Dynamic Analysis

Dynamic Analysis
http://www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/AT/Dynamic/Dynamic.html
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Springs and Joints

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Coupled Field
written by: Amir Muradali
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The purpose of this tutorial is to explore the dynamic analysis capabilities of ANSYS. These capabilities include
Modal Analysis: Determining the mode frequencies and mode shapes of structures.
Harmonic Analysis: Analysing the steady-state behavior of a structure subject to cyclic loads.
Transient Analysis: Determining the dynamic response of a structure under more general time-dependant loads.
Spectral Analysis: Studying the response of structures under the action of loads with known "spectra" (eg. random
loading conditions).
The ANSYS version 5.2 was used to develop this tutorial.
Introducing the Problem
MecE 563
Mechanical Engineering
A full dynamic analysis will be done for the cantilever beam shown below. The beam has a square cross section and is made
of steel.
University of Alberta
ANSYS Inc.
Copyright 2001
University of Alberta
ANSYS Structural Dynamic Modelling Tutorials
Building the Model

We will model a cantilever beam with Beam2D Elastic elements.
Select Preprocessor from the ANSYS Main Menu . We will follow the order presented in the Preprocessor Menu beginning
with selecting the element type.
Choosing Element type: Element type -> Choose Beam 2D Elastic element.
Setting Constants for Chosen Element type: Real constants -> enter cross-sectional properties (of the beam) in
the dialog box as shown below.
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Specifying Material Properties for Chosen Element type: Material Properties -> enter material properties as
shown below
Note: For dynamic analysis, both the stiffness and the material density have to be specified.
Creating the Geometry of Cantilever: Modelling -> Create -> Keypoints -> In Active CS.. -> specify 2
keypoints (the ends of the cantilever beam) as follows:
keypoint x y z
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000
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Join the two keypoints with a line. Modelling -> Create -> Lines -> Straight line -> Click on both keypoints.
Setting Meshing Options: Meshing -> Shape & Size -> for picked lines -> select the line and then specify
10 element divisions in the dialog box that pops up.
Meshing the line: Meshing -> mesh -> lines -> pick the line and click OK.
Dynamic Analysis
We are now ready to perform full dynamic analysis on the beam.
Modal Analysis of a Cantilever Beam

We are going to determine the first 5 modes and the respective frequencies of the cantilever beam.
Modal Analysis in ANSYS is done in 4 steps:
Building the model (Preprocessing)
Applying loads and obtaining solution (Solution)
Expanding the modes (Solution)
Reviewing the results (Post Processing)
Building the Model - If not already completed, link to this section to build the model.
Applying Loads and Obtaining a Solution
Open the Solution menu from the ANSYS Main Menu.
Choosing Analysis type: New Analysis ... -> Modal
Setting Options for Chosen Analysis type: Analysis options.. -> The following dialog box will open up
Select the Subspace method and enter 5 at No. of modes to extract as shown above and click on OK.
Note that the default mode extraction method chosen is the Reduced Method. This is the fastest method as it reduces
the system matrices to only consider the Master Degrees of Freedom (see below) and is the only other option
applicable for this problem. The Subspace Method on the other hand extracts modes for all DOF's. It is more exact
and easier to use, however it also takes long to compute (especially when the geometry of the problem is increased).
The following window will then open up requesting for options for the Subspace method. For a better understanding
of these options see the Commands manual. For this problem, we will live with the default options so click on OK.
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Applying constraints: Loads -> apply -> displacements -> Constrain the left most node in all DOF (specify a
displacement value of 0).
Obtaining the solution: Select Solve -> Current LS
When ANSYS has completed the solution, close the Solution menu and issue FINISH at the bottom of the ANSYS
.
Main Menu
Expanding the Modes

This is when the mode shapes are written to the results files for review in the post processing stage.
Open the Solution menu again.
Select expansion pass... -> Switch EXPASS to "ON"
Setting Options for Expansion Pass: -load step opts - expansion pass -> We want the first 5 modes, so fill in
the dialog box as shown.
Solving: Solve -> Current LS
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After ANSYS has finished expanding the modes, close the Solution menu.
Reviewing the Results (Post Processing)

