Notes Hints Malaysian Studies

Sufinah Dahari (7536)

Chapter 1: The Early History
1. Original people (native) of Malay Archipelago
- concentrate on Perak Tampan Fort, Ulu Perak (35, 000 years ago)
- early stone age (Palaeolithic):
-

Characteristics
lived in caves
main activity: collecting forest
products & hunting
started using stone tools
tools were simple & crude

Area
1. Tampan Estuary, Perak
2. Niah Cave, Sarawak
3. Tingkayu, Sabah

- kingdom (famous for what, located?)

name the early kingdom: Funan, Langkasuka (Patani), Old Kedah,
Srivijaya (before Malacca at Sumatera famous for Buddhism and use
Sanskrit), Majapahit (Java Hinduism from Indian Hinduism)
Kingdom
Funan, Kampuchea

Langkasuka, Patani

Old Kedah

Srivijaya, Sumatera

Majapahit, Jawa

Note
- 1st century
- influenced by Old Kedah Hindu Religion
- Kg. Sg. Emas (5th 10th century)
- Pengkalan Bujang (10th -14th century)
- 2nd century
- important trade centre
- influenced by Hinduism & Buddism
- Merong Maha Wangsa History
- 5th century
- monarchy system
- strategic location & important entrepot
- influenced by Hinduism & Buddism
- 7th century
- well-known trade centre
- strong relationship with India & China
- centre of Buddism & Sanskrit
- owned several vassal states
- 13th century
- owned several vassal states
- trade centre
- strong relationship with China, India & Middle East

- Hinduism: Funan & Majapahit

- Buddism: Srivijaya
- Hinduism & Buddism: Old Kedah & Langkasuka

2. Modern era of peninsula Malaya from old sultanate Malacca (development has to
be seen)
- whos the founder Parameswara 1403
- what type of government:
Ruler: head of state, Islamic religion & army
Important officials: Finance Minister, Admiral, Chief of Defence, Chief of
Bursar, Harbour Master
- Law of Malacca: Malacca code of law & Malacca law of the sea
- why people came to Malacca (the role of Malacca)
centre for maritime trade & spread of Islam
strategic location midway along trade routes between India & China
- Chinese came to Malacca by Cheng Ho, founded by Parameswara, famous with Tun
Perak (great names) what these people famous for?
3. Fall of Malacca Empire: how the role decline
- internal factors (politically):
Tun Perak died
lack an efficient leader
replaced by Tun Mutahir (weak leader)
struggles for power
Sultan Mahmud (weak ruler)
defamation & bribing were rife
high taxes
merchants divert attention to other ports;
Weak administration of Tun Mutahir
Malays hostile towards Indian Muslims
Tun Mutahir & Tun Ali to be put to death
by betrayal of Kitul (Malay) & Raja Mandaliar (Indian native)
Tepok (Tun Peraks son) appointed as Chief Minister
Tepok too old
ministers formed dissenting groups
misunderstanding & disputes caused segregation
Alfonso dAlbuquerque attacked 1511
- external factors (Cape of Good Hope):
Cape of Good Hope in South Africa: easier to sail from West to East
4. Colonial Era
- remember date of colonist duration
Colonist
Portuguese
Dutch
British
Siamese

Duration
1511-1641 (130 years)
1641-1824 (183 years)
1824-1942; 1945-1957 (130 years)
1831-1909 (88 years)

Japanese
- chronology of British colonisation
Date
1976
1819
1824
1826
1841
1874
1874
1878
1888
1896
1909
1914
1945
1946
1948
1957

1942-1945 (3.5 years)

Event
Penang Island founded by Francis Light
Singapore founded by Stamford Raffles
Anglo-Dutch treaty
Straits Settlement
James Brooke took over Sarawak
British intervention in Perak: Pangkor Agreement
British intervention in Sungei Ujung
Brunei Sultan handed over Sabah to British
British intervention in Pahang
Federated Malay States
Bangkok Agreement
Johor accepted British advisor
British Military Administration (BMA) was established
Malayan Union
Federation of Malaya
Independence of Malaya

- Anglo-Dutch treaty 1824: what for?

