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I. I NTRODUCTION
The Full Service Access Network (FSAN) group has specified the network requirements of future broadband networks
under next-generation PON stage 2 (NG-PON2). Based on
these specifications, the future broadband networks are required to support high data rates, high split ratios, and longreach communication. As importantly, these networks should
be cost-effective, energy-efficient, and co-exist with G-PONs
[1]. After evaluating different network configurations, the
FSAN has selected time and wavelength division multiplexed
PON (TWDM-PON) as the favorable network architecture that
satisfies these requirements [2].
Figure 1 presents the general architecture of a TWDMPON. A TWDM-PON consists of multiple wavelengths, tunable transceivers at the optical network units (ONUs), and
tunable or fixed-tuned transceivers at the optical line terminal
(OLT). Unlike in seeded/reflective WDM-PONs, a TWDMPON does not have a centralized light source and as a
result, the transceivers at the ONUs should be able to tune
into multiple wavelengths supported by the network. For
example, in the TWDM-PON shown in Fig. 1, the tunable
transceivers at ONUs transmit on wavelengths l10 ......lN0 and
receive on wavelengths l1 ......lN . Due to the tunability of
ONU transceivers, the OLT can control the ONU distribution
among wavelengths. When certain wavelengths are idle for a
long duration, the OLT can migrate the ONUs supported by
these idle wavelengths to other active wavelengths and switch
off the OLT transcivers associated with these idle wavelengths.
As an active OLT transceiver consumes significant power,
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BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION
This section presents the theoretical framework of the OFFDWBA algorithm proposed in [9] in detail. The objective of
the proposed OFF-DWBA algorithm is to minimize the energy
consumption of a TWDM PON while maintaining the average
delay of upstream packets below a specified maximum. This
problem can be mathematically formulated as follows:
minimize
Ecycle
(1)
Nactive wl Ntotal wl
Tpoll
+ N Tpoll + RT T Dcons
2
Dcons RT T
Tpoll
,
N + 12
(3)
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2 (Dcons RT T )
,
(4)
3
Under the proposed OFF-DWBA algorithm, the network operates at this Tpoll max .
Figure 2 illustrates the flow chart of the OFF-DWBA
algorithm executed at the OLT of a network operating at
Tpoll max . The OLT waits until it receives REPORT messages
from all ONUs in the TWDM-PON. Once it receives all the
REPORT messages, the OLT calculates the average bandwidth
requested, BWavg , by an ONU. Under the assumption that all
ONUs in the network operate at the same network load, it is
reasonable to calculate BWavg . Once BWavg is calculated, the
OLT initiates the wavelength optimization process. The OLT
first calculates the maximum allowable bandwidth, BWmax , of
a TWDM-PON operating with a single wavelength. BWmax
corresponds to the maximum allowable bandwidth allocated
to an ONU operating under Tpoll max . Parameter Tprocess in Fig.
2 represents the processing time of the ONUs. If the BWavg
BWmax , a new wavelength is introduced to the network and
the OLT calculates the new BWmax of a TWDM-PON with
two active wavelengths. This BWmax is again compared with
the BWavg , and this process continues until BWavg is lower than
Tpoll max
No
Parameter
Doze-to-active transition time (VCSEL) [11]
Sleep-to-active transition time (VCSEL) [11]
Power consumption VCSEL (active) [11]
Power consumption VCSEL (doze) [11]
Power consumption VCSEL (sleep) [11]
OLT TRX (active) [7]
OLT base power (EDFA Preamp +
Booster + L2 switching capacity) [7]
No
TABLE II: Power consumption and switching values of 10GVCSEL-ONUs and OLT
Yes
Yes
Calculate Tidle
Tidle = Tpoll max - Tslot
Nactive wl = Nactive wl + 1
Tidle >
Tsta
Yes
No
Tsta>Tidle >Tdta
No
Yes
Value
40 km
4
64
7.5, 10, and 15 ms
200 s
1s
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Remains active
Value
330 ns
2 ms
3.984 W
3.85 W
0.75 W
11 W
64 W
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16
14
Time (ms)
12
10
8
6
4
Offline DBA
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Normalized network load
0.8
18
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
Dcons = 15 ms
Dcons = 10 ms
0.5
Dcons = 7.5 ms
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Normalized network load
1.2
1.2
(a) Simulations
3.5
Number of active wavelengths
18
Average delay (ms)
16
14
12
10
8
6
Dcons = 15 ms
Dcons = 10 ms
Dcons = 7.5 ms
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Normalized network load
2.5
2
1.5
1
Dcons = 15 ms
Dcons = 10 ms
Dcons = 7.5 ms
0.5
0
0
0
1.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Normalized network load
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60
55
50
45
Dcons = 15 ms
40
Dcons = 10 ms
35
Dcons = 7.5 ms
30
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Normalized network load
1.2
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