Open up the General Post Processing menu. We will first verify that 5 modes have been extracted, and will also compare
these values to theoretical values.
Listing Results: list results -> results summary -> You should see the following window pop up. Note you
can either print this list or save it to a file.
Comparing to Theory: The following table compares the mode frequencies in Hz predicted by theory and ANSYS.
Mode Theory ANSYS
1
8.311
8.302
51.94
52.02
145.68 145.67
285.69 285.57
472.22 472.64
Note: To obtain accurate higher mode frequencies, this mesh would have to be refined even more (i.e. instead of 10
elements, we would have to model the cantilever using 15 or more elements depending upon the highest mode
frequency of interest).
To view the first mode shape, select - read results - First Set (1st Mode) from the Post Processing menu.
To view the deformed shape, select plot results -> Deformed shape
To animate the mode shape, select Plot Ctrls from the ANSYS Utility Menu (Blue menu at the top). Then select
Animate -> Mode Shape
To view the next mode shape, select - read results - Next Set from the Post Processing . You can then view
the mode shape or animate it using the same procedure as above.
The first four mode shapes should look like the following:
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The animated mode shapes are shown below.

Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
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Mode 4
Using the Reduced Method for Modal Analysis

This method employs the use of Master Degrees of Freedom. These are degrees of freedom that govern the dynamic
characteristics of a structure. For example, the Master Degrees of Freedom for the bending modes of cantilever beam are
For this option, a detailed understanding of the dynamic behavior of a structure is required. However, going this route means
a smaller (reduced) stiffness matrix, and thus faster calculations.
The steps for using this option are quite simple.
Instead of specifying the Subspace method, select the Reduced method and specify 5 modes for extraction.
Click OK and another window should open up for options for the Reduced method. We already specified 5 modes to
be extracted, however we could also specify a frequency range within which all modes of interest lie. This window
looks like the following
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Note: For this example both the number of modes and frequency range was specified. ANSYS then extracts the
minimum number of modes between the two.
Select Master DOF -> -User Selected- Define -> Select all nodes except the left most node (to be constrained
later). Then select UY as the 1st degree of freedom (shown below).
After we have selected our MDOFs we can now apply constraints and obtain the solution using the same steps as
shown in the example above.
Modal Analysis of a Clamped Plate

Here is another problem for which the first 8 modes were calculated. The clamped plate is shown below together with the
material properties.
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See if you can obtain the first 8 modes of this structure. These modes should look like the following. The contours represent
relative stress distribution.
Modes 1 to 4
Modes 5 to 8
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The first 8 mode frequencies are
Harmonic Analysis of a Cantilever Beam
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For this problem, we will conduct a harmonic forced response test on a cantilever beam. We will do this by applying a cyclic
load (harmonic) at the end of the beam and observing the response at that location. The frequency of the load will be varied
from 1 - 100 Hz. The figure below depicts the beam with the application of the load.
ANSYS provides 3 methods for conducting a harmonic analysis. These 3 methods are the Full , Reduced and Modal
Superposition methods.
This example demonstrates the Full method because it is simple and easy to use as compared to the other two methods.
However, this method makes use of the full stiffness and mass matrices and thus is the slower and costlier option.
There are 3 steps involved for the Full Harmonic Response Analysis of a structure. These steps are:
Building the Model
Applying Loads and Constraints
Reviewing the Results
Applying Loads and Constraints
Open up the Solution Menu, and select New Analysis...-> Harmonic
Click on Analysis Options... The following window will open showing the methods available for harmonic
analysis. Select Full.
We will now constrain the beam and apply a harmonic load at the end of the beam.
Applying Constrains: Click Apply -> Displacement -> On Nodes and click on the node at x=0. Constrain all the
degrees of freedom at this node.
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Applying Load: From the Apply menu, click on Force/Moment -> On Nodes and click the node at x=1. Apply a load
in the Y direction with a real value of 100 and an imaginary value of 0.
Note: By specifying a real and imaginary value of the load we are providing information on magnitude and phase of
the load. In this case the magnitude of the load is 100 N and its phase is 0. Phase information is important when you
have two or more cyclic loads being applied to the structure as these loads could be in or out of phase. For harmonic
analysis, all loads applied to a structure must have the SAME FREQUENCY.
We have not yet set the frequency of the load. For harmonic analysis we can observe the structural response to a load over a
range of frequencies.
To do this, select Time/Frequency below the -Load Step Opts- (Solution Menu). Select Freq & Substeps... and
specify a frequency range of 0 - 100Hz with 100 substeps.
By doing this we will be subjecting the beam to loads at 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz, ..... 100 Hz. We will specify a stepped
boundary condition (KBC) as this will ensure that the same amplitude (100 N) will be applyed for each of the
frequencies. The ramped option, on the other hand, would ramp up the amplitude where at 1 Hz the amplitude would
be 1 N and at 100 Hz the amplitude would be 100 N.
You should see the following in the ANSYS Graphics window
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We can now solve the problem. -Solve- Current LS