Dutch handed over Malacca to the British in exchange for Bencoolen
(Bangkahulu), agreed to eradicate pirate activities
result in division of Malay Archipelago into 2 different geo-political areas
- states of straits settlement: Penang island, Malacca, Singapore
- states of federated Malay: Perak, Selangor, N.Sembilan, Pahang
- from Bangkok agreement 1909 unfederated Malays states: Kedah, Perlis,
Terengganu, Kelantan
Terms:
- old kingdom: sultan sons of the soil
- sovereignty daulat
- rescent derhaka
- nusantara whole of region (Javanese): encompasses Malay Kingdom
Chapter 2: Struggle of independence
1. Failure of Malayan Union
- what government is introduced by British: Malayan Union
- why the government is opposed:
the granting of citizenship to non-Malays
erosion of Malay rulers power & sovereignty
Mac Michaels treat in getting the rulers to sign agreement
- how the government failed:
strong opposition from Malays
no strong support from non-Malays
wrong timing

 opposition from former British administrators in Malaya

- what replace the opposed government: Federation of Malaya
- why Malayan is opposed:
AMCJA (All-Malaya Council of Joint Action): working committee did not
include any non-Malay
PUTERA (Pusat Tenaga Rakyat) radical Malay party: want Malaya as
republic
AMCJA-PUTERA front: form Peoples Constitution & launched hartal
(close shop strike)
2. Negotiation for Independence
- city council election (Georgetown 1951, KL 1952) demand to British general
election 1955 negotiation of independence constitution
- names of association (MCA, UMNO Alliance; PAS Islamic Party of Malaya;
Parti Negara National Party; Parti Buruh Labour Party; Parti Progresif Rakyat
Peoples Progressive Party): function?
- name the community where Tun Abd Rahman and Gangs go to London (Feb 1956):
o 4 Malay Rulers representative Datuk Panglima Gantang, Dato Ahmad
Kamil, Abdul Aziz Majid & Dato Mohd Seth
o The Alliance representatives Tunku Abd Rahman, Dr. Ismail Abdul
Rahman, Dato Abdul Razak Hussein & Colonel H.S Lee
o British representative in Malaya
- Lord Lennox Boyd who?: Secretary of British Colonial Territories chaired the
negotiation from 18 Jan 8 Feb, the day the Landon Agreement was signed
- British promised to grant independence on condition that a commission be formed to
outline and draw up Malayas new Constitution
4. Constitution of the Federation of Malaya
- when constitution is drew 1956
- Reid Commision: Lord Reid (Britain), Sir Ivor Jennings (Britain), Sir William
Mckell (Australia), B. Malik (India) & Judge Abdul Hamid (Pakistan)
- what fundamental principles of Malayan Constitution?:
o Yg Dipertuan Agong as the head of Malaya while the rulers are heads of
respective states
o The Malays are recognised as the sons of the soil & special rights are
quaranteed in Constitution (Article 153)
o Malay language is national language: English however can still be used in
Legislative Council for 10 years period after independence (Article 152)
o Person born in Malaya on or after Independence is automatically a Malayan
citizen (Article 14-31)
o Islam is official religion of Federation of Malaya, but freedom of worship is
guaranteed for non-Muslim

Chapter 3: Formation of Malaysia

- formed on 1963 by Malaysia Agreement
- Lee Kuan Yew (Singapore) left Malaysia 1965
- MAPHILINDO what?: Malaysia-Philippines-Indonesia
- who opposed Malaysia idea?:
o PAS claimed Malays would lose out if Malaysia was established, prefer
MAPHILINDO idea
o Philippines President Macapagal claimed Sabah as Filipino territory,
formation of Malaysia will complicate his effort to claim Sabah, Macapagal
broke off diplomatic ties between Philippines & Malaysia
o Indonesia President Sukarno launched confrontation policy against Malaya
on 1963 because KL ignored Indonesia in Malayas plans to set up a new
country. Sukarno claimed Malaysia to be political structure that ignore
Indonesias interest & weaken the spirit of Malay Archipelago. Historian
view: Malaysia aborted Sukarnos scheme to form greater Indonesian empire,
confrontation is a tactic to divert peoples attention away from various internal
problems afflicting Indonesia
- Cobbold commission 1962: survey opinions of people of Sabah & Sarawak
survey confirmed more than 70% of people in two countries were in favour
Chapter 4: System of Government & National Administrative Structure
1. Powers in Malaysia
o Executive power to govern: Yg Dipertuan Agong (Article 39)
o Legislative power to draw up, amend & pass law: Yg. Dipertuan Agong,
Parliament House of Representative & House of Senate
o Judiciary power defend justice: Court, defend supremacy of Constitution &
balance other 2 powers
2. Power of Yg Dipertuan Agong (Article 20, [2])
o appoint Prime Minister (PM)
o not to consent dissolution of Parliament
o request for a meeting of Rulers Council
- king PM cabinet member
- if want to hold an election ask the king, king decide
- why king must dissolve parliament? for election
3. Function of Yg Dipertuan Agong
- appoint members of House of Representatives (by acting on advice of PM: Article
40, [1])
- supreme head of Federations Armed Forces (Article 40)
4. Council of Rulers (Majlis Raja-raja): Article 38, [1]
- members: 9 rulers/states + Yg Dipertua Negeri of Malacca, Penang, Sabah &
Sarawak (Governor)

