheads
Typicallysmallerstructuresdesignedtoretainshore

materialunderlessseverewaveconditionsin
comparisontoSeawalls
Primarilyintendedtoretaintheslopeorprevent
slidingoflandbehind
Theyarefundamentallysoilretainingstructures
Mostcasestheyareverticalwallsanchoredwithtie
rods
Commonlydeployedinmooringfacilitiesinharbors
andmarinestominimizeexposuretowaveaction
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Essentiallyconstructedtoretainsoil
Topreventslidingoflandbehind
Thisisveryeffectiveinreinforcingsomeportionofthe

beachprofile
Theyinfluencesignificantlyinchangingthebeachprofile
Increasedwavereflectioncausedbybulkheadsresultin
increasedresuspensionofsandinwaterinfrontofbulk
head
Resultsincoastaldrift
Affectscoastalhabitatseriously
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Groins
Structuresbuilttostabilizeastretchofnaturallyor

artificiallynourishedbeachagainsterosion
Protectionisofferedagainstlongshorelossofbeach

material

Groinsarenarrow,longstructuresconstructed

perpendiculartoshoreline
Primarilyuseisaccretionofbeachmaterialonupdrift
sideanderosiononthedowndriftside
Principlefunctionistopreventbeacherosion
Reduceslongshoresedimenttransport
Reduceswaveheightintheleesideofgroin
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Seriesofgroinsconstructedontheshorelinescreate

sawtoothshapedshorelinewithinthegroinfield
Alsocreatesdifferentialinthebeachleveloneither
sideofthegroins
Groinscreatecomplexwavepatternandcurrent
Theyhavemajorimpactonrivermorphology
Theycauseautonomousdegradationofriver

Primaryfunctionistopreventbeacherosion
Itreduceslongshoretransportsediment
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Groinsareusefulindeflectingstrongtidalcurrents

awayfromtheshoreline
Actualchangeintheshorelinewillbegovernedbythe
following
Orientationofgroins
Lengthandheight
Permeability
Spacingofgroins

Groinsarecommonlyconstructedassheetpileor

rubblemound
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GroinsareusuallyconnectedtoSeawalls
Thisshallavoidoutflankingbybackscour
Enablesstablebackbeachfeatures
Groinsareclassifiedaslongorshort
Dependsonhowfartheyareextendedacrossthesurfzone
Groinsthattransverseentiresurfzonearetermedaslong
Thoseextendonlytoapartofitaretermedasshort
Theyarealsoclassifiedashighorlow
Dependinguponpossibilityofsedimenttransportacrossthe
crest
Permeablegroinsallowsedimenttransportthroughthe

structure

Thisenableswelldistributedretainingeffectalongthecoast
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Groinscanbebuiltwithdifferentplanviewshapes
StraightT,head,Lhead,straightgroinswithpier

head,wing,andtailgroins

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Subseaaccumulator
module
TheSAMisthesubseaunitthat

storeshydraulicfluidsuchthat
adequatepressureisalways
availabletothesubseasystem
evenwhenothervalvesarebeing
operated.
SAMisusedtoimprovethe
hydraulicperformanceofthe
subseacontrolsystemintrees
andmanifolds.Basically,itwill
improvehydraulicvalve
actuationresponsetimeand
systemhydraulicrecoverytime,
atminimumsystemsupply
pressures.
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Thanks

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