We want to observe the response at x=1 (where the load was applyed) as a function of frequency. We cannot do this with
General PostProcessing (POST1), rather we must use TimeHist PostProcessing (POST26). POST26 is mainly used to
observe certain variables as a function of either time or frequency.
Enter POST26 by selecting TimeHist Postprocessing from the ANSYS Main Menu.
In here we have to define variables that we want to see plotted. By default, Variable 1 is assigned either Time or
Frequency. In our case it will be assigned Frequency. We want to see the displacement UY at the node at x=1, which
is node #2. (To get a list of nodes and their attributes, select List -> nodes from the Utility Menu).
Select Define Variables... and the following window should pop up.
Select Add.. from this window and the following window should appear
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We are interested in the Nodal DOF solution at node 2, so click OK. For stresses, we would have to select Element
Results in this window.
The following dialog box will open up. Enter values as shown below (note UY has been selected).
Thus far we have only pointed the variables to the results we would like to see. We now have to store the data under
the variable names into memory.
Click on Store Data.. in the TimeHist PostProcessing menu.
The following dialog box will appear. By default the merge with existing data option will be selected. We don't
have any data stored in memory so we could just click on OK. However, change the option to Replace. This will erase
all of the previously "stored" data in the memory. This option was chosen for demonstration purposes because
numerous results from an ANSYS job may be of interest, however, only a limited number of variables can be stored in
memory.
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We now should have 2 variables in memory, frequency (1) and UY at node 2 (2).
To view these variables select List Variables... and set variable 1 as the first variable to list and variable 2 as the
second. You should see the following window with the values of both variables listed.
Note that by default ANSYS names variable number 1 as Time, whether the variable is time or frequency.
We now want to plot UY vs. frequency. To do this select Graph Variables.. and select variable 2 as the first
variable to plot. You should see the following figure.
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Note that we get peaks at the right frequencies (from the modal analysis) at approximately 8.3 and 51 Hz.
To get a better view of the response, we should be viewing the log scale of UY. To do this enter the following in the
ANSYS Input Window
/gropt,logy,1
/replot
You should now see the following
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This is the response at node 2 for the cyclic load applied at this node from 0 - 100 Hz.
Harmonic Analysis using the Reduced and Modal Superposition Methods.

These other methods available for harmonic analysis are a bit more involved and require a good physical understanding of
the problem at hand.
The Reduced Method employs the use of Master Degrees of Freedom. The dynamic behavior of the structure should be
known before assumptions can be made as to which degrees of freedom can be assigned as MDOF. The steps involved in
using this method are
Building the Model (Preprocessing).
Selecting MDOFs and Applying the Loads and Constraints (Solution).
Expanding the Solution or Performing an Expansion Pass (Solution).
Reviewing the Results (TimeHist Postprocessing).
The Modal Superposition Method is the fastest of the three methods. It however involves several steps including doing a
Modal Analysis on the structure. These steps are
Building the Model (Preprocessing).
Applying Constraints and Calculating the Modes (Solution).
Applying Loads and Obtaining the Harmonic Solution (Solution).
Performing an Expansion Pass (Solution).
Reviewing the Results (TimeHist Postprocessing).
Transient Dynamic Analysis