- general functions are about interest of Malay Rulers & religion, and administrative
affairs of country
- Function (Article 38, [2]):
o election of Yg. Dipertuan Agong & Deputy Yg. Dipertuan Agong
o approves/disapproves any act, practice or religious ceremony that involves
Federation as a whole
o approves/disapproves any law & gives advice on whatever appointment, that
under Constitution, requires the approval of, or consultations with the Council
of Rulers
o appoint members of Special Court (Article 182, [1])
o grants pardon, postpones or commutes sentences (Article 42, [12])
o deliberate matters pertaining to national policy (such as amendments to the
immigration policy) and all other matters
- appointment of Yg. Dipertuan Agong: governor has no voting right & cannot be a
candidate
5. Cabinet
- cabinet (Article 43): minister with/without portfolio
- primary role: determine governments policies & issue directives for the
implementation by the government administrative machinery at federal & state levels
- acting as an advisory to Yg. Dipertuan Agong
6. Legislative Body (Parliament)
- power to make law (call Act in federal level, Enakmen or Ordinan in state level)
- exercise of legislative powers by Parliament (Article 66)
o to inect law; the power of inect law shall follows procedure (Article 66, [1]):
i) Minister & officers of ministry frame bill with advice from Attorney
Generals Office
ii) Minister will get Cabinet to pass bill policy explaining in detail the
importance of presenting in Parliament
iii) After being agreed by Cabinet, with/without amendment the bill is printed
& presented to Parliament
iv) Bill is presented to House of Representatives/Senate involve 3 readings:
1st reading Minister read bill
2nd reading principle of bill are debate
3rd reading if agreed by 2/3 majority of House, bill are discussed at level
of House Committee
v) Bill approved by both Houses is presented to Yg. Dipertuan Agong for
approval
vi) Before it is accepted & applied, the bill, approved by Yg. Dipertuan
Agong, will have to be stamped with Royal Seal
o Exceptions whereby bill can still be turn into law even though not pass by
either Houses (Article 68) where a MONEYBILL pass by Parliament
passed to House of Senate, after 1 month, Senate did not agree/do nothing, the
bill can be handover by Parliament without agreement of Senate to Yg.
Dipertuan Agong
o Exeptions whereby any bill still is turn into law even though not get consent
from Yg. Dipertuan Agong (Article 66, [4]) If bill not assented by 30 days,

by Yg. Dipertuan Agong, the bill will automatically become law as if it has
passed by both Houses (must passed by both Houses)
o Article 66, [2]: Subject to Article 67, a bill can be originated by either House
o Article 67: A bill or amendment of provision increase, decrease any tax,
abolishing tax, etc (MONEYBILL) which can only by originated by House of
Representative
o Article 66, [3]: When a bill has been passed by a House in which it originated,
it shall be passed to the other House & get the consent of Yg. Dipertuan
Agong after being passed by the other House subject to Article 67
7. Judiciary
- function of court
o power to interpret Constitution
o power to interpret Law
o power to proclaim/declare a written Federal or State law invalid
o power to declare a government action as invalid in the eyes of the law
- two-tier system (IMPORTANT):
superior hear appeal cases & deal death penalty case
subordinate limited power & cannot hear appeal case
Superior Court
Federal Court:
- consist Chief Justice of
Federal Court, Chief
Justice of High Court, 4
judges & no. of additional
judges
- decides on validity of
laws made in Parliament or
State level
- decides on disputes
between Federal & State
government
- decides on disputes
between 2 states
- advises Yg. Dipertuan
Agong on Constitution
High Court:
- headed by Chief Judge of
High Court
- has jurisdiction to hear
cases which carry death
penalty
- has jurisdiction to hear
civil cases; matrimonial
cases, bankruptcy &
company cases,
guardianship of disabled

Subordinate Court
Session Court (District
Court at Sabah/Sarawak)
- headed by sessions court
judge
- highest subordinate court
- hear all criminal offences
other than except with death
punishment
- can impose jail sentence,
fine & whipping befitting
the offence committed as
permitted by the law
- hear civil cases where
amount disputed <
RM250,000
- hear civil cases on landlord
& tenant
Magistrate Court
- headed by magistrate
- hear light criminal & civil
cases where the maximum
imprisonment < 10 years or
are punishable by fine < RM
25,000
- hear claims for repayment
of debts in the monetary
form
- can impose caning for

Special Court
Juvenile Court (Court for
Children)
- headed by Session Court
judge
- hear offences commited by
juvenile < 18 years of age
- offenders cannot be
sentence but sent to
rehabilitation centers such
Henry Gurney School until
21

Syariah Court
- headed by religious head
appointed by Ruler/Sultan
- examine cases of offences
against Islamic religious law
involving Muslims only
- administer & handle
Islamic laws

persons

criminal cases
Penghulu Court
- headed by Penghulu/ Head
of Mukim in Penghulu hall
- examine light criminal
where fine < RM 25
- examine civil cases where
fine < RM 50
District Court (Native
Court)
- headed by District Officer
- exists in Sabah/Sarawak
- has authority to decide a
re-trial

Industrial Court
- judges & settle employeremployee & trade union
disputes

- if appeal case: hear at Magistrate Court to bring to High Court

- Article 74, [9]: Powers in country divided into Federal (federal list) & State (state
list) & Joint list
- Federal: Defence, citizenship & foreign policies
- State: Religion, lent matters, forest tree & protected animals
Chapter 5: Parliamentary Democracy in Malaysia
1. Types of election
- general election for whole country
- by-election to constitutes the choosing of representative by public citizen:
representative seat is vacant by post stripped off or death
2. Voter & Conditions
- Article 119, [1]: Malaysian on reaching the age of 21 on the qualifying date &
resides in an election division on the qualifying date or if not residing is considered as
absentee voter.
- 3 categories of absentee voters:
o A Malaysian citizen who is working in Federation Armed Forces or
Commonwealth countries, who, with his wife lives in a residence provided by
Armed Forces authority on the date of application to register as a voter in the
electoral district (the district he registered)
o A Malaysian citizen living overseas with his wife but working with Federal or
State government or local or semi-government authority, who has applied to
register himself as a voter in the electoral constituency
o A Malaysian citizen (& wife) who is studying abroad, who applies to register
himself as a voter in electoral constituency
- Lost the right to vote:
On the qualifying date he is held as a person who does not have a fully sound mind or
is carrying out a jail sentence
A person is found guilty & is imposed the death sentence or jail exceeding 12 months
in any Commonwealth country
3. Duration as Peoples Representative & Member of State Legislative Assembly

- until that date Parliament is dissolved by Yg. Dipertuan Agong or State Legislative
Assembly is dissolved by Sultan/Ruler or Yg. Dipertua Negeri
- voluntarily withdraw by writing officially to Yg. Dipertua of House of
Representative
- absent from meetings for six month without prior approval from the House
concerned (Article 52)
4. Duration in Office of Senator
- limited to 3 years
- resign from post by writing officially to Yg. Dipertua of Senate
Chapter 6: Supremacy of Constitution
- contains 15 sections, 183 clauses/articles & 15 schedules
- main features
o Malaysia is a federation
o Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy
o Malaysia is a country that practises parliamentary democracy
o Religious freedom with Islam as the official religion of Malaysia
o Supremacy of Constitution & rule of law
o Doctrine of separation of power
o Validity & transparency of Judiciary
o National language, special rights of Malays & the native tribes of Sabah &
Sarawak
Chapter 7: Important Provisions in Malaysia Constitution
1. Language (Article 152)
- Malay language as national language
2. Religion (Part I, Chapter 3)
- Islam is official religion of Federation; but other religions are allowed to be
practised in peace & harmony in any part of the Federation (Article 1)
- In states that have a ruler/sultan as head of state, the sultan/ruler is the head of Islam
in the state concerned (Article 2)
- For states without a sultan/ruler (Sabah, Sarawak, Malacca & Penang Island) & the
Federal Territories (KL, Labuan, Putrajaya), the head of Islam is Yg. Dipertuan Agong
(Article 3)
3. Citizenship (Part II)
- special rights of citizen
o right to vote in election
o right to take active part in politics
o right to fill a post that is exclusively for citizens only
o free to own landed property & to be considered for special terms relating to
property development
o right to receive no. of benefits & facilities in the country
o freedom of movement throughout the country (Article 9)

o right not to be exiled

- way of acquiring citizenship (IMPORTANT!!):
Jus Soli (laws of birth place)

Jus Sanguinis (laws of blood descent)

- automatic citizenship for people born in

Malaysia between 31st August 1957
October 1962
- if born after 1962 (either or):
mother/father is citizen at time of
birth
at time of birth, mother/father
residing in country
at time of birth, not a citizen of any
country
Marriage