Transient dynamic analysis is a technique used to determine the dynamic response of a structure under a time-varying load.
The time frame for this type of analysis is such that inertia or damping effects of the structure are considered to be important.
Cases where such effects play a major role are under step or impulse loading conditions, for example, where there is a sharp
load change in a fraction of time.
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If inertia effects are negligible for the loading conditions being considered, a static analysis may be used instead.
For our case, we will impact the end of the beam with an impulse force and view the response at the location of impact.
Since an ideal impulse force excites all modes of a structure, the response of the beam should contain all mode frequencies.
However, we cannot produce an ideal impulse force numerically. We have to apply a load over a discrete amount of time dt.
After the application of the load, we track the response of the beam at discrete time points for as long as we like (depending
on what it is that we are looking for in the response).
The size of the time step is governed by the maximum mode frequency of the structure we wish to capture. The smaller the
time step, the higher the mode frequency we will capture. The rule of thumb in ANSYS is
time_step = 1 / 20f
where f is the highest mode frequency we wish to capture. In other words, we must resolve our step size such that we will
have 20 discrete points per period of the highest mode frequency.
It should be noted that a transient analysis is more involved than a static or harmonic analysis. It requires a good
understanding of the dynamic behavior of a structure. A modal analysis of the structure should be initially performed
to provide information about the structure's dynamic behavior.
In ANSYS, transient dynamic analysis can be carried out using 3 methods.
The Full Method: This is the easiest method to use. All types of non-linearities are allowed. It is however very CPU
intensive to go this route as full system matrices are used.
The Reduced Method: This method reduces the system matrices to only consider the Master Degrees of Freedom
(MDOFs). Because of the reduced size of the matrices, the calculations are much quicker. However, this method
handles only linear problems (like our cantilever case).
The Mode Superposition Method: This method requires a preliminary modal analysis, as factored mode shapes are
summed to calculate the structure's response. It is the quickest of the three methods, but it requires a good deal of
understanding of the problem at hand.
We will use the Reduced Method for conducting our transient analysis. The steps involved in using this method are
Building the Model.
Apply Loads and Obtain Reduced Solution.
Review the Reduced Results. (View the response at desired locations.)
Expand the Reduced Solution.
Review the Expanded Results.
Usually one need not go further than Reviewing the Reduced Results. However if stresses and forces are of interest than, we
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would have to Expand the Reduced Solution.
Applying Loads and Obtaining a Solution.
Click open the Solution Menu and in New Analysis..., select Transient
Then click on Analysis Options and select Reduced. Click on OK and another window will open up. Click on OK in
that window.
From the Solution Menu, click on Master DOFs -> (-User Selected-) Define and select all nodes except the left
most node (at x=0). The following window will open, choose UY as the first dof in this window
For an explanation on Master DOFs, see the section on Using the Reduced Method for modal analysis.
We will now begin applying the loads. We will define our impulse load using Load Steps. The following time history
curve shows our load steps and time steps. Note that for the reduced method, a constant time step is required
throughout the time range.
We can define each load step (load and time at the end of load segment) and save them in a file for future solution
purposes. This is highly recommended especially when we have many load steps and we wish to re-run our solution.
We can also solve for each load step after we define it. We will go ahead and save each load step in a file for later use,
at the same time solve for each load step after we are done defining it.
Load Step 1
From the Solution Menu, click on (-Loads-) Apply -> Displacement -> On nodes and select the left most
node. Constrain all DOFs at this node.
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In the Solution Menu from the -Load Step Opts- section, select Time/Frequenc -> Time & Time Step.. and
enter 0.001 at the time step size box. From the ANSYS rule of thumb, we should achieve accurate results up to
50 Hz with this time step size.
In the Solution Menu, select Write LS File ... and enter 1 in the box. ANSYS will go ahead and save this
load step in a file jobname.s01.
Click on (-Solve-) Current LS

Load Step 2
Click on (-Loads-) Apply -> Force/Moment -> On nodes and select the right most node (at x=1). Enter a
force in the FY direction of value 100 N.
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Click on Time/Frequenc -> Time & Time step .. and set a time of 0.001 for the end of the load step.
Load Step 3
Click on (-Loads-) Apply -> On nodes and select the right most node. Specify a force FY of value 0. This
renews the force at the end of the beam to a value of 0.
Click on Time/Frequenc -> Time & Time Step.. and enter 1 for the value of time at the end of the load step.
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We will view the response of node 2 (UY). This is only possible in TimeHist PostProcessing (POST26).
Click on TimeHist Postprocessing from the ANSYS Main Menu and select Define Variables... select Add..
A window will pop up inquiring on the type of variable; we want Nodal DOF results which is already selected so
click on OK.
The following dialog box will open up. Enter values as shown below (note UY has been selected).
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Thus far we have only pointed the variables to the results we would like to see. We now have to store the data under
the variable names into memory.
By default, POST26 looks for the results file (jobname.rst) to read the results from. We don't have this file yet
because we have not performed an expansion pass. We need to direct POST26 to another file named jobname.rdsp to
get the results for node 2.
At the ANSYS Input window enter
file,jobname,rdsp
Now that POST26 is directed towards that file, store the data.
From the TimeHist Postprocessing window, select Store Data.. and click on OK in the window that pops up.
Select Graph variables .. and select variable 2 as the first variable to plot..
You should see the following response.
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A few things to note in the response curve

There are approximately 8 cycles in this window. This is the first mode of the cantilever beam and we have been
able to capture it.
We also see another response at a higher frequency. We may have captured some response at the second mode at
52 Hz of the beam. By the rule of thumb, the highest frequency we should be able to capture with our step size
(0.001 s) is 50 Hz.
Note that the response does not decay as it should not. We did not specify damping for our system.
Expanding the Solution