- relies on citizenship status of father

- is citizen if father is a citizen
- if child is born outside (either or):
father born in Malaysia
father holds post in Public Service
at Federal/State level
birth was registered at Malaysian
Consulate/Malaysian government
within 1 year after birth

- right to a foreign woman married to

Malaysian citizen
- conditions (must):
if husband citizen in October 1962
with marriage still binding
lived in Federation for 2 years before
application, has intention to continue
living in federation & is of good
conduct

- to residents not born in Malaysia to be

Malaysian citizen
- conditions (must):
aged 21 & above
live in Federation at least 10 out of
12 years from & up to date of
application
have intention to live permanently
of good conduct
sufficient knowledge of Malay
language

Naturalization (Article 19)

- applicant required to take oath of allegiance to the Federation & able to speak Malay
language
Chapter 8: Ethnic composition of Malaysian population
- remember main inhabitants of Malaysia:
Malay
Chinese
* Banjar
* Boyan
* Bugis
* Jawa
* Kampar
* Kerinci
* Mendaling
* Minangkabau
* Rawa

Peninsular Malaysia
Indian
Indigenous

Hokkien
* ChuanChew
* Chin-Chew
* Eng-Hua
* Eng-Choon
* Hok-Chew
Kwantung

* Malayali
* Punjabi
* Ceylonese
* Tamil
* Telegu

(aborigines)
* Negrito
* Senoi
* Melayu
Asli

Sabah

* Bajau
* Dusun
* Murut
* Bisaya
* Kadayun
* Org. Sg.
* Org. Laut
* Brunei

Sarawak

* Bidayuh
* Bisaya
* Iban
* Kayan
* Kedayan
* Kelabit
* Kenyah
* Melanau
* Malays

* Johor-Riau

* Kanton
* Teochew
* Hakka
* Hailam

* Murut
* Penan
* Punan

- Malayan of Indonesian origin

Community
Javanese

Banjar
Bugis

Boyanese
Minangkabau

Background
- from Jawa Island
- concentrate in Johor (Muar, Pontian, Batu Pahat),
Selangor (Klang, K. Selangor, K. Langat), Perak (Hilir
Perak, Krian, Parit Buntar)
- from Banjarmasin, Kalimantan
- concentrate in Perak (Kerian, Parit Buntar), Selangor
(Sabak Bernam) & Johor (Batu Pahat)
- from Sulawesi Island
- business group
- concentrate in Johor (Benut, Kukup, Rengit), Selangor
(Langat Valley)
- from Boyan Island
- migrated to Singapore, Ipoh, KL, JB, Penang Island
- experts in horse-rearing
- from Sumatera
- concentrate in N. Sembilan & Malacca
- known for Adat Perpatih
- involves in business & agriculture

- based on 1995 population distribution: Bumiputera = 11.95 mil, Chinese = 5.29 mil,
Indian = 1.5 mil.
- 1995, most populated states: Selangor, Johor & Sabah + Labuan
- domination to sectors & ethnic groups 1995
Malay
* agriculture
* mining
* electricity, gas, water
* transportation,
communication
* finance, insurance, property

Chinese
* trading, hotel & restaurant
* construction

Indian
* other services

- domination to occupation & ethnic group 1995

Malay
* professional & technical
* teacher & nurse
* clerical worker

Chinese
* administration &
management

- domination in professions 1995, more Chinese & Indians than Bumiputeras

Malay

Chinese
* accountant
* architect
* dentist
* engineer
* lawyer

* doctor
* veterinarian
* surveyor

- average household income in 1995

Malay
RM 1,600

Chinese
RM 2,895

Indian
RM 2,153

Chapter 9: Unity & National Integration

1. Process to get integration (IMPORTANT!!):
- unity: process of uniting groups with different backgrounds into one entity
- integration: unity bound by common norms, values & interest
Low integration
Segregation
- no integration
- split of ethnics
- occurs by law
(de jure):
apartheid at
South Africa
- occurs not base
on law (de facto)

Accomodation
- ethnic aware of
each others
norms & value
- safeguard own
living culture
- live harmony
& respect
- example:
Switzerland
(consist
Germans, French
& Italians)

Acculturation
- known as
cultural
assimilation
- minority accept
majoritys
norms, values &
culture
- borrow/accept
cultural elements
without
changing the
original cultural
elements

High integration
Assimilation
Amalgation
- known as
- culture/race
structural
mixes form
assimilation
types of new
- entry to
culture & race
dominant
- intersociety through marriage
friendship &
close
connection

2. Obstacles to National Integration

- Prejudice: attitude towards other groups based on common generalization
(stereotype)
- Racism (communalism): attitude of favouring ones own ethnich community
- Ethnocentrism: belief that ones own culture is superior to that of other
3. Efforts
- political
- economic
- social & cultural
4. Basis of racial unity in Malaysia
- sharing political power
- democratic government
- sound economic growth

- cultural compromise
Chapter 10: Rukun Negara: The national ideology
1. 13 May 1969:
- what the cause:
misunderstanding in Kg. Baru, KL when DAP won election
supporters of opposition political party too enthusiastic in celebration of
partys victory
actions beyond confines of law & social ethics
behaviour annoyed the supporters of governing coalition
opposition predominantly Chinese, governing purely Malay party
confrontation & local quarrel flared into a
- what the effect:
racial clash between Chinese & Malay
National Operation Council/NOC (MAGERAN) took over country
Special Peace & Development bodies formed
Rukun Negara was formed
- what kind of government introduced to deal with chaotic country: MAGERAN
- function of the government:
formulate normative guidance & set of values for unity
2. Principle of Rukun Negara (remember the order)
- belief in God
- loyalty to King & Country
- upholding Constitution
- rule of law
- decorum & morality
Chapter 11: Development Plan & Vision
1. Outline Perspective Plan 1 (OPP1) = New Economic Policy (NEP)
- introduced after 13 May 1969
- period of 20 years (1971 1990)
- 4 years Malaysia plans (MP2 MP5)
- to bring back once more racial integration through national economic development
2. Outline Perspective Plan 2 (OPP2) = National Development Policy (NDP)
- to create a fairer & more united Malaysian society
- period 10 years (1991 2000)
- 1st phase to achieve Vision 2020
- to bring balanced development (generates rapid socio-economic growth by income
distribution)
3. Outline Perspective Plan 3 (OPP3) = National Vision Policy (NVP)
- period of 10 years (2001 2010)
- 2nd phase to achieve Vision 2020

- to bring balanced development (agricultural sector, small to medium industries to

industries based on high technology & information technology)
4. Vision 2020
- not a concrete policy
- slogan/motto to empower citizens to transform Malaysia into a developed nation
- consist 9 challenges of Vision 2020
Terms:
- esprit de corps: pride & loyalty to unite members of group
- K-economy: economic growth based on knowledge
Chapter 12: Malaysias Main Policies
1. Purpose
- to fulfil socio-economic needs (economic growth, income distribution & welfare)
2. Economy Based- Policy
- National Agriculture Policy (NAP)
why? relative rapid overall economic growth effect
to transform agricultural sector to be more modern, commercialised &
sustainable
to increase countrys export commodities
- National Incorporation Policy
joint venture between private & public sectors
to create close, meaningful, effective cooperation between public & private
sector
to improve national earnings
- National Privasation Policy
support National Incorporation Policy
transform government sector functions & activities to private sector
to raise productivity quality & administrative efficiency
- National Development Policy (from Chapter 11)
NEP
NDP
NVP
- National Industrialization Policy
to intensify industrial growth through manufacturing
to optimise the use of countrys natural resources
to upgrade local research & development of local technology
involve Malaysian Industrial Policy Study (MIPS): to asses/amend existing
industrial policies & to review investment incentives & export promotion
policies
involve Industrial Master Plan (IMP): to formulate general industrial
development objectives & strategies for small sectors with potential
3. Socially-Based Policies

- National Integration Policy

- National Cultural Policy
- Policy of Applying Islamic Values in Administration
- National Womens Policy
4. National Education Policy
- replaced colonial education system: to elevate the spirit of Malaysians after
Independence
- born from Tun Razak Report 1956
- Education Ordinance 1957
- reviewed in 1960 Rahman Talib Report 1960 1961 Education Act
- emphasis to help NDP to eliminate poverty & restructure society
- programme: KBSR, KBSM
5. Educational Reforms
- improve educational systems conditions & quality
- create an updated system of education that is universal standard
- programme: modernisation, manpower development Science & technology
programme
6. Smart School
- to produce young dynamic Malaysians in line with world education development but
adapted to norms & values of Malaysian way of life
- programme: smart - learning, curriculum, assessment, teaching, management
Chapter 13: Malaysias Policy on Regional & World Affairs
1. Malaysia & Regional Relations
- ASA 1961(South Asia Organisation): Philippines & Malaysia failed
- MAPHILINDO 1963 failed: Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia
- ASEAN 1967:
set up because failure of ASA & MAPHILINDO
to build up strength of regional unity
programme (IMPORTANT!!):
* APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)
* EAEC (ASEAN Economic Ministers Conference)
* Kuala Lumpur Declaration 1971 proclaim ZOPFAN (Zone of
Peace, Freedom & Neutrality)
- Bangkok Declaration 1967 ASEAN (Association of Asian Nations): remember
the full name
- remember 10 members of ASEAN: Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines,
Malaysia, Brunei, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar (Burma) & Laos
- contributes towards economic, social & political development
- example of case solved by ASEAN solidarity policy:
Malaysia-Thai (1977): maritime zone between south Thailand & state of
Kelantan
Malaysia-Indonesia: area in South China Sea & eastern Sabah