For most problems, one need not go further than Reviewing the Reduced Results as the response of the structure is of utmost
interest in transient dynamic analysis.
However, if stresses and forces are of interest, we would have to expand the reduced solution.
Let's say we are interested in the beam's behaviour at peak responses. We should then expand a few or all solutions around
one peak (or dip). We will expand 10 solutions within the range of 0.08 and 0.11 seconds.
Issue Finish from the ANSYS Main Menu and open up the Solution Menu.
Select ExpansionPass... and switch it to ON in the window that pops open.
In the -Load Step Opts- section select ExpansionPass -> Range of Solu's
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Solve Current LS
Reviewing the results in POST1

Review the results using either General Postprocessing (POST1) or TimeHist Postprocessing (POST26). For this case,
we can view the deformed shape at each of the 10 solutions we expanded.
Damped Response of the Cantilever Beam

We did not specify damping in our transient analysis of the beam. We specify damping at the same time we specify our time
& time steps for each load step.
We will now re-run our transient analysis, but now we will consider damping. Here is where the use of load step files comes
in handy. We can easily change a few values in these files and re-run our whole solution from these load case files.
Open up the first load step file (jobname.s01) for editing. The file should look like the following..
/COM,ANSYS REVISION 5.2 14:33:39 01/30/1998
/NOPR
/TITLE,
_LSNUM= 1
BFUNIF,TEMP,_TINY
DELTIM, 1.000000000E-03
KBC, 1
TIME, 0.000000000E+00
TREF, 0.000000000E+00
ALPHAD, 0.000000000E+00
BETAD, 0.00000000E+00
DMPRAT, 0.000000000E+00
TINTP,R5.0, 5.000000000E-03,,,
TINTP,R5.0, .500000000 , .500000000 , .200000000
NCNV, 1, 0.000000000E+00, 0, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
ERESX,DEFA
ACEL, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
OMEGA, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00, 0
DOMEGA, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
CGLOC, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
CGOMEGA, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
DCGOMG, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
D, 1,UX , 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
D, 1,UY , 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
D, 1,ROTZ, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
/GOPR
Change the damping value BETAD from 0 to 0.01 in all three load step files.
We will have to re-run the job for the new load step files. From the Utility Menu go to file and select Clear and Start
New.
Repeat the steps shown above up to the point where we select MDOFs. After selecting MDOFs, simply go to (-Solve-)
From LS files ... and in the window that opens up select files from 1 to 3 in steps of 1.
After the results have been calculated, plot up the response at node 2 in POST26. The damped response should look like the
following
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Spectral Analysis
Spectral analysis is where the response of a structure to loads with known spectra is calculated. Real world applications
include structural response due to random loading conditions such as earth quakes, wind loads, jet engine thrust, etc.
This type of analysis is beyond the scope of these tutorials, and as such a short description will be provided.
In ANSYS, the types of spectra available for spectrum analysis are
Response Spectrum
The response of mechanical systems can be calculated after specifying one response spectrum curve at a set of points
(Single-Point Response Spectrum) i.e. all loading points have the same spectrum, or different response spectrum
curves at different sets of points (Multi-Point Response Spectrum). The figure below illustrates the difference between
the two response spectrums.
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Power Spectral Density

This type of analysis is used in random vibration analysis. Similar to Response Spectrum, random vibration analysis
can be single-point, where a single Power Spectral Density curve is specified at a set of points, or multi-point, where
different PSD curves are specified at different points.
The most common types of spectrum analysis are single-point response and response due to random vibration. The steps
involved in doing a spectrum analysis are:
Build the Model
Obtain Modal Solution
Expand the Modes
Obtain the Spectrum Solution
Review the Results
Note that the structures mode shapes and frequencies are necessary for spectrum response calculations.
For more details on conducting a spectral analysis, consult the Procedures manual, Section 3.6.
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UofA ANSYS Tutorial

Springs and Joints

written by: Amir Muradali

Introducing the Problem

ANSYS Structural Dynamic Modelling Tutorials

Building the Model

Modal Analysis of a Cantilever Beam

Expanding the Modes

Solving: Solve -> Current LS

Reviewing the Results (Post Processing)

The animated mode shapes are shown below.

Using the Reduced Method for Modal Analysis

Modal Analysis of a Clamped Plate

The first 8 mode frequencies are

Harmonic Analysis of a Cantilever Beam

We can now solve the problem. -Solve- Current LS

Reviewing the Results

You should now see the following

Harmonic Analysis using the Reduced and Modal Superposition Methods.

Transient Dynamic Analysis

would have to Expand the Reduced Solution.

Click on (-Solve-) Current LS

Reviewing the Results

You should see the following response.

A few things to note in the response curve

Expanding the Solution

Reviewing the results in POST1

Damped Response of the Cantilever Beam

Power Spectral Density

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