Malaysia-Indonesia Memorandum of Understanding 1973:

Malaysia give Natuna & Anambas islands to Indonesia
Singapore claim on Batu Putih Island (Singapore win)
Vietnam claim on Spratley Island
2. Malaysia & World Affairs
- Commonwealth Organisation: organisation of former, independent British colonies
49 members with former British protectorates: Australia, New Zealand,
Canada, India & Sri Lanka
- South-South cooperation:
strengthening ties among members of NAM (Non-Aligned
Movement/Movement of Non-aligned Countries)
1st time in Asia Africa Conference in Bandoeng 1955: proclaimed the
importance of economic development & cooperation among member
countries
comprehensive framework of common agreement: Group 77 Conference
Caracas, Venuzela 1981
South Commision (question can come out to choose which one is not South
Commision member):
Tanzania, India, Egypt, Brazil, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, West Samoa,
Argentina, Uruguay, Zimbabwe, Jamaica, Philippines, Mexico, Nigeria,
Ivory Coast, Yugoslavia, Venuzuela, China, Guyana, Cuba, Pakistan,
Senegal, Indonesia, Algeria, Malaysia
- OIC (Organisation of Islamic Countries) 1971
known as Islamic Commonwealth/Islamic Secretariat
43 countries
made at Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers in Jeddah (1970)
- United Nations Organisation (UN): base for forging international linkages with
member countries in economic, social & political development
- UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organisation):
remember the full name
set up in Paris, 1946 with 61 members today from 28 members initially
focused on continent of Africa & Latin America (because of backwardness
& poverty)
- important objectives
OIC
* forge closer unity & cooperation among
member economically, socially &
culturally & in field of science
* firm up cooperative efforts to protect
honour, independence & national rights
* solve problems dispute involving
Islamic nations
* eliminate any oppression & colonialism
to bring universal peace

UNESCO
* develop knowledge particularly science
* have close cooperation to eliminate
illiteracy
* improve level of cooperation in
education & culture to create world unity
& welfare

- important programme for all policy (IMPORTANT!!)

Policy
Commonwealth
Organisation

Programme
* Colombo Plan (question
can come out to choose
which strategy is under
Colombo Plan)

South-South Cooperation

* Group 15 (G-15) &

Malaysia as pioneer in
programmes for investment
data exchange, & SouthSouth Trade & Technology
* International Islamic
University of Malaya

OIC
Fighting Drug Abuse
Internationally

Strategy
Colombo plan implementation:
* supply training & research
experts
* prepare places of training in
universities for those that need
them
* prepare equipment for
research & help
* finance physical development
projects
* aid in health, agriculture &
marketing
* opposition against apartheid
* make Antarctica an agenda
for United Nations
Organisation

* support Islamic Development

Bank activities (IDB) & set up
IDB in Malaysia in 1995

* International Conference
on Drug Abuse & Illegal
Trafficking in Vienna,
Austria - 1987

UNESCO

* focus on development in
Africa

Chapter 14: Development & Environment

1. Management of Natural Resources Protection & Conservation (IMPORTANT!!)
Resource programme
Water
* management & control of water
catchment areas & river water
* guidelines on water utilization
Forest
* increase in forest reserve
* reforestation projects & establishing
forest estate
* National Forestry Act 1984
* Malaysian Peer System & Selection
* replanting forest trees
* management system

Strategy
* control of development of highland areas,
water catchment areas & water supply
* improve effectiveness of enforcing
reforestation
* protect forest & biological diversity
especially involving logging
* method of logging that reduces negative
effects to environment
* provision of log supply
* improve forest product industry

* forest cultivation to improve economy

of local people
* forest control using Geographical
Information System (GIS)

* 3rd national forest inventory in West

Malaysia
* improve research & development
programmes especially the management of
forest uses, census & control of resources,
silviculture, reforestation & rehabilitation

2. Education & training programmes

- emphasizes values of protecting environment
- remember SIRIM (Industrial Standard & Research Institute)
3. Non-Governmental Organisation programmes
- remember campaigns:
Love Our Rivers
Tree Planting Campaign
Clean & Beautiful Campaign
Haze Awareness Campaign
4. International & Regional Agreement
- in fostering commitment on the environment, Malaysia involved in;
Framework of Climatic Change Convention (FCCC)
Biological Diversity Convention
Basel Convention On the Movement & Disposal of Dangerous & Toxic
Wastes Across Boundaries
RAMSAR Convention
Desertification Convention
- sustain protection of environment through;
General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT)
Group for Environmental Measures & International Trade 1994
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
Chapter 15: Human Development
1. Special governmental human development programmes
- through various ministries
Ministry of Youth
Ministry of National Unity & Social Development
Ministry of Human Resource
- to create a defence to fight against negative social ills
- Ministry of Human Resource
protecting interest of workers through concept of harmonious relations
between organisation & coordinating the planning development
programmes for skilled, productive & disciplined workers
- human development through prime agenda, core programmes & Ministry of Youth
& Sports National Social Services
Programme
Strategy
Prime agenda to enforce youth
* to mobilize efforts to create a younger
development
generation that is: dynamic, creative, with
vision, entrepreneurship & culture

* founded upon knowledge, skills, technology

& up-to-date information system
* highlight youth activities through informal
training that emphasizes awareness of lifelong
education in line with Malaysian & eastern
religious & moral norms
* to sustain efforts in creating a frontline of
dynamic & capable leaders
* to reinforce integrated cooperation between
government, private & non-government
organisations
* promote culture of peace through thoughts &
activities that have as roots, the esteem local
culture
Core Programmes

* Prime Leadership Programmes

* programmes for development of
entrepreneurs
* programme for developing personality
* implement Young Comrades (Rakan Muda)
Programme

- social development through national integration & development of human resources

Programme
Ministry of Unity & Social Development
* National Integration
* Social & Community Development
* Natural Disaster Aid
* Moral Reform Centers (for adolescents)
* Tunas Bakti (Young Potentials) schools
* Reform homes
* Development

Strategy
* foster unity among races
* reduce economic development imbalance
between states & urban & rural areas
* inculcate values & spirit of cooperation &
responsibility to overcome problems through
community projects; rehabilitation centers,
welfare homes & Prime Welfare Brigade
* inculcate spirit of mutual help for unfortunate
& poor families
* give help & moral support to adolescents
faced with social problems so that they will
change for the better & can contribute to
national development
* strengthen institution of family to produce
responsible citizens
* promote & determine methods/techniques to
create strong families

- Ministry of Education (MOE) programme for human development

Programme
Philosophy of National Education

Strategy
* integrated & overall development of potential
of an individual
* create human beings who are balances &
harmonious intellectually, spiritually,

emotionally & physically, guided by their belief

in & obedience to God
* produce Malaysian citizens who are,
knowledgeable
resourceful
noble in character
responsible
capable of achieving personal well-being
contribute towards social & national
harmony & prosperity
Islamic Education (Muslim students)

* build up potential of self for forming good

morals, behaviour & attitudes following Gods
teachings
* inculcate behaviour as underlined in Koran &
Sunnah
* develop human beings who can lead society
to a peaceful & happy life
* encourage & form quality knowledge to
strive for excellence in life

- development of world standard knowledge (MSC Universal Standard IT)

Aim
* to know & identify all advantages & disadvantages of universal explosion of
information technology
* to develop the endurance to prepare oneself for constructing the best mechanism to
choose & to adapt information obtained from within & outside country to the way of
life o people
* make use of smart city, that is Putrajaya, as launching pad for world standard IT
development
Programme
Strategy
Electronic government
* government administration center that
uses the concept of sophisticated
multimedia
* computerised information network that
links with various organisations through
the electronic method;
video conferencing meetings
sharing of database
line for sharing information with
businessman & public
Smart School
Telemedicine
Research & development complex
(R&D)
National card for diverse uses (I-Card)
Borderless marketing center

Web

- governments concern in family development programmes

Programme
* Child protection Act 1991
* counselling services
* National Action Plan for life, protection
& development of children 1994

Strategy
* provide protection for the safety &
health of children through legal system
* formation of childrens teams at state &
district level
* plan for welfare, education & health
development
* concern & love for parents & senior
citizens
* protection & welfare for senior citizens
* non-governmental bodies have built
132 senior citizen homes